Is war between China and the US inevitable? | Graham Allison

2,569,153 views ・ 2018-11-20

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Byung Guk Kim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
So, let me thank you for the opportunity to talk about
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μΈμƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ»€λ‹€λž€ ꡭ제적 μ΄μŠˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄
00:17
the biggest international story of your professional lifetime,
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λ§ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ κ°μ‚¬λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
which is also the most important international challenge
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ ꡭ제적 λ¬Έμ œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ°
00:26
the world will face for as far as the eye can see.
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세계가 μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ²Œ 될 λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 문제죠.
00:29
The story, of course, is the rise of China.
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κ·Έ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ λΆ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
과거에 κ²°μ½” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 빨리
00:32
Never before have so many people risen so far so fast,
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00:35
on so many different dimensions.
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닀방면에 걸쳐 λΆ€μƒν•œ κ²½μš°λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
The challenge is the impact of China's rise --
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λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 쀑ꡭ λΆ€μƒμ˜ 영ν–₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
the discombobulation this will cause the Unites States
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λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό ꡭ제 μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ 할텐데
00:46
and the international order,
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00:48
of which the US has been the principal architect and guardian.
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미ꡭ이 ν•΄μ˜¨ μ„€κ³„μžμ™€ 수호자의 역할에 ν˜Όλž€μ„ 쀄 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
The past 100 years have been what historians now call an "American Century."
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ§€λ‚œ 100년을 "미ꡭ의 μ„ΈκΈ°"라 λΆˆλŸ¬μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Americans have become accustomed to their place
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미ꡭ인듀은 λͺ¨λ“  μ„œμ—΄μ—μ„œ 졜고λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것에 μ΅μˆ™ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
at the top of every pecking order.
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01:03
So the very idea of another country
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ 미ꡭ에 κ²¬μ€„λ§Œ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 더 κ°•λŒ€κ΅­μΌ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
01:06
that could be as big and strong as the US -- or bigger --
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 더 κ°•λŒ€κ΅­μΌ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ°œμƒμ€
01:10
strikes many Americans as an assault on who they are.
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λ§Žμ€ λ―Έκ΅­μΈμ—κ²Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μž…μ§€λ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λŠ” μœ„ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€κ°€μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
For perspective on what we're now seeing in this rivalry,
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이 κ²½μŸμ„ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” 관점을
01:22
it's useful to locate it on the larger map of history.
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역사에 λΉ„μΆ”μ–΄ 보면 훨씬 νš¨κ³Όμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
The past 500 years have seen 16 cases
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μ§€λ‚œ 500λ…„μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬λŠ” 지배 μ„Έλ ₯을 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”
01:30
in which a rising power threatened to displace a ruling power.
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μ‹ ν₯ μ„Έλ ₯의 μœ„ν˜‘μ„ 16λ²ˆμ΄λ‚˜ λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Twelve of those ended in war.
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κ·Έ 쀑 12λ²ˆμ€ μ „μŸμœΌλ‘œ 끝이 났죠.
01:39
So just in November, we'll all pause to mark the 100th anniversary
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11월에 μ „μŸ μ΅œν›„μ˜ λ‚  100μ£Όλ…„ 기념을 μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨λ‘ 쀑단할텐데
01:45
of the final day of a war that became so encompassing,
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그것이 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ ν¬κ΄„μ μ΄μ–΄μ„œ
01:50
that it required historians to create an entirely new category: world war.
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 세계 μ „μŸμ΄λΌλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ²”μ£Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
So, on the 11th hour of the 11th day
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11일 11μ‹œ
01:59
of the 11th month in 1918,
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1918λ…„ 11월에
02:03
the guns of World War I fell silent,
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제1μ°¨ 세계 λŒ€μ „μ˜ 총성은 λ©ˆμ·„μ§€λ§Œ
02:06
but 20 million individuals lay dead.
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2천만 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ£½μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
I know that this is a sophisticated audience,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ΅μ–‘μžˆλŠ” μ²­μ€‘μ΄μ‹œλ‹ˆ
02:14
so you know about the rise of China.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ λ°œμ „μ— λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
02:17
I'm going to focus, therefore, on the impact of China's rise,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ 뢀상이
λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό κ΅­μ œμ§ˆμ„œμ™€ μ „μŸκ³Ό 평화에 λŒ€ν•œ 전망에 μ£ΌλŠ”
02:21
on the US, on the international order
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02:25
and on the prospects for war and peace.
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영ν–₯에 집쀑해 λ§ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
But having taught at Harvard over many years,
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ν•˜λ²„λ“œλŒ€ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μˆ˜λ…„ κ°„ κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό ν•΄μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ
02:30
I've learned that from time to time, it's useful to take a short pause,
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μ €λŠ” λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ 짧은 νœ΄μ‹μ΄ νš¨κ³Όμ μž„μ„ λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
just to make sure we're all on the same page.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ 같은 것을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
02:37
The way I do this is, I call a time-out,
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μ €λŠ” 이 방법을 νƒ€μž„ 아웃이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
I give students a pop quiz -- ungraded, of course.
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그리고 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ° λ¬Όλ‘  성적에 μ•ˆ λ“€μ–΄κ°€μš”.
02:43
So, let's try this. Time-out, pop quiz.
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ν•œλ²ˆ 해보죠, νƒ€μž„ 아웃. ν€΄μ¦ˆ λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
Question:
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
forty years ago, 1978, China sets out on its march to the market.
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40λ…„ 전인 1978λ…„ 쀑ꡭ이 κ°œν˜κ°œλ°©μ •μ±…μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
At that point, what percentage of China's one billion citizens
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κ·Έλ•Œ, 10μ–΅ 인ꡬ 쀑 λͺ‡ νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€
02:58
were struggling to survive on less than two dollars a day?
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ν•˜λ£¨μ— 2λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” 돈으둜 μ—°λͺ…ν•˜λ €κ³  λͺΈλΆ€λ¦Όμ³€μ„κΉŒμš”?
03:02
Take a guess -- 25 percent?
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ν•œλ²ˆ λ§žμΆ°λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 25%?
03:05
Fifty?
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50?
03:07
Seventy-five?
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75?
03:09
Ninety.
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90μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
What do you think?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
03:14
Ninety.
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90%μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Nine out of every 10 on less than two dollars a day.
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10λͺ… 쀑 9λͺ…이 ν•˜λ£¨μ— 2λ‹¬λŸ¬ 미만으둜 μ—°λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
Twenty eighteen, 40 years later.
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40λ…„ 후인 2018년인 μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
03:24
What about the numbers?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:25
What's your bet?
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λͺ‡ νΌμ„ΌνŠΈλΌ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:27
Take a look.
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λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
03:33
Fewer than one in 100 today.
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1%κ°€ 채 μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
And China's president has promised that within the next three years,
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그리고 쀑ꡭ 주석은 κ·Έ 수천만 λͺ…이
03:39
those last tens of millions will have been raised up
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3λ…„ μ•ˆμ— κ·Έ 1%λ₯Ό λ²—μ–΄λ‚  것이라고 λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
above that threshold.
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.
03:44
So it's a miracle, actually, in our lifetime.
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우리의 μΌμƒλ™μ•ˆ λ³Ό κΈ°μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Hard to believe.
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λ―ΏκΈ° μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
03:49
But brute facts are even harder to ignore.
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그리고 이런 사싀은 λ”λ”μš± λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κΈ°λ„ νž˜λ“€μ£ .
03:53
A nation that didn't even appear on any of the international league tables
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25λ…„ μ „, 세계 정상 어디에도 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜
03:56
25 years ago
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03:57
has soared,
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ν•œ λ‚˜λΌκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
to rival -- and in some areas, surpass -- the United States.
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μ–΄λ–€ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 더 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 미ꡭ의 라이벌둜 말이죠.
04:06
Thus, the challenge that will shape our world:
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 세계λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ 이 도전은
04:10
a seemingly unstoppable rising China
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λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•Šκ³  λΆ€μƒν•˜λŠ” 쀑ꡭ이
04:14
accelerating towards an apparently immovable ruling US,
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λΆ€λ™μ˜ 세계 정상인 미ꡭ을 μ«“μ•„κ°€λŠ”
04:19
on course for what could be the grandest collision in history.
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μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ»€λ‹€λž€ 좩돌이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
To help us get our minds around this challenge,
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이 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 상황 이해λ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•΄
04:27
I'm going to introduce you to a great thinker,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 사상가 ν•œ 뢄을 μ†Œκ°œ μ‹œμΌœλ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
I'm going to present a big idea,
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그리고 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 생각을 μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³ 
04:33
and I'm going to pose a most consequential question.
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 던질 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
The great thinker is Thucydides.
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κ·Έ μ‚¬μƒκ°€λŠ” νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Now, I know his name is a mouthful,
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이름이 μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
04:43
and some people have trouble pronouncing it.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ λ°œμŒμ„ λͺ»ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
04:45
So, let's do it, one, two, three, together:
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ν•œλ²ˆ λ°œμŒν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”? ν•˜λ‚˜, λ‘˜, μ…‹, 닀같이
04:47
Thucydides.
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νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€.
04:48
One more time: Thucydides.
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ν•œλ²ˆ 더. νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€.
04:51
So who was Thucydides?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€κ°€ λ­ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:53
He was the father and founder of history.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ μ•„λ²„μ§€μ΄μž 역사λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  μ‚¬λžŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
He wrote the first-ever history book.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 졜초둜 역사책을 썼죠.
04:59
It's titled "The History of the Peloponnesian War,"
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"νŽ λ‘œν°λ„€μ†ŒμŠ€ μ „μŸμ‚¬" μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
about the war in Greece, 2500 years ago.
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2500λ…„ 전에 κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ μ „μŸμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
So if nothing else today, you can tweet your friends,
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였늘 λ°”μ˜μ‹œμ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ νŠΈμœ„ν„° 메세지λ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:10
"I met a great thinker.
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"μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 사상가λ₯Ό μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
05:12
And I can even pronounce his name: Thucydides."
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λ°”λ‘œ νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€λΌκ³  λ°œμŒλ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄."
05:16
So, about this war that destroyed classical Greece,
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νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€λŠ” κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀λ₯Ό λ¬΄λ„ˆλœ¨λ¦°
05:21
Thucydides wrote famously:
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νŽ λ‘œν°λ„€μ†ŒμŠ€ μ „μŸμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이런 유λͺ…ν•œ 말을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
"It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta
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" μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ˜ 뢀상과 슀파λ₯΄νƒ€μ— μ£Όμž…λœ 곡포가
05:31
that made the war inevitable."
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νŽ λ‘œν°λ„€μ†ŒμŠ€ μ „μŸμ„ μΌμœΌμΌ°λ‹€."
05:34
So the rise of one
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ ν•œ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 뢀상과
05:36
and the reaction of the other
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ΄
05:39
create a toxic cocktail of pride,
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자만, 였만, λΆˆμ•ˆμ˜ κ°•ν•œ 볡합체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
05:43
arrogance, paranoia,
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05:46
that drug them both to war.
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λ‘˜μ΄ μ „μŸμ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
Which brings me to the big idea:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 아이디어가 λ– μ˜¬λžλŠ”λ°
05:53
Thucydides's Trap.
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νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ ν•¨μ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
"Thucydides's Trap" is a term I coined several years ago,
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"νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ 함정"은 μ œκ°€ λͺ‡ λ…„ 전에 λ§Œλ“  μš©μ–΄μΈλ°
05:59
to make vivid Thucydides's insight.
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νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ 톡찰을 μƒμƒν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
Thucydides's Trap is the dangerous dynamic that occurs
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νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ 함정은 μ‹ ν₯μ„Έλ ₯이 지배세λ ₯을
06:06
when a rising power threatens to displace a ruling power,
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κ΅μ²΄ν•˜λ €κ³  μœ„ν˜‘ν•  λ•Œ μƒκΈ°λŠ” μœ„ν—˜ν•œ ν˜„μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
like Athens --
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μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ²˜λŸΌ
06:12
or Germany 100 years ago, or China today --
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λ˜λŠ” 100λ…„ μ „ λ…μΌμ΄λ‚˜ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  쀑ꡭ과
06:16
and their impact on Sparta,
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슀파λ₯΄νƒ€μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ·Έ 영ν–₯
06:19
or Great Britain 100 years ago, or the US today.
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λ˜λŠ” 100λ…„ μ „ μ˜κ΅­μ΄λ‚˜ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  미ꡭ이죠.
06:24
As Henry Kissinger has said,
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헨리 ν‚€μ‹ μ €κ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄
06:26
once you get this idea, this concept of Thucydides's Trap in your head,
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νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ 함정을 머릿속에 λ„£κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄
06:30
it will provide a lens
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세상이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ”μ§€
06:32
for helping you look through the news and noise of the day
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ν•˜λ£¨μ˜ μ†Œμ‹κ³Ό μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 이야기λ₯Ό κΏ°λš«μ–΄λ³Ό 수 있게 λ„μ™€μ£ΌλŠ”
06:36
to understand what's actually going on.
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μ‹œκ°μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ€„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
So, to the most consequential question about our world today:
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ„Έμƒμ˜ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€
06:46
Are we going to follow in the footsteps of history?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 역사λ₯Ό λ˜ν’€μ΄ν•  것인가?
06:51
Or can we, through a combination of imagination and common sense
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 상상λ ₯κ³Ό μƒμ‹μ˜ μ‘°ν•©κ³Ό
06:57
and courage
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용기둜
06:58
find a way to manage this rivalry
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이런 κ²½μŸμ„ 관리할 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„
07:03
without a war nobody wants,
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아무도 μ›μΉ˜ μ•ŠλŠ” μ „μŸκ³Ό
07:06
and everybody knows would be catastrophic?
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ•„λŠ” λŒ€μ°Έμ‚¬κ°€ 될 μ „μŸμ΄ μ—†κ²Œ ν• κΉŒμš”?
07:10
Give me five minutes to unpack this,
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이것을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ 5λΆ„λ§Œ μ£Όμ‹œλ©΄
07:12
and later this afternoon, when the next news story pops up for you
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였늘 μ˜€ν›„μ— μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ‰΄μŠ€κ°€ λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ
07:17
about China doing this, or the US reacting like that,
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쀑ꡭ이 뭘 ν–ˆλ‹€ ν˜Ήμ€ 미ꡭ이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ‘ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ©΄
07:20
you will be able to have a better understanding of what's going on
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 상황을 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ 
07:24
and even to explain it to your friends.
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μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…도 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
07:27
So as we saw with this flipping the pyramid of poverty,
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μ’€ 전에 μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ 빈곀 ν”ΌλΌλ―Έλ“œκ°€ λ’€μ§‘νžˆλŠ” κ±Έ λ³΄μ•˜λ“―μ΄,
07:32
China has actually soared.
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쀑ꡭ은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΆ€μƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
It's meteoric.
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급뢀상이죠.
07:36
Former Czech president, Vaclav Havel, I think, put it best.
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제 생각에 바츨라프 ν•˜λ²¨ μ „ 체코 λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ˜ ν‘œν˜„μ΄ μ μ ˆν•œ 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
He said, "All this has happened so fast, we haven't yet had time to be astonished."
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"이 λͺ¨λ“  게 λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°‘μž‘μŠ€λ ˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ λ†€λž„ μ‹œκ°„λ„ μ—†λ‹€."κ³  λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
07:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:46
To remind myself how astonished I should be,
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μ œκ°€ μ–Όλ§ŒνΌ 놀라야 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μƒκΈ°μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
07:50
I occasionally look out the window in my office in Cambridge
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가끔 μΌ€μž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— μžˆλŠ” 사무싀 μ°½λ¬Έμ—μ„œ
07:54
at this bridge, which goes across the Charles River,
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챨슀 강을 κ°€λ‘œμ§€λ₯΄λŠ” 닀리λ₯Ό λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
between the Kennedy School and Harvard Business School.
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μΌ€λ„€λ”” 슀쿨과 ν•˜λ²„λ“œ κ²½μ˜λŒ€ν•™μ› 사이에 있죠.
08:00
In 2012, the State of Massachusetts said they were going to renovate this bridge,
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2012년에 메사좔세츠 μ£ΌλŠ” 이 닀리λ₯Ό λ³΄μˆ˜ν•˜κ² λ‹€κ³  λ°œν‘œν–ˆμ£ .
08:04
and it would take two years.
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2년이 걸릴 거라고 ν–ˆμ£ .
08:07
In 2014, they said it wasn't finished.
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2014년에 아직 μ™„κ³΅λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
In 2015, they said it would take one more year.
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2015년에 1λ…„ 더 걸릴 거라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
In 2016, they said it's not finished,
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2016년에도 아직도 μ™„κ³΅λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
08:15
we're not going to tell you when it's going to be finished.
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μ–Έμ œ μ™„κ³΅λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ“œλ””μ–΄ 2017년에 완곡이 λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ° μž¬μ •μ˜ μ„Έ λ°°λ₯Ό μ΄ˆκ³Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
Finally, last year, it was finished -- three times over budget.
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08:22
Now, compare this to a similar bridge that I drove across last month in Beijing.
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이제 μ§€λ‚œ 달 μ œκ°€ λ² μ΄μ§•μ—μ„œ μ§€λ‚˜κ°„ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 닀리와 λΉ„κ΅ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:27
It's called the Sanyuan Bridge.
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μ‹Όμœ„μ•ˆ 닀리라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
In 2015, the Chinese decided they wanted to renovate that bridge.
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쀑ꡭ은 2015년에 κ·Έ 닀리λ₯Ό λ³΄μˆ˜ν•  것이라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
It actually has twice as many lanes of traffic.
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사싀 μ‹Όμœ„μ•ˆ λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” 차선이 두 λ°° λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
How long did it take for them to complete the project?
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쀑ꡭ이 이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό λ§ˆμΉ˜λŠ”λ° μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ κ±Έλ Έμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:40
Twenty fifteen, what do you bet?
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2015λ…„λΆ€ν„°, μ–΄λ–¨ 것 κ°™λ‚˜μš”?
08:44
Take a guess -- OK, three --
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ν•œλ²ˆ λ§žμΆ°λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 3λ…„ λ‚˜μ™”λ„€μš”.
08:46
Take a look.
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ν•œλ²ˆ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:52
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:00
The answer is 43 hours.
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정닡은 43μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
(Audience: Wow!)
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(청쀑: 탄성)
09:08
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:16
Graham Allison: Now, of course, that couldn't happen in New York.
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ‰΄μš•μ—μ„œ μ ˆλŒ€ 일어날 수 μ—†λŠ” 일이죠.
(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:19
(Laughter)
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09:21
Behind this speed in execution is a purpose-driven leader
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λΉ λ₯Έ 속도 λ’€μ—λŠ” λͺ©μ  μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 리더와
09:26
and a government that works.
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μΌν•˜λŠ” μ •λΆ€κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
The most ambitious and most competent leader
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ꡭ제 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 야심차고 κ°€μž₯ 유λŠ₯ν•œ λ¦¬λ”λŠ”
09:32
on the international stage today is Chinese President Xi Jinping.
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μ‹œμ§„ν•‘ 쀑ꡭ μ£Όμ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
And he's made no secret about what he wants.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것에 비밀이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
As he said when he became president six years ago,
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κ·Έκ°€ 6λ…„ μ „ 쀑ꡭ 주석이 λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
09:42
his goal is to make China great again --
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그의 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 쀑ꡭ을 λ‹€μ‹œ κ°•λŒ€κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:48
a banner he raised long before Donald Trump picked up a version of this.
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μ‹œμ§„ν•‘μ€ λ„λ„λ“œ νŠΈλŸΌν”„ 이전뢀터 이 μŠ¬λ‘œκ±΄μ„ λ‚΄κ±Έμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:53
To that end, Xi Jinping has announced specific targets for specific dates:
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λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, μ‹œμ§„ν•‘μ€ ꡬ체적인 λ‚ μ§œμ™€ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
2025, 2035, 2049.
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2025λ…„, 2035λ…„, 2049λ…„.
10:06
By 2025, China means to be the dominant power
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2025λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 쀑ꡭ은 μ£Όμš” μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ
10:12
in the major market in 10 leading technologies,
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10가지 μ£Όμš” λ―Έλž˜κΈ°μˆ μ— 지배λ ₯을 가지렀 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
10:16
including driverless cars, robots,
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λ¬΄μΈμžλ™μ°¨, λ‘œλ΄‡, 인곡지λŠ₯, μ–‘μž 컴퓨터λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
artificial intelligence, quantum computing.
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10:23
By 2035, China means to be the innovation leader
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2035λ…„κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  첨단 κΈ°μˆ μ—μ„œ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 리더가 λ˜κ² λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
across all the advanced technologies.
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10:31
And by 2049, which is the 100th anniversary
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쀑화인민곡화ꡭ 건ꡭ 100주년인 2049λ…„κΉŒμ§€
10:35
of the founding of the People's Republic,
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10:37
China means to be unambiguously number one,
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쀑ꡭ은 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ νŒ¨κΆŒκ΅­κ°€κ°€ 되렀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
including, [says] Xi Jinping, an army that he calls "Fight and Win."
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μ‹œμ§„ν•‘μ΄ "Fight and Win"이라고 ν•˜λŠ” κ΅°λŒ€λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
10:47
So these are audacious goals, but as you can see,
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이것은 λŒ€λ‹΄ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œμ§€λ§Œ λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
10:50
China is already well on its way
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쀑ꡭ은 이 λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ 잘 κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ” 쀑이죠.
10:53
to these objectives.
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10:55
And we should remember how fast our world is changing.
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세상이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 빨리 λ³€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μΈμ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
Thirty years ago,
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30λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ”
11:00
the World Wide Web had not yet even been invented.
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인터넷이 발λͺ…λ˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
Who will feel the impact of this rise of China most directly?
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μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ λΆ€μƒμ˜ 영ν–₯을 κ³Όμ—° λˆ„κ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ λŠλ‚„κΉŒμš”?
11:10
Obviously, the current number one.
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ, ν˜„μž¬μ˜ νŒ¨κΆŒκ΅­κ°€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
As China gets bigger and stronger and richer,
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쀑ꡭ이 더 컀지고, 강해지고, λΆ€μœ ν•΄μ§€κ³ ,
11:15
technologically more advanced,
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기술λ ₯이 λ°œλ‹¬ν• μˆ˜λ‘
11:17
it will inevitably bump up against American positions and prerogatives.
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미ꡭ의 μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ 특ꢌ과 μΆ©λŒν•  수 밖에 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:23
Now, for red-blooded Americans --
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정열이 λ„˜μΉ˜κ³ , 특히 μ €μ²˜λŸΌ μ™„κ³ ν•œ λ―Έκ΅­μΈμ—κ²Œ
11:26
and especially for red-necked Americans like me; I'm from North Carolina --
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μ œκ°€ λ…ΈμŠ€μΊλ‘€λΌμ΄λ‚˜ μΆœμ‹ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
there's something wrong with this picture.
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이 상황은 λ­”κ°€ 잘λͺ»λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
The USA means number one, that's who we are.
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USAλŠ” 세계 1μœ„λ₯Ό λœ»ν•˜κ³  그게 λ°”λ‘œ 우리 정체성이죠.
11:38
But again, to repeat: brute facts are hard to ignore.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ—„μ—°ν•œ 사싀은 λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
Four years ago, Senator John McCain asked me to testify about this
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4λ…„ 전에, μ‘΄ λ§₯케인 μƒμ›μ˜μ›μ΄
이 상황을 상원 κ΅°μ‚¬μœ„μ›νšŒμ— μ¦μ–Έν•˜λΌκ³  λΆ€νƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
to his Senate Armed Services Committee.
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11:51
And I made for them a chart that you can see,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ³΄λŠ” 차트λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
that said, compare the US and China
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λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό 쀑ꡭ을 λΉ„μœ ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό
11:58
to kids on opposite ends of a seesaw on a playground,
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놀이터 μ‹œμ†Œ λμ—μ„œ 놀고 μžˆλŠ” μ•„μ΄λ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
12:02
each represented by the size of their economy.
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각각 경제의 크기λ₯Ό μƒμ§•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:05
As late as 2004, China was just half our size.
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졜근 2004년에 쀑ꡭ은 미ꡭ의 μ ˆλ°˜μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:11
By 2014, its GDP was equal to ours.
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2014λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 쀑ꡭ은 미ꡭ의 GDPλ₯Ό λ”°λΌμž‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:14
And on the current trajectory, by 2024, it will be half again larger.
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이 속도면, 2024λ…„μ—λŠ” 미ꡭ의 1.5λ°°κ°€ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
The consequences of this tectonic change will be felt everywhere.
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세계 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œλ“  이 ꡬ쑰 λ³€ν™”μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
For example, in the current trade conflict,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, ν˜„μž¬ 무역 κ°ˆλ“±μ—μ„œ
12:29
China is already the number one trading partner
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쀑ꡭ은 이미 μ£Όμš” μ•„μ‹œμ•„κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ 무역 μƒλŒ€κ΅­ 1μœ„λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
of all the major Asian countries.
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12:36
Which brings us back to our Greek historian.
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그리슀 역사가λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
Harvard's "Thucydides's Trap Case File" has reviewed the last 500 years of history
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ν•˜λ²„λ“œμ˜ "νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ 함정 사건 파일"은
μ§€λ‚œ 500λ…„κ°„μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό 되짚고, κΈ°μ‘΄ μ„Έλ ₯을 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”
12:46
and found 16 cases in which a rising power
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μ‹ ν₯ μ„Έλ ₯의 경우λ₯Ό 16λ²ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
threatened to displace a ruling power.
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12:52
Twelve of these ended in war.
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12λ²ˆμ€ μ „μŸμœΌλ‘œ 끝이 났죠.
12:57
And the tragedy of this is that in very few of these
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 비극은 두 μ„Έλ ₯이 μ›ν•΄μ„œ
13:03
did either of the protagonists want a war;
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μ „μŸμ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨ κ²½μš°κ°€ 거의 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:07
few of these wars were initiated by either the rising power
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μ‹ ν₯ μ„Έλ ₯μ΄λ‚˜ 지배 μ„Έλ ₯이 μ „μŸμ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨ κ²½μš°λŠ” 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
or the ruling power.
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13:11
So how does this work?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이게 λ κΉŒμš”?
13:13
What happens is, a third party's provocation
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λ°”λ‘œ 제3자의 λ„λ°œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:17
forces one or the other to react,
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지배세λ ₯μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹ ν₯μ„Έλ ₯을 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
13:21
and that sets in motion a spiral,
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μ•…μˆœν™˜μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ„œ
13:24
which drags the two somewhere they don't want to go.
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λ‘˜μ„ μ›μΉ˜ μ•ŠλŠ” 일둜 λŒκ³ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
If that seems crazy, it is.
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말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” 것 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:29
But it's life.
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세상 λ§Œμ‚¬κ°€ λ‹€ κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
13:31
Remember World War I.
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1μ°¨ λŒ€μ „μ„ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
13:33
The provocation in that case
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이 μ „μŸμ˜ μ΄‰μ§„μ œλŠ”
13:36
was the assassination of a second-level figure,
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ν”„λž€μΈ  페λ₯΄λ””λ‚œνŠΈ λŒ€κ³΅μ΄λΌλŠ” 2인자 μ•”μ‚΄μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
13:40
Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
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13:43
which then led the Austro-Hungarian emperor
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μ˜€μŠ€νŠΈλ¦¬μ•„-ν—κ°€λ¦¬μ•ˆ ν™©μ œκ°€
μ„Έλ₯΄λΉ„아에 μ΅œν›„ν†΅μ²©μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
13:46
to issue an ultimatum to Serbia,
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13:48
they dragged in the various allies,
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λ§Žμ€ 동맹ꡭ을 λŒμ–΄λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:50
within two months, all of Europe was at war.
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두 달 μ•ˆμ— 유럽 전체가 μ „μŸμ„ 치λ₯΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:54
So imagine if Thucydides were watching planet Earth today.
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그럼 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€κ°€ 지ꡬλ₯Ό μ§€μΌœλ³΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  상상해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
13:58
What would he say?
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뭐라고 말할 것 κ°™λ‚˜μš”?
14:01
Could he find a more appropriate leading man for the ruling power
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κ³Όμ—° 지배세λ ₯에 더 μ•Œλ§žμ€ μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
14:05
than Donald J Trump?
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λ„λ„λ“œ νŠΈλŸΌν”„ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήλ³΄λ‹€?
14:07
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:08
Or a more apt lead for the rising power than Xi Jinping?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ‹œμ§„ν•‘ 주석보닀 μ‹ ν₯ μ„Έλ ₯에 더 μ•Œλ§žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ„?
14:15
And he would scratch his head
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μ•„λ§ˆ κ·ΈλŠ” 머리λ₯Ό 긁적이며
14:17
and certainly say he couldn't think of more colorful provocateur
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λΆν•œμ˜ 김정은 μœ„μ›μž₯보닀 더 ν™”λ €ν•œ
선동가λ₯Ό 생각해내지 λͺ»ν•  거라고 ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:22
than North Korea's Kim Jong-un.
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14:26
Each seems determined to play his assigned part
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μ„Έ μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘ κ°μžκ°€ 맑은 λ°”κ°€ ν™•μ‹€ν•΄ 보이고
14:30
and is right on script.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν–‰λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
So finally, we conclude again with the most consequential question,
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그럼 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 질문으둜 λŒμ•„μ˜€μ£ .
14:37
the question that will have the gravest consequences
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 남은 우리의 인생에 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
for the rest of our lives:
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14:45
Are Americans and Chinese going to let the forces of history drive us to a war
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미ꡭ인과 쀑ꡭ인이 κ³Όμ—° μ„œλ‘œμ—κ²Œ 비극적인
μ „μŸμ„ λ§Œλ“€ 역사λ₯Ό κ°€λ§Œνžˆ λ†”λ‘˜κΉŒμš”?
14:51
that would be catastrophic for both?
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14:54
Or can we summon the imagination and courage
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 상상λ ₯κ³Ό 용기λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ•„
14:57
to find a way to survive together,
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같이 μ‚΄μ•„κ°ˆ 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„
15:00
to share the leadership in the 21st century,
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21μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ ꢌλ ₯을 λ‚˜λˆ„κ±°λ‚˜
15:03
or, as Xi Jinping [said], to create a new form of great power relations?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ‹œμ§„ν•‘ 주석이 λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄ μ‹ ν˜•λŒ€κ΅­κ΄€κ³„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚ΌκΉŒμš”?
15:08
That's the issue I've been pursuing passionately
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이것이 μ œκ°€ μ§€λ‚œ 2λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ—΄μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•΄μ˜¨ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:10
for the last two years.
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15:12
I've had the opportunity to talk and, indeed, to listen
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ €λŠ” κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 리더듀과
15:15
to leaders of all the relevant governments --
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λ§ν•˜κ³  듀을 수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
Beijing, Washington, Seoul, Tokyo --
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베이징, μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄, μ„œμšΈ, 도쿄.
15:21
and to thought leaders across the spectrum of both the arts and business.
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λ˜ν•œ 선ꡬ적인 리더듀과 인문과 사업 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:26
I wish I had more to report.
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μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦΄ 게 더 있으면 μ’‹κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:28
The good news is that leaders are increasingly aware
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ 리더듀이 이 νˆ¬ν‚€λ””λ°μŠ€μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ™€
15:32
of this Thucydidean dynamic
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이것이 κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄
15:34
and the dangers that it poses.
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점점 더 μ˜μ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
The bad news is that nobody has a feasible plan
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λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€ 아무도 역사λ₯Ό λ˜ν’€μ΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„
15:39
for escaping history as usual.
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μ‹€ν˜„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ³„νšμ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
So it's clear to me that we need some ideas
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 전톡적인 κ·Έλž˜ν”„ ν‹€μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생각이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 게 ν•™μ‹€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:45
outside the box of conventional statecraft --
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15:49
indeed, from another page or another space --
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μ •λ§λ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ©΄μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ°¨μ›μ˜ μƒκ°μ΄μš”.
15:54
which is what brings me to TED today
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 였늘 TED에 λ‚˜μ™€
15:56
and which brings me to a request.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λΆ€νƒν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:01
This audience includes many of the most creative minds on the planet,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 창의적인 λΆ„λ“€λ‘œ
16:06
who get up in the morning and think
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아침에 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈΈ
16:08
not only about how to manage the world we have,
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세상을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 닀루어야 할지 생각할 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
16:11
but how to create worlds that should be.
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μ–΄λ–€ 세상이 λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 뢄듀이죠.
16:14
So I'm hopeful that as this sinks in and as you reflect on it,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 문제λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  λ˜λŒμ•„ 봀을 λ•Œ
16:19
some of you are going to have some bold ideas, actually some wild ideas,
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ” 세상을 λ°”κΏ€ λŒ€λ‹΄ν•˜κ³  곡격적인 생각을 κ°–κ³ 
16:23
that when we find, will make a difference in this space.
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세상을 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 것이라고 λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:27
And just to remind you if you do,
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄
16:29
this won't be the first time.
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이게 처음이 아닐 거라고 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άλ„€μš”.
16:32
Let me remind you of what happened right after World War II.
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제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „μ΄ λλ‚œ 직후, μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ§ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
16:36
A remarkable group of Americans and Europeans and others,
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λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 미ꡭ인, 유럽인, λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨μ˜€λŠ”데
16:40
not just from government, but from the world of culture and business,
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μ •λΆ€λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 문화와 κΈ°μ—…μ˜ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ λͺ¨μ—¬
16:44
engaged in a collective surge of imagination.
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ν•¨κ»˜ 상상λ ₯이 λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” 일을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:48
And what they imagined and what they created
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그듀이 κ³ μ•ˆν•˜κ³  λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ 것은
16:51
was a new international order,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ꡭ제 μ§ˆμ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:54
the order that's allowed you and me to live our lives, all of our lives,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ € λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 삢을 살아가도둝 λ§ŒλŠ” μ§ˆμ„œλ‘œ
16:58
without great power war
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ꢌλ ₯의 μ „μŸμ΄ 없이
17:01
and with more prosperity than was ever seen before on the planet.
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세상에 전에 μ—†λ˜ λ²ˆμ˜μ„ λˆ„λ¦¬λ„λ‘ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
So, a remarkable story.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:08
Interestingly, every pillar of this project that produced these results,
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ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„ 그런 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ λͺ¨λ“  λ°©μ•ˆλ“€μ„
17:13
when first proposed,
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처음 μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”
17:15
was rejected by the foreign policy establishment
287
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외ꡐ정책 κΈ°λ“κΆŒ μ„Έλ ₯이 κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:18
as naive or unrealistic.
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μˆœμ§„ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λΉ„ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄λΌκ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
17:21
My favorite is the Marshall Plan.
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μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 건 λ§ˆμ…œ ν”Œλžœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:24
After World War II, Americans felt exhausted.
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2μ°¨ λŒ€μ „ 이후 미ꡭ은 맀우 μ§€μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:27
They had demobilized 10 million troops,
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그듀은 천만 λͺ…μ˜ κ΅°λŒ€λ₯Ό ν•΄μ‚°μ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
17:29
they were focused on an urgent domestic agenda.
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κΈ‰ν•œ κ΅­λ‚΄μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ— μ§‘μ€‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:32
But as people began to appreciate how devastated Europe was
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μœ λŸ½μ— μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν™©νν•΄μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ²Œ 되고
17:37
and how aggressive Soviet communism was,
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μ†ŒλΉ„μ—νŠΈ κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 곡격적인지 μ•Œμ•„κ°€μž
17:39
Americans eventually decided to tax themselves
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미ꡭ인은 λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 슀슀둜 μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ λ–Όμ„œ
17:43
a percent and a half of GDP every year for four years
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4λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 맀년 GDP의 1.5%λ₯Ό
17:47
and send that money to Europe to help reconstruct these countries,
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유럽 κ΅­κ°€ μž¬κ±΄μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:51
including Germany and Italy,
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독일과 μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„λ„ ν¬ν•¨λλŠ”λ°
17:54
whose troops had just been killing Americans.
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κ·Έ κ΅°λŒ€κ°€ 미ꡭ인듀을 μ£½μ˜€λŠ”λ°λ„μš”.
17:57
Amazing.
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λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:59
This also created the United Nations.
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λ§ˆμ…œ ν”Œλžœμ€ UN을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
18:02
Amazing.
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λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:03
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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세계 인ꢌ μ„ μ–Έ.
18:06
The World Bank.
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세계은행.
18:08
NATO.
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NATO(λΆλŒ€μ„œμ–‘ μ‘°μ•½ 기ꡬ).
18:09
All of these elements of an order for peace and prosperity.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 평화와 λ²ˆμ˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ 것이죠.
18:13
So, in a word, what we need to do is do it again.
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ν•œλ§ˆλ””λ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  일은 λ‹€μ‹œ ν•΄λ³΄μžλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:17
And I think now we need a surge of imagination, creativity,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 건 역사λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 상상λ ₯κ³Ό 창의λ ₯의 κΈ‰μ¦μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:23
informed by history,
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18:26
for, as the philosopher Santayana reminded us,
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μ² ν•™μž μ‚°νƒ€μ•Όλ‚˜κ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄
18:30
in the end, only those who refuse to study history
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κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 이듀이
18:34
are condemned to repeat it.
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κ²°κ΅­ κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜κΈ° λ§ˆλ ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:37
Thank you.
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18:38
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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