David Keith: A surprising idea for "solving" climate change

93,645 views ใƒป 2007-11-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: gadi mintz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
You've all seen lots of articles on climate change,
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืจืื™ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
00:28
and here's yet another New York Times article,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืืžืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก",
00:30
just like every other darn one you've seen.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื.
00:32
It says all the same stuff as all the other ones you've seen.
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื.
00:34
It even has the same amount of headline as all the other ones you've seen.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื.
00:37
What's unusual about this one, maybe, is that it's from 1953.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”, ืื•ืœื™, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช 1953.
00:41
And the reason I'm saying this
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”
00:43
is that you may have the idea this problem is relatively recent.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
00:45
That people have just sort of figured out about it, and now
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:48
with Kyoto and the Governator and people beginning to actually do something,
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ืขื ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืงื™ื•ื˜ื• ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:51
we may be on the road to a solution.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงืจืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
00:54
The fact is -- uh-uh.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• - ืฉืœื.
00:57
We've known about this problem for 50 years, depending on how you count it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›50 ืฉื ื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืกื•ืคืจื™ื.
01:02
We have talked about it endlessly over the last decade or so.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืš.
01:04
And we've accomplished close to zip.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ื.
01:07
This is the growth rate of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:10
You've seen this in various forms,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:12
but maybe you haven't seen this one.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:14
What this shows is that the rate of growth of our emissions is accelerating.
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื–ื” ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืœื”,
01:17
And that it's accelerating even faster
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ
01:19
than what we thought was the worst case just a few years back.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:23
So that red line there was something that a lot of skeptics said
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ืื– ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืกืคืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื•
01:26
the environmentalists only put in the projections
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ืฉื”"ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื" ืฉืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช
01:28
to make the projections look as bad as possible,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจืื• ืจืขื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
01:31
that emissions would never grow as fast as that red line.
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ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
01:34
But in fact, they're growing faster.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:36
Here's some data from actually just 10 days ago,
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ื”ื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
01:39
which shows this year's minimum of the Arctic Sea ice, and it's the lowest by far.
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:44
And the rate at which the Arctic Sea ice is going away is a lot quicker than models.
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ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื ืขืœื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื.
01:49
So despite all sorts of experts like me flying around the planet and
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื˜ืกื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:52
burning jet fuel, and politicians signing treaties --
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ืœืง ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื,
01:55
in fact, you could argue the net effect of all this has been negative,
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช
01:58
because it's just consumed a lot of jet fuel. (Laughter)
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืœืง ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
No, no! In terms of what we really need to do to put the brakes on
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ืœื, ืœื! ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื
02:06
this very high inertial thing -- our big economy -- we've really hardly started.
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ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
02:10
Really, we're doing this, basically. Really, not very much.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“.
02:17
I don't want to depress you too much.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื›ื ืืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
02:19
The problem is absolutely soluble, and even soluble in a way that's reasonably cheap.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืชื™ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
02:24
Cheap meaning sort of the cost of the military, not the cost of medical care.
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"ื–ื•ืœ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ืœื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:29
Cheap meaning a few percent of GDP.
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"ื–ื•ืœ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืž"ื’.
02:33
No, this is really important to have this sense of scale.
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ืœื, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
02:35
So the problem is soluble, and the way we should go about solving it is, say,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืชื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื, ื ื ื™ื—,
02:39
dealing with electricity production,
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
02:41
which causes something like 43-or-so percent and rising of CO2 emissions.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืจืš 43 ืื—ื•ื– ื•ืžืขืœื” ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
02:45
And we could do that by perfectly sensible things like conservation,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ,
02:48
and wind power, nuclear power and coal to CO2 capture,
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ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืจื•ื— ื•ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืคื—ื ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
02:52
which are all things that are ready for giant scale deployment, and work.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืง.
02:57
All we lack is the action to actually spend the money to put those into place.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื.
03:02
Instead, we spend our time talking.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
03:04
But nevertheless, that's not what I'm going to talk to you about tonight.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ืขืจื‘.
03:07
What I'm going to talk to you about tonight is stuff we might do if we did nothing.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:11
And it's this stuff in the middle here, which is what you do
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ืืŸ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
03:15
if you don't stop the emissions quickly enough.
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ืื ืœื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
03:18
And you need to deal -- somehow break the link between human actions
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ - ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
03:21
that change climate, and the climate change itself. And that's particularly important
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ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:25
because, of course, while we can adapt to climate change --
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื -
03:28
and it's important to be honest here, there will be some benefits to climate change.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื - ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
03:31
Oh, yes, I think it's bad. I've spent my whole life working to stop it.
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ื”ื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืจืข. ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
03:34
But one of the reasons it's politically hard is there are winners and losers -- not all losers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื - ืœื ืจืง ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื.
03:38
But, of course, the natural world, polar bears.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
03:41
I spent time skiing across the sea ice for weeks at a time in the high Arctic.
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืงื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
03:44
They will completely lose.
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ื”ื ื™ืคืกื™ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:46
And there's no adaption.
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ื•ืฉื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช.
03:48
So this problem is absolutely soluble.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืคืชื™ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:49
This geo-engineering idea, in it's simplest form, is basically the following.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:
03:52
You could put signed particles, say sulfuric acid particles -- sulfates --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื ื ื™ื— ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืชื™ืช - ืกื•ืœืคืื˜ื™ื -
03:57
into the upper atmosphere, the stratosphere,
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:59
where they'd reflect away sunlight and cool the planet.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื™ืงืจืจื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:01
And I know for certain that that will work.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
04:04
Not that there aren't side effects, but I know for certain it will work.
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ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
04:07
And the reason is, it's been done.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:09
And it was done not by us, not by me, but by nature.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™, ืืœื ืข"ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:12
Here's Mount Pinatubo in the early '90s. That put a whole bunch of sulfur
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืจ ืคื™ื ืื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืฉืฉื ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช
04:15
in the stratosphere with a sort of atomic bomb-like cloud.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืข"ื™ ืขื ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ื.
04:19
The result of that was pretty dramatic.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
04:22
After that, and some previous volcanoes we have, you see
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
04:25
a quite dramatic cooling of the atmosphere.
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ืืคืงื˜ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:27
So this lower bar is the upper atmosphere, the stratosphere,
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ืื– ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
04:30
and it heats up after these volcanoes.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืžืžืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
04:32
But you'll notice that in the upper bar, which is the lower atmosphere
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”
04:34
and the surface, it cools down because we shielded the atmosphere a little bit.
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ื•ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:38
There's no big mystery about it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ.
04:40
There's lots of mystery in the details, and there's some bad side effects,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
04:43
like it partially destroys the ozone layer -- and I'll get to that in a minute.
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ืœืžืฉืœ- ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจืก ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ- ื•ืื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื”.
04:46
But it clearly cools down.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
04:48
And one other thing: it's fast.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ.
04:51
It's really important to say. So much of the other things that we ought to do,
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ. ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
04:54
like slowing emissions, are intrinsically slow, because it takes time
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ
04:59
to build all the hardware we need to reduce emissions.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
05:02
And not only that, when you cut emissions, you don't cut concentrations,
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ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื.
05:05
because concentrations, the amount of CO2 in the air,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
05:07
is the sum of emissions over time.
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ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
05:09
So you can't step on the brakes very quickly.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื”ืจ.
05:11
But if you do this, it's quick.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ.
05:13
And there are times you might like to do something quick.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืจ.
05:16
Another thing you might wonder about is, does it work?
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื: ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
05:19
Can you shade some sunlight and effectively compensate for the added CO2,
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœืคืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
05:23
and produce a climate sort of back to what it was originally?
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืงืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ?
05:26
And the answer seems to be yes.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
05:28
So here are the graphs you've seen lots of times before.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:31
That's what the world looks like, under one particular climate model's view,
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืข"ืค ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื
05:34
with twice the amount of CO2 in the air.
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
05:36
The lower graph is with twice the amount of CO2 and 1.8 percent less sunlight,
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ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•-1.8 ืื—ื•ื– ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
05:40
and you're back to the original climate.
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
05:42
And this graph from Ken Caldeira. It's important to say came, because
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ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืืช ืงืŸ ืงืœื“ืจื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ื™ ืงืŸ,
05:45
Ken -- at a meeting that I believe Marty Hoffart was also at in the mid-'90s --
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ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื›ื— ื‘ื” ื’ื ืžืืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืคืืจื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
05:48
Ken and I stood up at the back of the meeting and said,
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ืงืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืขืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืžืจื ื•:
05:51
"Geo-engineering won't work."
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"ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืœื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“".
05:53
And to the person who was promoting it said,
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ื•ืœืื“ื ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืชื” ืืžืจื ื•:
05:55
"The atmosphere's much more complicated."
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"ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช".
05:57
Gave a bunch of physical reasons why it wouldn't do a very good compensation.
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ื ืชื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื™ืชืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
06:00
Ken went and ran his models, and found that it did.
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ืงืŸ ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืžืฆื ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืŸ.
06:03
This topic is also old.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ืฉืŸ.
06:05
That report that landed on President Johnson's desk when I was two years old --
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ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
06:08
1965.
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1965.
06:10
That report, in fact, which had all the modern climate science --
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ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื–ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ -
06:12
the only thing they talked about doing was geo-engineering.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
06:15
It didn't even talk about cutting emissions,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
06:17
which is an incredible shift in our thinking about this problem.
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ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:20
I'm not saying we shouldn't cut emissions.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
06:22
We should, but it made exactly this point.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:25
So, in a sense, there's not much new.
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ืื– ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉ.
06:27
The one new thing is this essay.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:29
So I should say, I guess, that since the time of that original President Johnson report,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืื– ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
06:33
and the various reports of the U.S. National Academy --
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช-
06:36
1977, 1982, 1990 -- people always talked about this idea.
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1977, 1982, 1990 - ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:39
Not as something that was foolproof, but as an idea to think about.
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ืœื ื›ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืชืงืœื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
06:42
But when climate became, politically, a hot topic -- if I may make the pun --
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ืืš ืžืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื”, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื - ืื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื -
06:46
in the last 15 years, this became so un-PC, we couldn't talk about it.
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ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›"ื› ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืงื•ืจืงื˜, ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:52
It just sunk below the surface. We weren't allowed to speak about it.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืงืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืœื ื”ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:56
But in the last year, Paul Crutzen published this essay
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืคื•ืœ ืงืจื•ื˜ืฆืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:59
saying roughly what's all been said before: that maybe, given our very slow rate
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ: ืฉืื•ืœื™, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืื“ ืื™ื˜ื™
07:02
of progress in solving this problem and the uncertain impacts,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช,
07:05
we should think about things like this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
07:07
He said roughly what's been said before.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื‘ืจ.
07:09
The big deal was he happened to have won the Nobel prize for ozone chemistry.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
07:12
And so people took him seriously when he said we should think about this,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:14
even though there will be some ozone impacts.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
07:16
And in fact, he had some ideas to make them go away.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื.
07:18
There was all sorts of press coverage, all over the world,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:20
going right down to "Dr. Strangelove Saves the Earth," from the Economist.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ "ื“ืจ. ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืœืื‘ ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ", ื‘"ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜".
07:24
And that got me thinking. I've worked on this topic on and off,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ - ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ,
07:27
but not so much technically. And I was actually lying in bed thinking one night.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›"ื› ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช - ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
07:30
And I thought about this child's toy -- hence, the title of my talk --
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ื–ื” - ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ -
07:34
and I wondered if you could use the same physics that makes that thing spin 'round
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ื•ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
07:37
in the child's radiometer, to levitate particles into the upper atmosphere
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื—ืฃ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
07:41
and make them stay there.
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ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืืจื• ืฉื.
07:43
One of the problems with sulfates is they fall out quickly.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ืœืคืื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
07:45
The other problem is they're right in the ozone layer,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ,
07:47
and I'd prefer them above the ozone layer.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืžืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
07:49
And it turns out, I woke up the next morning, and I started to calculate this.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ... ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:51
It was very hard to calculate from first principles. I was stumped.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืงื•ืข.
07:54
But then I found out that there were all sorts of papers already published
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื•
07:57
that addressed this topic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere.
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ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
08:00
So it seems there are already fine particles
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
08:02
that are levitated up to what we call the mesosphere, about 100 kilometers up,
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืง"ืž ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” -
08:06
that already have this effect.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
08:08
I'll tell you very quickly how the effect works.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
08:10
There are a lot of fun complexities
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืคื™ื•ืช
08:12
that I'd love to spend the whole evening on, but I won't.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
08:14
But let's say you have sunlight hitting some particle and it's unevenly heated.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”.
08:17
So the side facing the sun is warmer; the side away, cooler.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื“ ืฉืคื•ื ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:19
Gas molecules that bounce off the warm side
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื– ืฉืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:22
bounce away with some extra velocity because it's warm.
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ื ืจืชืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื.
08:26
And so you see a net force away from the sun.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืœืื”.
08:28
That's called the photophoretic force.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื™.
08:30
There are a bunch of other versions of it that I and some collaborators
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื” ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
08:34
have thought about how to exploit.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ.
08:36
And of course, we may be wrong --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื -
08:38
this hasn't all been peer reviewed, we're in the middle of thinking about it --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” -
08:40
but so far, it seems good.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:42
But it looks like we could achieve long atmospheric lifetimes --
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื -
08:45
much longer than before -- because they're levitated.
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ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ - ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืจื—ืคื™ื.
08:48
We can move things out of the stratosphere into the mesosphere,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื–ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
08:50
in principle solving the ozone problem.
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ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
08:53
I'm sure there will be other problems that arise.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆื•ืฆื•.
08:55
Finally, we could make the particles migrate to over the poles,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื,
08:58
so we could arrange the climate engineering so it really focused on the poles.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืžืžืฉ ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
09:02
Which would have minimal bad impacts in the middle of the planet,
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
09:05
where we live, and do the maximum job of what we might need to do,
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ืฉื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืืœืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช -
09:09
which is cooling the poles in case of planetary emergency, if you like.
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ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
09:13
This is a new idea that's crept up that may be, essentially,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืขืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช,
09:15
a cleverer idea than putting sulfates in.
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืกื•ืœืคืื˜ื™ื.
09:17
Whether this idea is right or some other idea is right,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
09:21
I think it's almost certain we will
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช
09:23
eventually think of cleverer things to do than just putting sulfur in.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช.
09:26
That if engineers and scientists really turned their minds to this,
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ืื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืคื ื• ืœื–ื” ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื,
09:29
it's amazing how we can affect the planet.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:32
The one thing about this is it gives us extraordinary leverage.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”- ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
09:36
This improved science and engineering will, whether we like it or not,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืื”ื‘ ื–ืืช ืื• ืœื,
09:39
give us more and more leverage to affect the planet,
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ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:42
to control the planet,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:44
to give us weather and climate control -- not because we plan it,
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ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื - ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื–ืืช,
09:48
not because we want it, just because science delivers it to us bit by bit,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ืืช, ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืžืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ,
09:51
with better knowledge of the way the system works
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ืขื ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
09:53
and better engineering tools to effect it.
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ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”.
09:57
Now, suppose that space aliens arrived.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:01
Maybe they're going to land at the U.N. headquarters down the road here,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ,
10:03
or maybe they'll pick a smarter spot --
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ -
10:05
but suppose they arrive and they give you a box.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื ืงื•ืคืกื.
10:08
And the box has two knobs.
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ื•ืœืงื•ืคืกื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ื.
10:12
One knob is the knob for controlling global temperature.
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ืžื—ื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
10:14
Maybe another knob is a knob for controlling CO2 concentrations.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื’ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
10:16
You might imagine that we would fight wars over that box.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ื”ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ื”ื–ืืช.
10:20
Because we have no way to agree about where to set the knobs.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ื.
10:23
We have no global governance.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
10:25
And different people will have different places they want it set.
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
10:27
Now, I don't think that's going to happen. It's not very likely.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
10:31
But we're building that box.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ื”ื–ืืช.
10:35
The scientists and engineers of the world
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:37
are building it piece by piece, in their labs.
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœืง-ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
10:39
Even when they're doing it for other reasons.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
10:41
Even when they're thinking they're just working on protecting the environment.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:44
They have no interest in crazy ideas like engineering the whole planet.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:46
They develop science that makes it easier and easier to do.
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ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื“ืข ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื™ื”.
10:50
And so I guess my view on this is not that I want to do it -- I do not --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” - ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” -
10:53
but that we should move this out of the shadows and talk about it seriously.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
10:58
Because sooner or later, we'll be confronted with decisions about this,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
11:01
and it's better if we think hard about it,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
11:04
even if we want to think hard about reasons why we should never do it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:08
I'll give you two different ways to think about this problem that are the beginning
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”
11:14
of my thinking about how to think about it.
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ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”.
11:16
But what we need is not just a few oddballs like me thinking about this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” -
11:19
We need a broader debate.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:21
A debate that involves musicians, scientists, philosophers, writers,
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ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื,
11:25
who get engaged with this question about climate engineering
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืืงืœื™ื
11:28
and think seriously about what its implications are.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”.
11:31
So here's one way to think about it,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
11:33
which is that we just do this instead of cutting emissions because it's cheaper.
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ื•ื”ื™ื: ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:37
I guess the thing I haven't said about this is, it is absurdly cheap.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš.
11:40
It's conceivable that, say, using the sulfates method or this method I've come up with,
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ื–ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื ื™ื—, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืคืื˜ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ืžืฆืืชื™,
11:44
you could create an ice age at a cost of .001 percent of GDP.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืงืจื— ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 0001. ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืชืž"ื’.
11:50
It's very cheap. We have a lot of leverage.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื–ื•ืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
11:53
It's not a good idea, but it's just important. (Laughter)
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
11:55
I'll tell you how big the lever is: the lever is that big.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ - ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืืจื•ืš.
11:59
And that calculation isn't much in dispute.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
12:02
You might argue about the sanity of it, but the leverage is real. (Laughter)
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื›ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:10
So because of this, we could deal with the problem
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ืื– ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
12:12
simply by stopping reducing emissions,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
12:17
and just as the concentrations go up, we can increase
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ื•ืขื ืขืœื™ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ
12:19
the amount of geo-engineering.
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ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
12:21
I don't think anybody takes that seriously.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
12:24
Because under this scenario, we walk further and further away
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:26
from the current climate.
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ืžื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
12:28
We have all sorts of other problems, like ocean acidification
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
12:30
that come from CO2 in the atmosphere, anyway.
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ืฉื‘ื ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
12:33
Nobody but maybe one or two very odd folks really suggest this.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
12:36
But here's a case which is harder to reject.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช.
12:38
Let's say that we don't do geo-engineering, we do what we ought to do,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
12:42
which is get serious about cutting emissions.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
12:44
But we don't really know how quickly we have to cut them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:47
There's a lot of uncertainty about exactly how much climate change is too much.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
12:50
So let's say that we work hard, and we actually don't just tap the brakes,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื ื™ื’ืข ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœืžื™ื,
12:53
but we step hard on the brakes and really reduce emissions
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ืืœื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืžืฉ ื ืคื—ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
12:56
and eventually reduce concentrations.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคื—ื™ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื.
12:58
And maybe someday -- like 2075, October 23 --
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ืœืžืฉืœ 2075, 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ -
13:03
we finally reach that glorious day where concentrations have peaked
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื
13:06
and are rolling down the other side.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
13:08
And we have global celebrations, and we've actually started to -- you know,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• - ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื -
13:11
we've seen the worst of it.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:14
But maybe on that day we also find that the Greenland ice sheet
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื ื’ืœื” ืฉืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“
13:18
is really melting unacceptably fast, fast enough to put meters of sea level on
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ืžืžืฉ ื ืžืก ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื
13:24
the oceans in the next 100 years,
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ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
13:26
and remove some of the biggest cities from the map.
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ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืžืคื”.
13:28
That's an absolutely possible scenario.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
13:30
We might decide at that point that even though geo-engineering was uncertain
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ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช,
13:33
and morally unhappy, that it's a lot better than not geo-engineering.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื”.
13:38
And that's a very different way to look at the problem.
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
13:40
It's using this as risk control, not instead of action.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื”.
13:43
It's saying that you do some geo-engineering for a little while
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ
13:46
to take the worst of the heat off, not that you'd use it as a substitute for action.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื, ืœื ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:51
But there is a problem with that view.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•.
13:53
And the problem is the following:
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:
13:55
knowledge that geo-engineering is possible makes
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช
13:57
the climate impacts look less fearsome,
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ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
14:00
and that makes a weaker commitment to cutting emissions today.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:03
This is what economists call a moral hazard.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
14:05
And that's one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about,
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
14:09
and, in general, I think it's the underlying reason
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ืกืชืจืช
14:11
that it's been politically unacceptable to talk about this.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
14:12
But you don't make good policy by hiding things in a drawer.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืจื”.
14:16
I'll leave you with three questions, and then one final quote.
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ืืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
14:19
Should we do serious research on this topic?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?
14:22
Should we have a national research program that looks at this?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
14:25
Not just at how you would do it better,
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ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:27
but also what all the risks and downsides of it are.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืš.
14:29
Right now, you have a few enthusiasts talking about it, some in a positive side,
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
14:33
some in a negative side -- but that's a dangerous state to be in
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ - ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•,
14:36
because there's very little depth of knowledge on this topic.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืขื•ืžืง ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
14:39
A very small amount of money would get us some.
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ืกื›ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช.
14:41
Many of us -- maybe now me -- think we should do that.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• - ืื•ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ - ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:44
But I have a lot of reservations.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:46
My reservations are principally about the moral hazard problem,
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ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
14:49
and I don't really know how we can best avoid the moral hazard.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
14:53
I think there is a serious problem: as you talk about this,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
14:55
people begin to think they don't need to work so hard to cut emissions.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›"ื› ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
14:59
Another thing is, maybe we need a treaty.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื”.
15:02
A treaty that decides who gets to do this.
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ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
15:05
Right now we may think of a big, rich country like the U.S. doing this.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืชืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
15:07
But it might well be that, in fact, if China wakes up in 2030 and realizes
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืื ืกื™ืŸ ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘2030 ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ
15:11
that the climate impacts are just unacceptable,
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ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช,
15:13
they may not be very interested in our moral conversations about how to do this,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
15:17
and they may just decide they'd really rather have a geo-engineered world
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”
15:21
than a non-geo-engineered world.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ื’ืื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
15:24
And we'll have no international mechanism to figure out who makes the decision.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
15:28
So here's one last thought, which was said much, much better
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
15:30
25 years ago in the U.S. National Academy report than I can say today.
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ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
15:34
And I think it really summarizes where we are here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืžืฆืช ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
15:37
That the CO2 problem, the climate problem that we've heard about,
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”,
15:40
is driving lots of things -- innovations in the energy technologies
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ืžื ื™ืขื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
15:42
that will reduce emissions --
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ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
15:44
but also, I think, inevitably, it will drive us towards thinking about climate
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื–ื” ื™ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
15:49
and weather control, whether we like it or not.
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ื‘ืงืจืช ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš ืื• ืœื.
15:52
And it's time to begin thinking about it,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
15:54
even if the reason we're thinking about it is to construct arguments
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื
15:57
for why we shouldn't do it.
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ืœืœืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
15:59
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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