Is war between China and the US inevitable? | Graham Allison

2,585,339 views ใƒป 2018-11-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Weisman
00:13
So, let me thank you for the opportunity to talk about
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช
00:17
the biggest international story of your professional lifetime,
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
00:22
which is also the most important international challenge
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:26
the world will face for as far as the eye can see.
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ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
00:29
The story, of course, is the rise of China.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš, ืžื”ืจ ื›ืœ-ื›ืœ,
00:32
Never before have so many people risen so far so fast,
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00:35
on so many different dimensions.
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
00:38
The challenge is the impact of China's rise --
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืŸ -
00:42
the discombobulation this will cause the Unites States
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ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื–ืจืข ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
00:46
and the international order,
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ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
00:48
of which the US has been the principal architect and guardian.
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ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื "ืžืื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช."
00:54
The past 100 years have been what historians now call an "American Century."
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00:58
Americans have become accustomed to their place
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื
01:01
at the top of every pecking order.
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
01:03
So the very idea of another country
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช
01:06
that could be as big and strong as the US -- or bigger --
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืžื• ืืจื”"ื‘ - ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ -
01:10
strikes many Americans as an assault on who they are.
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ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื.
01:18
For perspective on what we're now seeing in this rivalry,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
01:22
it's useful to locate it on the larger map of history.
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ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžืงื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:27
The past 500 years have seen 16 cases
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ื‘-500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• 16 ืžืงืจื™ื
01:30
in which a rising power threatened to displace a ruling power.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ืœื” ืื™ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜.
01:34
Twelve of those ended in war.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื, 12 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:39
So just in November, we'll all pause to mark the 100th anniversary
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜, ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืื”
01:45
of the final day of a war that became so encompassing,
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ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืงื™ืคื”,
01:50
that it required historians to create an entirely new category: world war.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืœืฆื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™: "ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื".
01:55
So, on the 11th hour of the 11th day
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”-11 ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”-11
01:59
of the 11th month in 1918,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”-11 ืฉืœ 1918,
02:03
the guns of World War I fell silent,
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ื ื“ืžื• ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-1,
02:06
but 20 million individuals lay dead.
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ืื‘ืœ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ื—ื• ืžืชื™ื.
02:12
I know that this is a sophisticated audience,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื,
02:14
so you know about the rise of China.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
02:17
I'm going to focus, therefore, on the impact of China's rise,
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ืืชืžืงื“ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
02:21
on the US, on the international order
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ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
02:25
and on the prospects for war and peace.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื.
02:28
But having taught at Harvard over many years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
02:30
I've learned that from time to time, it's useful to take a short pause,
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ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข
02:34
just to make sure we're all on the same page.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:37
The way I do this is, I call a time-out,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคืกืง-ื–ืžืŸ,
02:39
I give students a pop quiz -- ungraded, of course.
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ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ-ืคืชืข - ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:43
So, let's try this. Time-out, pop quiz.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ื–ืืช. ืคืกืง-ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ-ืคืชืข:
02:46
Question:
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ืฉืืœื”:
02:47
forty years ago, 1978, China sets out on its march to the market.
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ืœืคื ื™ 40 ืฉื ื”, ื‘-1978, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
02:53
At that point, what percentage of China's one billion citizens
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
ื ืื‘ืง ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื?
02:58
were struggling to survive on less than two dollars a day?
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03:02
Take a guess -- 25 percent?
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ื ื—ืฉื• - 25%?
03:05
Fifty?
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50%?
03:07
Seventy-five?
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75%
03:09
Ninety.
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90%.
03:12
What do you think?
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืš?
03:14
Ninety.
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90%.
03:16
Nine out of every 10 on less than two dollars a day.
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ืชืฉืขื” ืžื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื.
03:21
Twenty eighteen, 40 years later.
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2018, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 40 ืฉื ื”.
03:24
What about the numbers?
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ืžื”ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื?
03:25
What's your bet?
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ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื?
03:27
Take a look.
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ื”ื ื”.
03:33
Fewer than one in 100 today.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืœืžืื”, ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:36
And China's president has promised that within the next three years,
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
03:39
those last tens of millions will have been raised up
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืจืžื•
03:42
above that threshold.
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ืืœ ืžืขืœ ืœืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
03:44
So it's a miracle, actually, in our lifetime.
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ื ืก, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
03:48
Hard to believe.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
03:49
But brute facts are even harder to ignore.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
03:53
A nation that didn't even appear on any of the international league tables
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ืื•ืžื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
03:56
25 years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”
03:57
has soared,
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ื ืกืงื”
03:59
to rival -- and in some areas, surpass -- the United States.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”.
04:06
Thus, the challenge that will shape our world:
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื™ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•:
04:10
a seemingly unstoppable rising China
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”
04:14
accelerating towards an apparently immovable ruling US,
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ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื”,
04:19
on course for what could be the grandest collision in history.
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ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:24
To help us get our minds around this challenge,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:27
I'm going to introduce you to a great thinker,
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื’ื”-ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:31
I'm going to present a big idea,
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:33
and I'm going to pose a most consequential question.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ - ืฉืืœื” ืžื›ืจืขืช.
04:38
The great thinker is Thucydides.
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ื”ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก.
04:41
Now, I know his name is a mouthful,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืฉื ืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื™ื”,
04:43
and some people have trouble pronouncing it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชืงืฉื• ืœื‘ื˜ืื•.
04:45
So, let's do it, one, two, three, together:
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ:
04:47
Thucydides.
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ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก.
04:48
One more time: Thucydides.
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก.
04:51
So who was Thucydides?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก?
04:53
He was the father and founder of history.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื”.
04:56
He wrote the first-ever history book.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:59
It's titled "The History of the Peloponnesian War,"
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ืฉืžื•: "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืœื•ืคื•ื ืกื™ืช",
05:03
about the war in Greece, 2500 years ago.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 2,500 ืฉื ื”.
05:07
So if nothing else today, you can tweet your friends,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื,
05:10
"I met a great thinker.
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"ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื’ื”-ื“ืขื•ืช ื“ื’ื•ืœ.
05:12
And I can even pronounce his name: Thucydides."
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"ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืฉืžื•: ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก."
05:16
So, about this war that destroyed classical Greece,
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ืื– ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
05:21
Thucydides wrote famously:
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ื›ืชื‘ ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข:
05:24
"It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta
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"ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื–ืจืข ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื˜ื”,
05:31
that made the war inevitable."
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"ื”ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช."
05:34
So the rise of one
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืช
05:36
and the reaction of the other
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ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช
05:39
create a toxic cocktail of pride,
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืจืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื•ื”,
05:43
arrogance, paranoia,
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ืฉื—ืฆื ื•ืช, ืคืจืื ื•ื™ื”
05:46
that drug them both to war.
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ืฉืกื™ืžืžื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.
05:50
Which brings me to the big idea:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
05:53
Thucydides's Trap.
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ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก.
05:55
"Thucydides's Trap" is a term I coined several years ago,
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"ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช,
05:59
to make vivid Thucydides's insight.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก.
06:02
Thucydides's Trap is the dangerous dynamic that occurs
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ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
06:06
when a rising power threatens to displace a ruling power,
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ื— ืขื•ืœื” ืžืื™ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜,
06:10
like Athens --
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ื›ืžื• ืืชื•ื ื” -
06:12
or Germany 100 years ago, or China today --
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ืื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”, ืื• ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• -
06:16
and their impact on Sparta,
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื˜ื”,
06:19
or Great Britain 100 years ago, or the US today.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื”, ืื• ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื.
06:24
As Henry Kissinger has said,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ,
06:26
once you get this idea, this concept of Thucydides's Trap in your head,
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ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก,
06:30
it will provide a lens
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช-ืจืื™ื”
06:32
for helping you look through the news and noise of the day
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืจืขืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:36
to understand what's actually going on.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”.
06:40
So, to the most consequential question about our world today:
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื:
06:46
Are we going to follow in the footsteps of history?
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ื”ืื ื ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
06:51
Or can we, through a combination of imagination and common sense
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ืื• ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื—, ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ
06:57
and courage
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ื•ืื•ืžืฅ
06:58
find a way to manage this rivalry
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื ื”ืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•
07:03
without a war nobody wants,
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ืœืœื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”,
07:06
and everybody knows would be catastrophic?
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ื•ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืช-ืืกื•ืŸ?
07:10
Give me five minutes to unpack this,
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช,
07:12
and later this afternoon, when the next news story pops up for you
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืจื‘, ื›ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
07:17
about China doing this, or the US reacting like that,
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ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื›ืš, ื•ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืš,
07:20
you will be able to have a better understanding of what's going on
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
07:24
and even to explain it to your friends.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื.
07:27
So as we saw with this flipping the pyramid of poverty,
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ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
07:32
China has actually soared.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื”ืžืจื™ืื”.
07:34
It's meteoric.
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ื ืกื™ืงื” ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ืช.
07:36
Former Czech president, Vaclav Havel, I think, put it best.
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ื ืฉื™ืื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ื•ืฆืœืื‘ ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:39
He said, "All this has happened so fast, we haven't yet had time to be astonished."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคืงื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ."
07:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:46
To remind myself how astonished I should be,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ,
07:50
I occasionally look out the window in my office in Cambridge
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'
07:54
at this bridge, which goes across the Charles River,
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ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก,
07:57
between the Kennedy School and Harvard Business School.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™"ืก ืงื ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
08:00
In 2012, the State of Massachusetts said they were going to renovate this bridge,
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ื‘-2012, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฉืคืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”,
08:04
and it would take two years.
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ื™ืืจืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
08:07
In 2014, they said it wasn't finished.
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ื‘-2014 ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ.
08:10
In 2015, they said it would take one more year.
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ื‘-2015 ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืืจืš ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
08:13
In 2016, they said it's not finished,
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ื‘-2016 ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ,
08:15
we're not going to tell you when it's going to be finished.
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ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:18
Finally, last year, it was finished -- three times over budget.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• - ื‘ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 3 ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.
08:22
Now, compare this to a similar bridge that I drove across last month in Beijing.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ื–ืืช ืœื’ืฉืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ืฆื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’.
08:27
It's called the Sanyuan Bridge.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ื’ืฉืจ ืกืื ื•ื™ืืŸ.
08:30
In 2015, the Chinese decided they wanted to renovate that bridge.
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ื‘-2015, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืคืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
08:33
It actually has twice as many lanes of traffic.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
08:37
How long did it take for them to complete the project?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”?
08:40
Twenty fifteen, what do you bet?
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ื‘-2015, ืžื” ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
08:44
Take a guess -- OK, three --
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ื ื—ืฉื• - ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” -
08:46
Take a look.
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ื”ื ื”.
08:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:00
The answer is 43 hours.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื 43 ืฉืขื•ืช.
09:02
(Audience: Wow!)
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(ืงื”ืœ) ื•ื•ืื•!
09:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:16
Graham Allison: Now, of course, that couldn't happen in New York.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
09:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:21
Behind this speed in execution is a purpose-driven leader
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ-ืžื˜ืจื”
09:26
and a government that works.
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช.
09:29
The most ambitious and most competent leader
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืืคืชื ื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
09:32
on the international stage today is Chinese President Xi Jinping.
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ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ืคื™ื ื’.
09:36
And he's made no secret about what he wants.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
09:39
As he said when he became president six years ago,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ, ื›ืฉืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
09:42
his goal is to make China great again --
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ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœืชื” -
09:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:48
a banner he raised long before Donald Trump picked up a version of this.
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ื“ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืื™ืžืฅ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
09:53
To that end, Xi Jinping has announced specific targets for specific dates:
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ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ื’ืคื™ื ื’ ืงื‘ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื:
10:00
2025, 2035, 2049.
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2025, 2035 ื•-2049.
10:06
By 2025, China means to be the dominant power
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ืขื“ 2025 ืกื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™
10:12
in the major market in 10 leading technologies,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘-10 ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช,
10:16
including driverless cars, robots,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
10:19
artificial intelligence, quantum computing.
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ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
10:23
By 2035, China means to be the innovation leader
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ืขื“ 2035 ืกื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
10:28
across all the advanced technologies.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
10:31
And by 2049, which is the 100th anniversary
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ื•ืขื“ 2049, ืฉื ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืื”
10:35
of the founding of the People's Republic,
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ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช,
10:37
China means to be unambiguously number one,
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ืกื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืก' 1 ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ,
10:41
including, [says] Xi Jinping, an army that he calls "Fight and Win."
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ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ื’ืคื™ื ื’, ืฆื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ึดืœึธึผื—ึตื ื•ื ึทืฆื—".
10:47
So these are audacious goals, but as you can see,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ืจื•ืื•ืช,
10:50
China is already well on its way
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ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”
10:53
to these objectives.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื”.
10:55
And we should remember how fast our world is changing.
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ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
10:59
Thirty years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”,
11:00
the World Wide Web had not yet even been invented.
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ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืืคื™ืœื•.
11:05
Who will feel the impact of this rise of China most directly?
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ืžื™ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ?
11:10
Obviously, the current number one.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ืžืก' 1 ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
11:13
As China gets bigger and stronger and richer,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื”, ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื•ืžืชืขืฉืจืช,
11:15
technologically more advanced,
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ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
11:17
it will inevitably bump up against American positions and prerogatives.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื.
11:23
Now, for red-blooded Americans --
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืžื™-ืžื•ื—,
11:26
and especially for red-necked Americans like me; I'm from North Carolina --
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ - ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” -
11:30
there's something wrong with this picture.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
11:33
The USA means number one, that's who we are.
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"ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช" ื–ื” "ืžืก' 1", ื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
11:38
But again, to repeat: brute facts are hard to ignore.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™: ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
11:43
Four years ago, Senator John McCain asked me to testify about this
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืง'ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”
11:47
to his Senate Armed Services Committee.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ืื˜.
11:51
And I made for them a chart that you can see,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืชืจืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
11:55
that said, compare the US and China
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ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืกื™ืŸ
11:58
to kids on opposite ends of a seesaw on a playground,
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื“ื ื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
12:02
each represented by the size of their economy.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”.
12:05
As late as 2004, China was just half our size.
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ืขื“ 2004, ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•.
12:11
By 2014, its GDP was equal to ours.
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ื‘-2014, ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื ื•.
12:14
And on the current trajectory, by 2024, it will be half again larger.
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ื•ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื‘-2024 ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ ืื—ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืœื ื•.
12:22
The consequences of this tectonic change will be felt everywhere.
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจื’ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
12:27
For example, in the current trade conflict,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
12:29
China is already the number one trading partner
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืกื—ืจ ืžืก' 1
12:32
of all the major Asian countries.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
12:36
Which brings us back to our Greek historian.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:40
Harvard's "Thucydides's Trap Case File" has reviewed the last 500 years of history
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"ืžืงืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก" ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืกืงืจ ืืช 500 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:46
and found 16 cases in which a rising power
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ื•ืžืฆื 16 ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ืœื”
12:49
threatened to displace a ruling power.
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ืื™ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜.
12:52
Twelve of these ended in war.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื, 12 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
12:57
And the tragedy of this is that in very few of these
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืืœื”
13:03
did either of the protagonists want a war;
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืจืฆื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” -
13:07
few of these wars were initiated by either the rising power
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ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืคืชื—ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื”
13:10
or the ruling power.
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ืื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜.
13:11
So how does this work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
13:13
What happens is, a third party's provocation
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
13:17
forces one or the other to react,
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ืžืืœืฆืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘,
13:21
and that sets in motion a spiral,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื
13:24
which drags the two somewhere they don't want to go.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ืŸ.
13:27
If that seems crazy, it is.
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš.
13:29
But it's life.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:31
Remember World War I.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
13:33
The provocation in that case
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ื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ื•ื
13:36
was the assassination of a second-level figure,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”,
13:40
Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื“ื•ื›ืก ืคืจื ืฅ ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“,
13:43
which then led the Austro-Hungarian emperor
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื– ืืช ืงื™ืกืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”
13:46
to issue an ultimatum to Serbia,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืกืจื‘ื™ื” ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื,
13:48
they dragged in the various allies,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ืจืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
13:50
within two months, all of Europe was at war.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
13:54
So imagine if Thucydides were watching planet Earth today.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
13:58
What would he say?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื“ื ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜
14:01
Could he find a more appropriate leading man for the ruling power
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14:05
than Donald J Trump?
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ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื’'ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืืžืค?
14:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:08
Or a more apt lead for the rising power than Xi Jinping?
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ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ื’ืคื™ื ื’?
14:15
And he would scratch his head
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืจื“ ื‘ืคื“ื—ืชื•
14:17
and certainly say he couldn't think of more colorful provocateur
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:22
than North Korea's Kim Jong-un.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืงื™ื ื’'ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
14:26
Each seems determined to play his assigned part
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื ืจืื” ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื•
14:30
and is right on script.
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ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜.
14:33
So finally, we conclude again with the most consequential question,
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ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:37
the question that will have the gravest consequences
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืชื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:40
for the rest of our lives:
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•:
14:45
Are Americans and Chinese going to let the forces of history drive us to a war
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ื”ืื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื”
14:51
that would be catastrophic for both?
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืช-ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื?
14:54
Or can we summon the imagination and courage
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ืื• ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
14:57
to find a way to survive together,
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
15:00
to share the leadership in the 21st century,
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21,
15:03
or, as Xi Jinping [said], to create a new form of great power relations?
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ืื• ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ื’ืคื™ื ื’, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™-ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช?
15:08
That's the issue I've been pursuing passionately
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื ื‘ืœื”ื˜
15:10
for the last two years.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
15:12
I've had the opportunity to talk and, indeed, to listen
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ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ
15:15
to leaders of all the relevant governments --
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ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ -
15:17
Beijing, Washington, Seoul, Tokyo --
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ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืกื™ืื•ืœ, ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• -
15:21
and to thought leaders across the spectrum of both the arts and business.
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ื•ืขื ื”ื•ื’ื™-ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื.
15:26
I wish I had more to report.
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื•ื•ื—.
15:28
The good news is that leaders are increasingly aware
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:32
of this Thucydidean dynamic
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ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ืชื•ืงื™ื“ื™ื“ืก ื–ื•
15:34
and the dangers that it poses.
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ื•ืœืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืœื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”.
15:37
The bad news is that nobody has a feasible plan
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช
15:39
for escaping history as usual.
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ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
15:43
So it's clear to me that we need some ideas
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ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
15:45
outside the box of conventional statecraft --
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”, ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ -
15:49
indeed, from another page or another space --
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืื• ืžืžืจื—ื‘ ืื—ืจ -
15:54
which is what brings me to TED today
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœ-TED
15:56
and which brings me to a request.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืงืฉื”.
16:01
This audience includes many of the most creative minds on the planet,
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ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
16:06
who get up in the morning and think
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
16:08
not only about how to manage the world we have,
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ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
16:11
but how to create worlds that should be.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•.
16:14
So I'm hopeful that as this sinks in and as you reflect on it,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงืœื˜ ืืฆืœื›ื ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
16:19
some of you are going to have some bold ideas, actually some wild ideas,
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ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื, ืคืจื•ืขื™ื ืืคื™ืœื•,
16:23
that when we find, will make a difference in this space.
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
16:27
And just to remind you if you do,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื,
16:29
this won't be the first time.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
16:32
Let me remind you of what happened right after World War II.
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ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
16:36
A remarkable group of Americans and Europeans and others,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
16:40
not just from government, but from the world of culture and business,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื,
16:44
engaged in a collective surge of imagination.
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ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืจืฅ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
16:48
And what they imagined and what they created
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื•
16:51
was a new international order,
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ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ,
16:54
the order that's allowed you and me to live our lives, all of our lives,
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ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
16:58
without great power war
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ืœืœื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
17:01
and with more prosperity than was ever seen before on the planet.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืจืื” ืžืขื•ื“ื•.
17:05
So, a remarkable story.
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ืื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื.
17:08
Interestingly, every pillar of this project that produced these results,
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื ื“ื‘ืš ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื”,
17:13
when first proposed,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
17:15
was rejected by the foreign policy establishment
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ื ื“ื—ื” ืข"ื™ ืžืžืกื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ
17:18
as naive or unrealistic.
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ื›"ื ืื™ื‘ื™" ืื• "ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™".
17:21
My favorite is the Marshall Plan.
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™.
17:24
After World War II, Americans felt exhausted.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื.
17:27
They had demobilized 10 million troops,
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ื”ื ืฉื—ืจืจื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื,
17:29
they were focused on an urgent domestic agenda.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื™ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ.
17:32
But as people began to appreciate how devastated Europe was
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื•ืกื”,
17:37
and how aggressive Soviet communism was,
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจืกื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™,
17:39
Americans eventually decided to tax themselves
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืก ืžืขืฆืžื,
17:43
a percent and a half of GDP every year for four years
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ืื—ื•ื– ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
17:47
and send that money to Europe to help reconstruct these countries,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืœื”,
17:51
including Germany and Italy,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
17:54
whose troops had just been killing Americans.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืจื’ื• ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื.
17:57
Amazing.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
17:59
This also created the United Nations.
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ืื– ื’ื ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืื•"ื.
18:02
Amazing.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
18:03
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
18:06
The World Bank.
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
18:08
NATO.
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ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืื˜"ื•.
18:09
All of these elements of an order for peace and prosperity.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’.
18:13
So, in a word, what we need to do is do it again.
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ืื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
18:17
And I think now we need a surge of imagination, creativity,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ืคืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
18:23
informed by history,
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ืœืื•ืจ ืœืงื—ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
18:26
for, as the philosopher Santayana reminded us,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื ื˜ื™ืื ื”,
18:30
in the end, only those who refuse to study history
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
18:34
are condemned to repeat it.
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ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.
18:37
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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