Robert Neuwirth: The "shadow cities" of the future

Prevoditelj: Marija Marčetić Recezent: Katarina Smetko

Let me show you some images

Pokazat ću vam nekoliko slika

of what I consider to be the cities of tomorrow.

mjesta koje smatram gradovima budućnosti.

So, that's Kibera, the largest squatter community in Nairobi.

Ovo je Kibera, najveće ilegalno naselje u Nairobiju.

This is the squatter community in Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Ovo je ilegalno naselje u Nacionalnom parku Sanjay Gandhi

in Bombay, India, what's called Mumbai these days.

u Bombaju, odnosno Mumbaiju u Indiji.

This is Hosinia, the largest and most urbanized favela

Ovo je Rocinha, najveća i najurbaniziranija favela

in Rio de Janeiro.

u Rio de Janeiru.

And this is Sultanbelyi,

A ovo je Sultanbelyi

which is one of the largest squatter communities in Istanbul.

jedno od najvećih ilegalnih naselja u Istanbulu.

They are what I consider to be the cities of tomorrow,

Smatram da su to gradovi budućnosti,

the new urban world.

novi urbani svijet.

Now, why do I say that?

Pitate se, zašto to kažem?

To tell you about that I have to talk about this fellow here,

Da bih vam to objasnio, moram vam ispričati o ovom čovjeku.

his name is Julius.

Njegovo ime je Julius

And I met Julius the last week that I was living in Kibera.

Upoznao sam Juliusa potkraj svog boravka u Kiberi.

So, I had been there almost three months,

Boravio sam ondje gotovo tri mjeseca,

and I was touring around the city going to different squatter areas

i obilazio različita ilegalna naselja u gradu

and Julius was tagging along, and he was bug eyed

a Julius mi se priključio. Bio je pun znatiželje

and at certain points we were walking around,

i nekoliko puta tijekom tog obilaska

he grabbed my hand for support,

uhvatio me za ruku da bismo lakše hodali,

which is something most Kenyans would never consider doing.

a to je nešto što većini Kenijaca nikad ne bi palo na pamet.

They're very polite and they don't get so forward so quickly.

Oni su vrlo pristojni i nikad se ne bi tako brzo nametnuli

And I found out later that it was Julius' first day in Nairobi,

Kasnije sam saznao da je to bio Juliusov prvi dan u Nairobiju,

and he's one of many.

a on je samo jedan od mnogih takvih.

So, close to 200,000 people a day

Oko 200 000 ljudi svaki dan

migrate from the rural to the urban areas.

preseli se iz ruralnih u urbana područja

That's, and I'm going to be fair to the statisticians

To je, a ovo kažem iz obzira prema statističarima

who talked this morning, not almost 1.5 million people a week,

koji su jutros govorili, ne gotovo 1,5 milijuna ljudi tjedno,

but almost 1.4 million people a week but I'm a journalist,

nego gotovo 1,4 milijuna ljudi tjedno, no ja sam novinar

and we exaggerate, so almost 1.5 million people a week,

a mi pretjerujemo, pa zato kažem 1,5 milijuna ljudi tjedno,

close to 70 million people a year.

gotovo 70 milijuna ljudi godišnje.

And if you do the math, that's 130 people every minute.

Izračunajte si, to je 130 ljudi svake minute.

So, that'll be -- in the 18 minutes that I'm given to talk here,

Znači, u 18 minuta koliko će trajati moj govor ovdje,

between two and three thousand people will have journeyed to the cities.

između dvije i tri tisuće ljudi otputovat će u gradove.

And here are the statistics.

A ovo su statistike

Today -- a billion squatters,

Danas milijardu ljudi živi u ilegalnim naseljima,

one in six people on the planet.

svaka šesta osoba na Zemlji.

2030 -- two billion squatters,

2030. godine bit će ih dvije milijarde

one in four people on the planet.

svaka četvrta osoba na Zemlji.

And the estimate is that in 2050, there'll be three billion squatters,

Procjenjuje se da će 2050.u takvim naseljima živjeti tri milijarde ljudi,

better than one in three people on earth.

svaka treća osoba na planetu, a i više.

So, these are the cities of the future, and we have to engage them.

Dakle, to su gradovi budućnosti i moramo ih uključiti u život šire zajednice.

And I was thinking this morning of the good life,

Jutros sam razmišljao o "dobrom životu"

and before I show you the rest of my presentation,

pa ću, prije nego vam pokažem ostatak svoje prezentacije,

I'm going to violate TED rules here,

malo prekršiti TED-ova pravila

and I'm going to read you something from my book as quickly as I can.

i na brzinu vam pročitati odlomak iz svoje knjige

Because I think it says something about reversing our perception

jer mislim da govori o promjeni percepcije

of what we think the good life is.

toga što podrazumijevamo pod dobrim životom.

So -- "The hut was made of corrugated metal, set on a concrete pad.

Evo: "Koliba od zahrđalog metala stajala je na betonskoj podlozi.

It was a 10 by 10 cell.

Bila je to soba veličine tri sa tri.

Armstrong O'Brian, Jr. shared it with three other men.

Armstrong O'Brian Jr. dijelio ju je s tri druga muškarca.

Armstrong and his friends had no water --

Armstrong i njegovi prijatelji nisu imali vode

they bought it from a nearby tap owner --

kupovali su ju od vlasnika obližnje slavine

no toilet -- the families in this compound shared a single pit-latrine --

nisu imali sanitarije - obitelji u naselju dijelile su jedan poljski WC,

and no sewers or sanitation.

a nisu imali ni kanalizaciju.

They did have electricity,

Struju su imali,

but it was illegal service tapped from someone else's wires,

ali bio je to ilegalan priključak na tuđe instalacije

and could only power one feeble bulb.

koji je pokretao samo jednu slabašnu žarulju.

This was Southland, a small shanty community

Živjeli su u maloj sirotinjskoj četvrti po imenu Southland

on the western side of Nairobi, Kenya.

u zapadnom dijelu Nairobija u Keniji.

But it could've been anywhere in the city,

Ali mogli su biti u bilo kojem dijelu grada,

because more than half the city of Nairobi lives like this.

jer više od polovice Nairobija ovako živi.

1.5 million people stuffed into mud or metal huts

1.5 milijuna ljudi gura se u straćarama od metala ili blata,

with no services, no toilets, no rights.

nemaju komunalije, sanitarije ni prava.

"Armstrong explained the brutal reality of their situation:

Armstrong je opisao tešku situaciju u kojoj su se nalazili:

they paid 1,500 shillings in rent, about 20 bucks a month,

plaćali su stanarinu 1500 šilinga, odnosno oko 20 dolara

a relatively high price for a Kenyan shantytown,

što je relativno visoka cijena za sirotinjsko naselje u Keniji

and they could not afford to be late with the money.

i nisu si mogli priuštiti da kasne s plaćanjem.

'In case you owe one month, the landlord will come with his henchmen

"Ako zakasniš s plaćanjem mjesec dana, dođe gazda sa svojim ljudima

and bundle you out. He will confiscate your things,' Armstrong said.

pa te izbaci i zaplijeni ti stvari.", rekao je Armstrong.

'Not one month, one day,' his roommate Hilary Kibagendi Onsomu,

"Ma kakav mjesec! Dan!", dobacio je njegov cimer Hilary Kibagendi Onsomu,

who was cooking ugali, the spongy white cornmeal concoction

koji je kuhao ugali, spužvastu bijelu kašu od kukuruza,

that is the staple food in the country, cut into the conversation.

što je glavna namirnica u zemlji.

They called their landlord a Wabenzi, meaning that he is a person

Vlasnika su zvali "Wabenzi", što je značilo da se radi o nekome

who has enough money to drive a Mercedes-Benz.

tko je dovoljno bogat da vozi Mercedes-Benz.

Hilary served the ugali with a fry of meat and tomatoes;

Hilary je poslužio ugali s mesom i rajčicama,

the sun slammed down on the thin steel roof;

dok je sunce udaralo u tanki limeni krov

and we perspired as we ate.

i znojili smo se jedući.

"After we finished, Armstrong straightened his tie,

Kad smo pojeli, Amstrong je izravnao kravatu

put on a wool sports jacket, and we headed out into the glare.

i obukao vuneni sportski sako, pa smo izašli na žegu.

Outside a mound of garbage formed the border

Vani je hrpa smeća označavala granicu

between Southland and the adjacent legal neighborhood of Langata.

između Southlanda i susjednog legalnog naselja Langate.

It was perhaps eight feet tall, 40 feet long, and 10 feet wide.

Hrpa je bila visoka preko dva metra, dugačka 12, a široka tri.

And it was set in a wider watery ooze.

Ležala je u vodenastom mulju.

As we passed, two boys were climbing the mount Kenya of trash.

Dok smo prolazili, dva su se dječaka penjala na tu planinu od smeća.

They couldn't have been more than five or six years old.

Mogli su imati najviše pet, šest godina.

They were barefoot, and with each step their toes sank into the muck

Bili su bosonogi a sa svakim korakom prsti su im upadali u nečist,

sending hundreds of flies scattering from the rancid pile.

pri čemu bi stotine muha uzlijetale sa smrdljive hrpe.

I thought they might be playing King of the Hill, but I was wrong.

Mislio sam da se igraju, ali bio sam u krivu.

Once atop the pile, one of the boys lowered his shorts,

Kad su se popeli na hrpu, jedan od njih skinuo je hlačice

squatted, and defecated.

čučnuo i obavio nuždu.

The flies buzzed hungrily around his legs.

Muhe su gladno zujale oko njegovih nogu.

When 20 families -- 100 people or so -- share a single latrine,

Kad dvadeset obitelji - oko stotinu ljudi - dijeli jednu jedinu latrinu,

a boy pooping on a garbage pile is perhaps no big thing.

baš i nije velika stvar kad dječak vrši nuždu na hrpi smeća.

But it stood in jarring contrast

No, bilo je to u oštroj suprotnosti

to something Armstrong had said as we were eating --

s nečim što mi je Armstrong rekao dok smo jeli -

that he treasured the quality of life in his neighborhood.

da uživa u kvaliteti života u svojem susjedstvu.

"For Armstrong, Southland wasn't constrained by its material conditions.

Za Armstronga, Southland nije bio ograničen svojim materijalnim uvjetima.

Instead, the human spirit radiated out

Naprotiv, ljudski je duh dolazio do izražaja

from the metal walls and garbage heaps to offer something

među metalnim zidovima i hrpama smeća, nudeći nešto

no legal neighborhood could: freedom.

što nijedno zakonito naselje nije: slobodu.

'This place is very addictive,' he had said.

"Ovo je vrlo zavodljivo mjesto.", rekao je.

'It's a simple life, but nobody is restricting you.

"Živi se skromno, ali nitko te ne ograničava,

Nobody is controlling what you do.

nitko ti ne govori što da radiš.

Once you have stayed here, you cannot go back.'

Kad jednom dođeš, nema povratka."

He meant back beyond that mountain of trash,

Htio je reći, nema povratka u svijet iza te planine smeća,

back in the legal city, of legal buildings,

u grad legalnih četvti i zgrada

with legal leases and legal rights.

s legalnim najmovima i pravima.

'Once you have stayed here,' he said,

"Kad jednom dođeš ovamo", rekao je

'you can stay for the rest of your life.'"

"možeš ostati cijeli život."

So, he has hope, and this is where these communities start.

Vidite, on ima nadu, od toga polaze te zajednice.

This is perhaps the most primitive shanty that you can find in Kibera,

Ovo je vjerojatno najprimitivnija straćara kakvu možete naći u Kiberi

little more than a stick-and-mud hut next to a garbage heap.

obična koliba od blata i šiba kraj hrpe smeća.

This is getting ready for the monsoon in Bombay, India.

Ovdje vidimo pripreme za dolazak monsuna u Bombaju u Indiji.

This is home improvement:

To je već poboljšanje doma:

putting plastic tarps on your roof.

stavljanje plastičnih cerada na krov.

This is in Rio de Janeiro, and it's getting a bit better, right?

Ovo je Rio de Janeiro i tu su stvari već malo bolje, zar ne?

We're seeing scavenged terra cotta tile and little pieces of signs,

Imamo pločice od odbačene keramike i komadiće znakova,

and plaster over the brick, some color,

gips preko cigle, malo boje...

and this is Sulay Montakaya's house in Sultanbelyi, and it's getting even better.

A ovo je kuća Sulaya Montakaye u Sultanbelyiju, ona je još kvalitetnija.

He's got a fence; he scavenged a door;

Ima ogradu, našao je i vrata,

he's got new tile on the roof.

na krovu ima novi crijep

And then you get Rocinha

A onda imate Rocinhu,

and you can see that it's getting even better.

gdje stvari izgledaju još bolje.

The buildings here are multi-story.

Zgrade imaju više katova,

They develop -- you can see on the far right

razvijaju se. Tu sasvim desno vidite

one where it seems to just stack on top of each other,

jednu na kojoj kao da se stanovi grade jedan na drugom,

room, after room, after room.

sobu na sobu.

And what people do is they develop their home on one or two stories,

Ljudi izgrade dom na jedan ili dva kata

and they sell their loggia or roof rights,

i potom prodaju krov drugima,

and someone else builds on top of their building,

i netko drugi gradi na njihovoj zgradi

and then that person sells the roof rights,

pa onda ta sljedeća osoba proda svoj krov

and someone else builds on top of their building.

i netko treći gradi na vrhu te građevine.

All of these buildings are made out of reinforced concrete and brick.

Sve su ove zgrade izgrađene od armiranog betona i cigle.

And then you get Sultanbelyi, in Turkey, where it's even built

Ovdje vidimo Sultanbelyi u Turskoj, gdje je gradnja

to a higher level of design.

još sofisticiranija, na višoj razini

The crud in the front is mattress stuffing,

Ovo što vidite na zgradi u prvom planu je podstava madraca

and you see that all over Turkey.

i to možete vidjeti širom Turske.

People dry out or air out their mattress stuffing on their roofs.

Ljudi suše ili prozračuju podstavu madraca na krovovima

But the green building, on behind,

Ali kod ove zelene zgrade u pozadini

you can see that the top floor is not occupied,

vidite da zadnji kat nije zauzet

so people are building with the possibility of expansion.

dakle, gradi se uz mogućnost proširenja

And it's built to a pretty high standard of design.

a konstrukcija je na prilično visokoj razini.

And then you finally get squatter homes like this,

I naposlijetku vidite ilegalno sagrađene domove kao što je ovaj,

which is built on the suburban model.

koji je izgrađen po prigradskom modelu.

Hey, that's a single family home in the squatter community.

Hej, to je dom za jednu obitelj u ilegalnom naselju.

That's also in Istanbul, Turkey.

To je također u Istanbulu u Turskoj.

They're quite vital places, these communities.

Ta su naselja prilično vitalna mjesta.

This is the main drag of Rocinha, the Estrada da Gavea,

A ovo je glavna ulica u Rocinhi, Estrada da Gavea

and there's a bus route that runs through it,

kroz nju prolazi autobusna linija,

lots of people out on the street.

mnogo je ljudi na ulicama.

These communities in these cities are actually more vital

Takve zajednice u tim gradovima zapravo su vitalnije

than the illegal communities.

nego zajednice u ilegalnim naseljima.

They have more things going on in them.

Tu se više toga događa.

This is a typical pathway in Rocinha called a "beco" --

Ovo je tipična uličica u Rocinhi, takozvani "beco"

these are how you get around the community.

i njima se krećete kroz naselje.

It's on very steep ground.

Na vrlo je strmom terenu.

They're built on the hills, inland from the beaches in Rio,

Izgrađene su na brdima u unutrašnjosti iza plaža u Riju

and you can see that the houses are just cantilevered over the natural obstructions.

i vidite kako su kuće samo izgrađene preko prirodnih prepreka.

So, that's just a rock in the hillside.

Dakle, to je samo stijena na brdu.

And these becos are normally very crowded,

Becoi su obično prepuni ljudi,

and people hump furniture up them, or refrigerators up them,

ljudi uz njih tegle namještaj, hladnjake i slično,

all sorts of things.

svakave stvari.

Beer is all carried in on your shoulders.

Pivo se nosi na ramenima.

Beer is a very important thing in Brazil.

Pivo je vrlo važna stvar u Brazilu.

This is commerce in Kenya, right along the train tracks,

Ovo je tržnica u Keniji, odmah uz željezničku prugu,

so close to the train tracks that the merchants

tako blizu tračnicama da trgovci

sometimes have to pull the merchandise out of the way.

ponekad moraju micati robu s puta.

This is a marketplace, also in Kenya, Toi Market,

Ovo je također tržnica u Keniji, Toi Market,

lots of dealers, in almost everything you want to buy.

puna je prodavača koji trguju gotovo svime što možete zamisliti.

Those green things in the foreground are mangoes.

Ovo zeleno u prvom planu jesu plodovi manga.

This is a shopping street in Kibera,

Ovo je ulica s trgovinama u Kiberi

and you can see that there's a soda dealer, a health clinic,

i vidite da ovdje imaju prodavača gaziranih pića, ambulantu

two beauty salons, a bar, two grocery stores, and a church, and more.

dva frizerska salona, kafić, dvije trgovine mješovitom robom, crkvu i dr.

It's a typical downtown street; it just happens to be self-built.

Tipična ulica u centru grada, samo je neplanski sagrađena

This here, on the right-hand side,

Ovo ovdje s desne strane

is what's called a -- if you look at the fine print under the awning --

jest takozvani --ako pogledate sitna slova ispod tende--

it's a hotel.

to je hotel.

And what hotel means, in Kenya and India, is an eating-place.

A u Indiji i Keniji pod time podrazumijevaju zalogajnicu.

So, that's a restaurant.

Odnosno, restoran.

People steal electrical power -- this is Rio.

Ljudi kradu električnu energiju - ovo je u Riju

People tap in and they have thieves who are called "grillos" or "crickets,"

Nelegalno se priključuju, a ljudi koji se time bave zovu se "grillos", "cvrčci".

and they steal the electrical power

Oni kradu električnu energiju

and wire the neighborhood.

i distribuiraju je susjedstvu.

People burn trash to get rid of the garbage,

Ljudi pale smeće kako bi ga se riješili

and they dig their own sewer channels.

i kopaju svoje vlastite odvode.

Talk about more plastic bags than plankton.

Ima više plastičnih vrećica nego planktona, možete misliti.

And sometimes they have natural trash-disposal.

Ponekad se otpada rješavaju na prirodan način.

And when they have more money they cement their streets,

A kad imaju više novca, asfaltiraju ulice

and they put in sewers and good water pipes, and stuff like that.

i uvode kanalizaciju i dobre vodovodne cijevi i slično.

This is water going to Rio. People run their water pipes all over the place,

Ovo je vodovod u Riju, ljudi posvuda ugrađuju vodovodne cijevi,

and that little hut right there has a pump in it, and that's what people do:

a u onoj kolibi ondje nalazi se pumpa. I eto, to ljudi rade:

they steal electricity; they install a pump

kradu električnu struju, ugrađuju si pumpe,

and they tap into the water main, and pump water up to their houses.

priključuju se na vodovodnu mrežu i crpe vodu u svoje kuće.

So, the question is how do you go from the mud-hut village,

Postavlja se pitanje, kako od koliba od blata doći do

to the more developed city, to the even highly developed Sultanbelyi?

razvijenijeg grada, čak vrlo razvijenog naselja poput Sultanbelyija?

I say there are two things.

Smatram da su ključne dvije stvari.

One is people need a guarantee they won't be evicted.

Prvo, ljudi trebaju jamstvo da neće biti izbačeni.

That does not necessarily mean property rights,

To ne mora nužno podrazumijevati vlasnička prava,

and I would disagree with Hernando de Soto on that question,

i po tom se pitanju ne slažem s Hernandom de Sotom

because property rights create a lot of complications.

jer vlasnička prava donose sa sobom mnogo komplikacija.

They're most often sold to people, and people then wind up in debt

Njih se najčešće prodaje, pa ljudi završe u dugovima

and have to pay back the debt,

koje onda moraju vraćati,

and sometimes have to sell their property

pa ponekad moraju prodati svoj posjed

in order to pay back the debt.

kako bi otplatili taj dug.

There's a whole variety of other reasons why property rights

Postoji niz razloga zbog kojih vlasnička prava

sometimes don't work in these cases,

ponekad ne funkcioniraju u ovakvim slučajevima,

but they do need security of tenure.

ali ono što ljudima treba jest sigurno uživanje posjeda.

And they need access to politics, and that can mean two things.

Treba im i pristup politici, što može značiti dvije stvari.

That can mean community organizing from below,

Može značiti organizaciju zajednice odozdo,

but it can also mean possibilities from above.

ali može značiti i mogućnosti odozgo.

And I say that because the system in Turkey is notable.

Spominjem to zbog turskog sustava, koji je vrlo značajan.

Turkey has two great laws that protect squatters.

Turska ima dva sjajna zakona koji štite stanare ilegalnih nekretnina.

One is that -- it's called "gecekondu" in Turkish,

Prvi se na turskom zove "gecekondu"

which means "built overnight," and if you build your house overnight

a to znači "izgrađeno preko noći", dakle ako "preko noći" izgradite kuću

in Turkey, you can't be evicted without due process of law,

u Turskoj, ne smijete biti izbačeni na ulicu bez propisanog zakonskog postupka,

if they don't catch you during the night.

ako vas usput ne ulove.

And the second aspect is that once you have 2,000 people

Drugi aspekt sastoji se u tome da, ako imate 2000 stanovnika

in the community, you can petition the government

u naselju, možete od vlasti zatražiti

to be recognized as a legal sub-municipality.

da vas se prizna kao legalnu podopćinu,

And when you're a legal sub-municipality, you suddenly have politics.

a kad ste legalna podopćina, odjednom imate politički život.

You're allowed to have an elected government, collect taxes,

Možete birati predstavnike, ubirati porez

provide municipal services, and that's exactly what they do.

pružati komunalne usluge,a oni upravo to i rade.

So, these are the civic leaders of the future.

Dakle, ovo su građanski vođe budućnosti.

The woman in the center is Geeta Jiwa.

Žena u sredini zove se Geeta Jiwa.

She lives in one of those tents on the highway median in Mumbai.

Ona živi u jednom od šatora uz autocestu u Mumbaiju.

That's Sureka Gundi; she also lives with her family

Ovo je Sureka Gundi, ona također živi s obitelji

on the tent along the same highway median.

u jednom od šatora uz tu istu autocestu.

They're very outspoken. They're very active.

Vrlo su rječite i aktivne.

They can be community leaders.

One imaju potencijala biti vođe zajednice.

This woman is Nine, which means "grandma" in Turkish.

Ovu ženu zovu "Nine", što na turskom znači "baka",

And there were three old ladies who lived in --

a s njom u kući žive još tri starije žene,

that's her self-built house behind her -- and they've lived there for 30 or 40 years,

to iza nje je kuća koju je sama izgradila, a one u njoj žive već 30 - 40 godina

and they are the backbone of the community there.

i one su središte tamošnje zajednice.

This is Richard Muthama Peter,

Ovo je Richard Muthama Peter

and he is an itinerant street photographer in Kibera.

putujući ulični fotograf u Kiberi.

He makes money taking pictures of the neighborhood,

Zarađuje fotografirajući susjedstvo

and the people in the neighborhood,

i ljude u njemu

and is a great resource in the community.

i on je pravo bogatstvo te zajednice.

And finally my choice to run for mayor of Rio is Cezinio,

I na kraju, ovo je moj kandidat za gradonačelnika Rija, Cezinio

the fruit merchant with his two kids here,

trgovac voćem, na slici sa svoje dvoje djece,

and a more honest and giving and caring man I don't know.

najpošteniji, najpožrtvovniji i najbrižniji čovjek kojeg poznajem.

The future of these communities is in the people

Budućnost tih zajednica ovisi o ljudima

and in our ability to work with those people.

i našoj sposobnosti da s tim ljudima surađujemo.

So, I think the message I take, from what I read from the book,

Stoga mislim da je poruka koju izvlačim iz onoga što sam pročitao u knjizi,

from what Armstrong said, and from all these people,

iz onoga što je Armstrong rekao, ali i od svih ovih ljudi

is that these are neighborhoods.

jest da su ovo normalna naselja.

The issue is not urban poverty.

Ovdje nije bitno siromaštvo u gradovima

The issue is not the larger, over-arching thing.

nije bitan neki širi, sveobuhvatniji problem,

The issue is for us to recognize that these are neighborhoods --

bitno je da mi priznamo da su to normalna naselja

this is a legitimate form of urban development --

legitiman oblik urbanog razvoja

and that cities have to engage these residents,

i da se njihove stanovnike mora uključiti u život gradova,

because they are building the cities of the future.

jer oni grade gradove budućnosti.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam lijepa.