David Keith: A surprising idea for "solving" climate change

92,444 views ใƒป 2007-11-15

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yoon Sub Yi ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jungsoo Kim
00:25
You've all seen lots of articles on climate change,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ€๋“ค์„ ๋ด์™”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค
00:28
and here's yet another New York Times article,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
just like every other darn one you've seen.
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๊ฒน๋„๋ก ๋ด์™”๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
00:32
It says all the same stuff as all the other ones you've seen.
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์ด ๊ธ€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
It even has the same amount of headline as all the other ones you've seen.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ๋งˆ์ € ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ด์˜จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค.
00:37
What's unusual about this one, maybe, is that it's from 1953.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1953๋…„๋„์˜ ๊ธ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
00:41
And the reason I'm saying this
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
00:43
is that you may have the idea this problem is relatively recent.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์„œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
00:45
That people have just sort of figured out about it, and now
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์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ
00:48
with Kyoto and the Governator and people beginning to actually do something,
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๊ตํ† ์˜์ •์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ
00:51
we may be on the road to a solution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
00:54
The fact is -- uh-uh.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค.
00:57
We've known about this problem for 50 years, depending on how you count it.
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ํ–‡์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
We have talked about it endlessly over the last decade or so.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.
01:04
And we've accomplished close to zip.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
01:07
This is the growth rate of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ด๋‹ค.
01:10
You've seen this in various forms,
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ ‘ํ•ด๋ดค๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:12
but maybe you haven't seen this one.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
01:14
What this shows is that the rate of growth of our emissions is accelerating.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
And that it's accelerating even faster
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๊ฐ€
01:19
than what we thought was the worst case just a few years back.
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
So that red line there was something that a lot of skeptics said
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์ € ๋ถ‰์€ ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํŒ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€
01:26
the environmentalists only put in the projections
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์˜์ƒ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:28
to make the projections look as bad as possible,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.
01:31
that emissions would never grow as fast as that red line.
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๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ € ๋ถ‰์€ ์„ ๋งŒํผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜.
01:34
But in fact, they're growing faster.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Here's some data from actually just 10 days ago,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 10์ผ ์ „์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค.
01:39
which shows this year's minimum of the Arctic Sea ice, and it's the lowest by far.
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ถ๊ทน ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ค‘ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ƒ ์ตœ์ €์น˜ ์ด๋‹ค.
01:44
And the rate at which the Arctic Sea ice is going away is a lot quicker than models.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ๊ทน ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๋…น๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†๋„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค.
01:49
So despite all sorts of experts like me flying around the planet and
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋น„๋ก ์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
01:52
burning jet fuel, and politicians signing treaties --
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๋น„ํ–‰์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์•ฝ๋“ค์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:55
in fact, you could argue the net effect of all this has been negative,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
because it's just consumed a lot of jet fuel. (Laughter)
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํ–‰์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋งŒ ์†Œ๋น„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:01
No, no! In terms of what we really need to do to put the brakes on
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์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ง„์งœ๋‹ค! ๋งค์šฐ ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:06
this very high inertial thing -- our big economy -- we've really hardly started.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
02:10
Really, we're doing this, basically. Really, not very much.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฐ–์— ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ • ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
02:17
I don't want to depress you too much.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์šฐ์šธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
02:19
The problem is absolutely soluble, and even soluble in a way that's reasonably cheap.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Cheap meaning sort of the cost of the military, not the cost of medical care.
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'์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•'์ด๋ž€, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์ง€, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Cheap meaning a few percent of GDP.
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'์ €๋ ด'ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ GDP ์˜ ๋ช‡ % ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.
02:33
No, this is really important to have this sense of scale.
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์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
02:35
So the problem is soluble, and the way we should go about solving it is, say,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
02:39
dealing with electricity production,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ ๊ฐ€์†๋„์˜ 43% ์ •๋„์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:41
which causes something like 43-or-so percent and rising of CO2 emissions.
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์ „๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค
02:45
And we could do that by perfectly sensible things like conservation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์›์ ˆ์•ฝ, ํ’๋ ฅ, ์›์ž๋ ฅ, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:48
and wind power, nuclear power and coal to CO2 capture,
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์„ํƒ„ ์†Œ๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:52
which are all things that are ready for giant scale deployment, and work.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐฐ์น˜์™€ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
All we lack is the action to actually spend the money to put those into place.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์— ๋ˆ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
03:02
Instead, we spend our time talking.
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๋Œ€์‹  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ง๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
But nevertheless, that's not what I'm going to talk to you about tonight.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ฐŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ„์—, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐค ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
What I'm going to talk to you about tonight is stuff we might do if we did nothing.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐค ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.
03:11
And it's this stuff in the middle here, which is what you do
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„
03:15
if you don't stop the emissions quickly enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
03:18
And you need to deal -- somehow break the link between human actions
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
03:21
that change climate, and the climate change itself. And that's particularly important
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
03:25
because, of course, while we can adapt to climate change --
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์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ ์‘์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ -
03:28
and it's important to be honest here, there will be some benefits to climate change.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์†”์งํ•ด์ง€์ž๋ฉด -- ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
Oh, yes, I think it's bad. I've spent my whole life working to stop it.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์ผํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.
03:34
But one of the reasons it's politically hard is there are winners and losers -- not all losers.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์œ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์Šน์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํŒจ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. - ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํŒจ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
But, of course, the natural world, polar bears.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜, ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ž์—ฐ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ๊ทน๊ณฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.
03:41
I spent time skiing across the sea ice for weeks at a time in the high Arctic.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋จผ ๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์–ผ์Œ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋…€ ๋ณธ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
They will completely lose.
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๋ถ๊ทน๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฑธ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
03:46
And there's no adaption.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
03:48
So this problem is absolutely soluble.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
03:49
This geo-engineering idea, in it's simplest form, is basically the following.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์ƒ์„ ์—์„œ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
03:52
You could put signed particles, say sulfuric acid particles -- sulfates --
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ํŠน์ • ์ž…์ž๋“ค, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ
03:57
into the upper atmosphere, the stratosphere,
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์ƒ์ธต ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์ธ ์„ฑ์ธต๊ถŒ์— ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด,
03:59
where they'd reflect away sunlight and cool the planet.
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ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์‹œ์ผœ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And I know for certain that that will work.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
04:04
Not that there aren't side effects, but I know for certain it will work.
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๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
And the reason is, it's been done.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
04:09
And it was done not by us, not by me, but by nature.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž์—ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค.
04:12
Here's Mount Pinatubo in the early '90s. That put a whole bunch of sulfur
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ํ•ตํญ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ์ธต๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ
04:15
in the stratosphere with a sort of atomic bomb-like cloud.
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ํ”ผํˆฌ๋‚˜๋ณด ์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
The result of that was pretty dramatic.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
After that, and some previous volcanoes we have, you see
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ™”์‚ฐํญ๋ฐœ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๋•Œ,
04:25
a quite dramatic cooling of the atmosphere.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
So this lower bar is the upper atmosphere, the stratosphere,
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์ด ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋Š” ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์ธ ์„ฑ์ธต๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
04:30
and it heats up after these volcanoes.
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์ด ํ™”์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
04:32
But you'll notice that in the upper bar, which is the lower atmosphere
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ธต ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ„์˜ ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
04:34
and the surface, it cools down because we shielded the atmosphere a little bit.
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ํ™”์‚ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
There's no big mystery about it.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
There's lots of mystery in the details, and there's some bad side effects,
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์˜ค์กด์ธต์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
04:43
like it partially destroys the ozone layer -- and I'll get to that in a minute.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„์— ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
04:46
But it clearly cools down.
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ™์— ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
04:48
And one other thing: it's fast.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ์ด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํ™”์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
04:51
It's really important to say. So much of the other things that we ought to do,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„,
04:54
like slowing emissions, are intrinsically slow, because it takes time
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ์—
04:59
to build all the hardware we need to reduce emissions.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
05:02
And not only that, when you cut emissions, you don't cut concentrations,
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๊ทธ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ๋ง‰์•„๋„ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ค„์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
05:05
because concentrations, the amount of CO2 in the air,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
05:07
is the sum of emissions over time.
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๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
05:09
So you can't step on the brakes very quickly.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.
05:11
But if you do this, it's quick.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
And there are times you might like to do something quick.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
Another thing you might wonder about is, does it work?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
05:19
Can you shade some sunlight and effectively compensate for the added CO2,
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ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‡„์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ
05:23
and produce a climate sort of back to what it was originally?
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
05:26
And the answer seems to be yes.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ '๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So here are the graphs you've seen lots of times before.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๋ด์™”๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
That's what the world looks like, under one particular climate model's view,
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์ด๊ฑด ํŠน์ • ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜
05:34
with twice the amount of CO2 in the air.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๋•Œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค.
05:36
The lower graph is with twice the amount of CO2 and 1.8 percent less sunlight,
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ–‡๋น›์ด 1.8% ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰
05:40
and you're back to the original climate.
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์ค„์—ˆ์„๋•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์žˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
And this graph from Ken Caldeira. It's important to say came, because
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ์ผ„ ์บ˜๋”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ด์˜จ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:45
Ken -- at a meeting that I believe Marty Hoffart was also at in the mid-'90s --
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90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ๋งˆํ‹ฐ ํ˜ธํŒŒํŠธ๋„ ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ
05:48
Ken and I stood up at the back of the meeting and said,
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๋‚˜์™€ ์ผ„์€ ํšŒ์˜ ๋’ทํŽธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
"Geo-engineering won't work."
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"์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:53
And to the person who was promoting it said,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค,
05:55
"The atmosphere's much more complicated."
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"๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค."
05:57
Gave a bunch of physical reasons why it wouldn't do a very good compensation.
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์™œ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์žก๋‹คํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋“ค๋„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์คฌ๋‹ค.
06:00
Ken went and ran his models, and found that it did.
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์ผ„์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ดค๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
This topic is also old.
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
06:05
That report that landed on President Johnson's desk when I was two years old --
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 2์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์„๋•Œ ์กด์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ฑ…์ƒ์— ๋†“์ธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š”
06:08
1965.
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1965๋…„์— ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
06:10
That report, in fact, which had all the modern climate science --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ธฐํ›„๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š”,
06:12
the only thing they talked about doing was geo-engineering.
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๊ณ ์ž‘ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณค ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
It didn't even talk about cutting emissions,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ
06:17
which is an incredible shift in our thinking about this problem.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ธ๊ธ‰์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
06:20
I'm not saying we shouldn't cut emissions.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
We should, but it made exactly this point.
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์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
So, in a sense, there's not much new.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋‹ค.
06:27
The one new thing is this essay.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์—์„ธ์ด์ด๋‹ค.
06:29
So I should say, I guess, that since the time of that original President Johnson report,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”, ์กด์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
06:33
and the various reports of the U.S. National Academy --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1977๋…„, 1982๋…„, 1990๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์›์ด
06:36
1977, 1982, 1990 -- people always talked about this idea.
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๋ฐฃํ‘œํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.
06:39
Not as something that was foolproof, but as an idea to think about.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ์จ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
06:42
But when climate became, politically, a hot topic -- if I may make the pun --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„๋•Œ - ๋ง์žฅ๋‚œ์„ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด -
06:46
in the last 15 years, this became so un-PC, we couldn't talk about it.
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์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„, ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์›Œ๋‚™ ๋น„์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
It just sunk below the surface. We weren't allowed to speak about it.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ท„๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
But in the last year, Paul Crutzen published this essay
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž‘๋…„์— ํด ํฌ๋Ÿฟ์  ์€ ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์–ด์™”๋˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„
06:59
saying roughly what's all been said before: that maybe, given our very slow rate
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์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค; ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜
07:02
of progress in solving this problem and the uncertain impacts,
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์ง„์ „์ด ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
07:05
we should think about things like this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
07:07
He said roughly what's been said before.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
The big deal was he happened to have won the Nobel prize for ozone chemistry.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋˜ ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์กด ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
07:12
And so people took him seriously when he said we should think about this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
07:14
even though there will be some ozone impacts.
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์˜ค์กด ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค.
07:16
And in fact, he had some ideas to make them go away.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ๋”ํ•  ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
There was all sorts of press coverage, all over the world,
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์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ '์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์ง€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค.'๋ถ€ํ„ฐํ•ด์„œ
07:20
going right down to "Dr. Strangelove Saves the Earth," from the Economist.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
And that got me thinking. I've worked on this topic on and off,
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์ด ์ ์€ ๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค - ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:27
but not so much technically. And I was actually lying in bed thinking one night.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋Œ€ -- ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ๋ฐค์— ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ž ๊ธด์ฑ„ ์นจ๋Œ€์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And I thought about this child's toy -- hence, the title of my talk --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์•„์ด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ดค๊ณ  - ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค --
07:34
and I wondered if you could use the same physics that makes that thing spin 'round
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์•„๋™ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋น™๋น™ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:37
in the child's radiometer, to levitate particles into the upper atmosphere
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์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ๋ผ๊ณ 
07:41
and make them stay there.
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๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
One of the problems with sulfates is they fall out quickly.
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ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
07:45
The other problem is they're right in the ozone layer,
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ค์กด์ธต์— ์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ธ๋ฐ,
07:47
and I'd prefer them above the ozone layer.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜ค์กด์ธต ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•œ๋‹ค.
07:49
And it turns out, I woke up the next morning, and I started to calculate this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
It was very hard to calculate from first principles. I was stumped.
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๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
But then I found out that there were all sorts of papers already published
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณง ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:57
that addressed this topic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere.
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๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋๋‹ค.
08:00
So it seems there are already fine particles
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์•ฝ 100km ์ •๋„ ์œ„์ธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ• ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
08:02
that are levitated up to what we call the mesosphere, about 100 kilometers up,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด
08:06
that already have this effect.
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๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
I'll tell you very quickly how the effect works.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
08:10
There are a lot of fun complexities
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ›„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€
08:12
that I'd love to spend the whole evening on, but I won't.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
08:14
But let's say you have sunlight hitting some particle and it's unevenly heated.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ–‡๋น›์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
08:17
So the side facing the sun is warmer; the side away, cooler.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฉด์€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
08:19
Gas molecules that bounce off the warm side
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋ฉด์„ ํŠ•๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค์ž…์ž๋“ค์€
08:22
bounce away with some extra velocity because it's warm.
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๋กœ ํŠ•๊ฒจ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
08:26
And so you see a net force away from the sun.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ์งœํž˜์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
That's called the photophoretic force.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ŒํŒŒ์˜๋™๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค.
08:30
There are a bunch of other versions of it that I and some collaborators
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๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
08:34
have thought about how to exploit.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
And of course, we may be wrong --
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ---
08:38
this hasn't all been peer reviewed, we're in the middle of thinking about it --
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค.--
08:40
but so far, it seems good.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง„ ์ข‹์•„๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.
08:42
But it looks like we could achieve long atmospheric lifetimes --
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์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋– ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
08:45
much longer than before -- because they're levitated.
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์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.
08:48
We can move things out of the stratosphere into the mesosphere,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์กด์ธต ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธต๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ
08:50
in principle solving the ozone problem.
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
I'm sure there will be other problems that arise.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
Finally, we could make the particles migrate to over the poles,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๊ณตํ•™์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
08:58
so we could arrange the climate engineering so it really focused on the poles.
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์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์–‘๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
Which would have minimal bad impacts in the middle of the planet,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
09:05
where we live, and do the maximum job of what we might need to do,
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๋ผ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค --
09:09
which is cooling the poles in case of planetary emergency, if you like.
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ์‹œ ์–‘๊ทน์„ ์‹ํ˜€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
09:13
This is a new idea that's crept up that may be, essentially,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์— ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:15
a cleverer idea than putting sulfates in.
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๋” ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ด๋‹ค.
09:17
Whether this idea is right or some other idea is right,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์˜ณ๋“ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—
09:21
I think it's almost certain we will
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ฝ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:23
eventually think of cleverer things to do than just putting sulfur in.
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๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ผ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
That if engineers and scientists really turned their minds to this,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:29
it's amazing how we can affect the planet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
The one thing about this is it gives us extraordinary leverage.
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์ด ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํญ๋„“์€ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
This improved science and engineering will, whether we like it or not,
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๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ ์ธ ์˜์ง€๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋“  ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋“ 
09:39
give us more and more leverage to affect the planet,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.
09:42
to control the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋”.
09:44
to give us weather and climate control -- not because we plan it,
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๋‚ ์”จ์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค -- ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
09:48
not because we want it, just because science delivers it to us bit by bit,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:51
with better knowledge of the way the system works
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€
09:53
and better engineering tools to effect it.
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๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
09:57
Now, suppose that space aliens arrived.
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์ด์ œ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ž --
10:01
Maybe they're going to land at the U.N. headquarters down the road here,
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์ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” UN๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ• ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
10:03
or maybe they'll pick a smarter spot --
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๋” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ --
10:05
but suppose they arrive and they give you a box.
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋‚ด์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ž.
10:08
And the box has two knobs.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž์—๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์†์žก์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
One knob is the knob for controlling global temperature.
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ํ•œ ์†์žก์ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
10:14
Maybe another knob is a knob for controlling CO2 concentrations.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์žก์ด๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
You might imagine that we would fight wars over that box.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
10:20
Because we have no way to agree about where to set the knobs.
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๊ทธ ์†์žก์ด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋†”์•ผํ• ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
10:23
We have no global governance.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์  ํ†ต์น˜๋ ฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
10:25
And different people will have different places they want it set.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์†์žก์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
10:27
Now, I don't think that's going to happen. It's not very likely.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
10:31
But we're building that box.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
The scientists and engineers of the world
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ
10:37
are building it piece by piece, in their labs.
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ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์”ฉ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
Even when they're doing it for other reasons.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
10:41
Even when they're thinking they're just working on protecting the environment.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
They have no interest in crazy ideas like engineering the whole planet.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ดด์งœ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
10:46
They develop science that makes it easier and easier to do.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
10:50
And so I guess my view on this is not that I want to do it -- I do not --
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ -- ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค --
10:53
but that we should move this out of the shadows and talk about it seriously.
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
10:58
Because sooner or later, we'll be confronted with decisions about this,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณง ์ด ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
11:01
and it's better if we think hard about it,
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๊ทธ์ „์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
11:04
even if we want to think hard about reasons why we should never do it.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์™œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
11:08
I'll give you two different ways to think about this problem that are the beginning
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ 
11:14
of my thinking about how to think about it.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
11:16
But what we need is not just a few oddballs like me thinking about this.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ™์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:19
We need a broader debate.
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๋” ํญ๋„“์€ ํ† ๋ก ์ด๋‹ค.
11:21
A debate that involves musicians, scientists, philosophers, writers,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ณตํ•™์ด๋ž€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์•”์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ 
11:25
who get engaged with this question about climate engineering
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค, ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค, ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ
11:28
and think seriously about what its implications are.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ† ๋ก ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
11:31
So here's one way to think about it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:33
which is that we just do this instead of cutting emissions because it's cheaper.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
11:37
I guess the thing I haven't said about this is, it is absurdly cheap.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
11:40
It's conceivable that, say, using the sulfates method or this method I've come up with,
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ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ 0.0001%๋งŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด๋„
11:44
you could create an ice age at a cost of .001 percent of GDP.
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
It's very cheap. We have a lot of leverage.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํญ๋„“์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ค€๋‹ค.
11:53
It's not a good idea, but it's just important. (Laughter)
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์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜๋‹ค.
11:55
I'll tell you how big the lever is: the lever is that big.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค -- ์ € ์ •๋„๋กœ ํฌ๋‹ค.
11:59
And that calculation isn't much in dispute.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ € ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
12:02
You might argue about the sanity of it, but the leverage is real. (Laughter)
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์ œ์ •์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ € ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:10
So because of this, we could deal with the problem
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ์ด๊ณ 
12:12
simply by stopping reducing emissions,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
12:17
and just as the concentrations go up, we can increase
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
12:19
the amount of geo-engineering.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
I don't think anybody takes that seriously.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
12:24
Because under this scenario, we walk further and further away
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:26
from the current climate.
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์ ์  ๋” ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
12:28
We have all sorts of other problems, like ocean acidification
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์‚ฐ์„ฑํ™” ๊ฐ™์€
12:30
that come from CO2 in the atmosphere, anyway.
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๋ณ„์˜๋ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์—๋„ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
Nobody but maybe one or two very odd folks really suggest this.
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ํ•œ ๋‘๋ช… ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋นผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
12:36
But here's a case which is harder to reject.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํž˜๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Let's say that we don't do geo-engineering, we do what we ought to do,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ
12:42
which is get serious about cutting emissions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
12:44
But we don't really know how quickly we have to cut them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
12:47
There's a lot of uncertainty about exactly how much climate change is too much.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
12:50
So let's say that we work hard, and we actually don't just tap the brakes,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์ง ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
12:53
but we step hard on the brakes and really reduce emissions
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์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ,
12:56
and eventually reduce concentrations.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์ง‘์ค‘๋†๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ฎ์ถ˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
12:58
And maybe someday -- like 2075, October 23 --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” -- ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 2075๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ์— --
13:03
we finally reach that glorious day where concentrations have peaked
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ •์„ ์ฐ๊ณ  ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜๊ด‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋‚ ์ด
13:06
and are rolling down the other side.
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๋“œ๋””์–ด ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
13:08
And we have global celebrations, and we've actually started to -- you know,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ ํ…๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” --์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ --
13:11
we've seen the worst of it.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ์ถ•์ œ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
13:14
But maybe on that day we also find that the Greenland ice sheet
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋‚ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์–ผ์Œ์ธต์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ 100๋…„๊ฐ„
13:18
is really melting unacceptably fast, fast enough to put meters of sea level on
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฏธํ„ฐ์”ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„
13:24
the oceans in the next 100 years,
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๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋งŒํผ
13:26
and remove some of the biggest cities from the map.
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์†๋„๋กœ ๋…น๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
That's an absolutely possible scenario.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‹ค.
13:30
We might decide at that point that even though geo-engineering was uncertain
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋ก ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด๋„
13:33
and morally unhappy, that it's a lot better than not geo-engineering.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
13:38
And that's a very different way to look at the problem.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด๋‹ค.
13:40
It's using this as risk control, not instead of action.
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์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ์ด ์ ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
It's saying that you do some geo-engineering for a little while
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
13:46
to take the worst of the heat off, not that you'd use it as a substitute for action.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.
13:51
But there is a problem with that view.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
And the problem is the following:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ž€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค:
13:55
knowledge that geo-engineering is possible makes
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€์‹์€
13:57
the climate impacts look less fearsome,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
14:00
and that makes a weaker commitment to cutting emissions today.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
14:03
This is what economists call a moral hazard.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
14:05
And that's one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ ์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ณ ,
14:09
and, in general, I think it's the underlying reason
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๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
14:11
that it's been politically unacceptable to talk about this.
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๊ทผ์›์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
14:12
But you don't make good policy by hiding things in a drawer.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋ž์žฅ์— ์ˆจ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ข‹์€ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
14:16
I'll leave you with three questions, and then one final quote.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
14:19
Should we do serious research on this topic?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ?
14:22
Should we have a national research program that looks at this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ?
14:25
Not just at how you would do it better,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
14:27
but also what all the risks and downsides of it are.
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์œ„๊ธฐ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
14:29
Right now, you have a few enthusiasts talking about it, some in a positive side,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋กœ์จ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:33
some in a negative side -- but that's a dangerous state to be in
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:36
because there's very little depth of knowledge on this topic.
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์ง€์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค.
14:39
A very small amount of money would get us some.
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์•„์ฃผ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Many of us -- maybe now me -- think we should do that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ -- ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ -- ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ž˜์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
But I have a lot of reservations.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
My reservations are principally about the moral hazard problem,
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๋‚ด ๊ฑฑ์ •์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
14:49
and I don't really know how we can best avoid the moral hazard.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
14:53
I think there is a serious problem: as you talk about this,
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์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋•, ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
14:55
people begin to think they don't need to work so hard to cut emissions.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
14:59
Another thing is, maybe we need a treaty.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฑ์ •์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
15:02
A treaty that decides who gets to do this.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
15:05
Right now we may think of a big, rich country like the U.S. doing this.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
But it might well be that, in fact, if China wakes up in 2030 and realizes
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด 2030๋…„์— ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„์ €ํžˆ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ •๋„์ž„์„
15:11
that the climate impacts are just unacceptable,
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๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ๋ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:13
they may not be very interested in our moral conversations about how to do this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:17
and they may just decide they'd really rather have a geo-engineered world
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณตํ•™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ
15:21
than a non-geo-engineered world.
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
And we'll have no international mechanism to figure out who makes the decision.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
15:28
So here's one last thought, which was said much, much better
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค 25๋…„์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•™์ˆ ์›์ด ์ œ์ถœํ•œ
15:30
25 years ago in the U.S. National Academy report than I can say today.
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
And I think it really summarizes where we are here.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์™€์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
15:37
That the CO2 problem, the climate problem that we've heard about,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
15:40
is driving lots of things -- innovations in the energy technologies
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€, ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค„
15:42
that will reduce emissions --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
but also, I think, inevitably, it will drive us towards thinking about climate
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋Š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์›ํ•˜๋“  ์›์น˜์•Š๋“ ,
15:49
and weather control, whether we like it or not.
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๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ๋‚ ์”จ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค.
15:52
And it's time to begin thinking about it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ๋‚ ์”จ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์™œ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:54
even if the reason we're thinking about it is to construct arguments
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์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ• 
15:57
for why we shouldn't do it.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์™”๋‹ค.
15:59
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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