How megacities are changing the map of the world | Parag Khanna

270,369 views ใƒป 2016-04-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eli Whitehouse ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I want you to reimagine how life is organized on earth.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
00:18
Think of the planet like a human body that we inhabit.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื›ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื.
00:24
The skeleton is the transportation system of roads and railways,
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ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
00:28
bridges and tunnels, air and seaports
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ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื ืžืœื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื,
00:31
that enable our mobility across the continents.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
00:34
The vascular system that powers the body
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
00:38
are the oil and gas pipelines and electricity grids.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
00:40
that distribute energy.
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ืฉืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:42
And the nervous system of communications
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช
00:45
is the Internet cables, satellites, cellular networks
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช,
00:49
and data centers that allow us to share information.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
00:53
This ever-expanding infrastructural matrix
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืขื“ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ,
00:57
already consists of 64 million kilometers of roads,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื” 64 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
01:02
four million kilometers of railways,
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
01:05
two million kilometers of pipelines
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช
01:08
and one million kilometers of Internet cables.
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:13
What about international borders?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื?
01:16
We have less than 500,000 kilometers of borders.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-500,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:21
Let's build a better map of the world.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืคื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:24
And we can start by overcoming some ancient mythology.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:29
There's a saying with which all students of history are familiar:
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”:
01:33
"Geography is destiny."
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"ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœ."
01:35
Sounds so grave, doesn't it?
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ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืœื?
01:38
It's such a fatalistic adage.
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ื–ื” ืคืชื’ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
01:40
It tells us that landlocked countries are condemned to be poor,
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืœื™ื,
01:44
that small countries cannot escape their larger neighbors,
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ื•ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:47
that vast distances are insurmountable.
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ื•ืฉืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ.
01:51
But every journey I take around the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:55
I see an even greater force sweeping the planet:
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ื•ื— ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
01:59
connectivity.
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:02
The global connectivity revolution, in all of its forms --
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ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” --
02:05
transportation, energy and communications --
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ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช --
02:08
has enabled such a quantum leap in the mobility of people,
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:12
of goods, of resources, of knowledge,
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื™ื“ืข,
02:15
such that we can no longer even think of geography as distinct from it.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืžื ื”.
02:20
In fact, I view the two forces as fusing together
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžื•ืชื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
02:24
into what I call "connectography."
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ืชื™ "ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”." (ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช)
02:28
Connectography represents a quantum leap
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ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ืขืฆื•ื
02:32
in the mobility of people, resources and ideas,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
02:35
but it is an evolution,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
02:38
an evolution of the world from political geography,
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
02:44
which is how we legally divide the world,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง,
02:48
to functional geography,
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ืœื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช,
02:50
which is how we actually use the world,
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
02:52
from nations and borders, to infrastructure and supply chains.
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ืœืžืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ืืกืคืงื”.
02:57
Our global system is evolving
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
03:01
from the vertically integrated empires of the 19th century,
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ืžืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื›ื™,
03:04
through the horizontally interdependent nations of the 20th century,
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ื“ืจืš ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคืงื™ืช,
03:09
into a global network civilization in the 21st century.
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ืขื“ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช.
03:15
Connectivity, not sovereignty,
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:18
has become the organizing principle of the human species.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:27
We are becoming this global network civilization
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื–ืืช
03:30
because we are literally building it.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:33
All of the world's defense budgets and military spending taken together
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ื›ืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื
03:37
total just under two trillion dollars per year.
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ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:40
Meanwhile, our global infrastructure spending
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช
03:42
is projected to rise to nine trillion dollars per year
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ื—ื–ื•ื™ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืชืฉืขื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
03:46
within the coming decade.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
03:47
And, well, it should.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:49
We have been living off an infrastructure stock
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช
03:52
meant for a world population of three billion,
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื™ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
03:55
as our population has crossed seven billion to eight billion
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืชื ื• ืขืœืชื” ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
03:58
and eventually nine billion and more.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื“ ืชืฉืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
04:01
As a rule of thumb, we should spend about one trillion dollars
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ื›ื›ื›ืœ ืืฆื‘ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:06
on the basic infrastructure needs of every billion people in the world.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:11
Not surprisingly, Asia is in the lead.
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ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืืกื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”.
04:15
In 2015, China announced the creation
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ื‘-2015, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช
04:17
of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,
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ื‘ื ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
04:21
which together with a network of other organizations
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
04:25
aims to construct a network of iron and silk roads,
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ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
04:28
stretching from Shanghai to Lisbon.
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ืฉืชืชืคืจืฉ ืžืฉื ื’ื”ืื™ ืœืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:31
And as all of this topographical engineering unfolds,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช,
04:35
we will likely spend more on infrastructure in the next 40 years,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
04:41
we will build more infrastructure in the next 40 years,
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ื ื‘ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
04:44
than we have in the past 4,000 years.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘-4,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:48
Now let's stop and think about it for a minute.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืจื’ืข.
04:51
Spending so much more on building the foundations of global society
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
04:56
rather than on the tools to destroy it
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ืชื”
04:59
can have profound consequences.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช.
05:01
Connectivity is how we optimize the distribution
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืฉืžืžื˜ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืฆื”
05:04
of people and resources around the world.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:07
It is how mankind comes to be more than just the sum of its parts.
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ื›ืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื”.
05:12
I believe that is what is happening.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
05:17
Connectivity has a twin megatrend in the 21st century:
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ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืžืช-ืขื ืง ืชืื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช:
05:20
planetary urbanization.
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ืขื™ื•ืจ ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™.
05:24
Cities are the infrastructures that most define us.
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ืขืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:27
By 2030, more than two thirds of the world's population
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ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž-2030, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:31
will live in cities.
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ืชืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
05:32
And these are not mere little dots on the map,
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ื•ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื”,
05:35
but they are vast archipelagos stretching hundreds of kilometers.
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ืืœื ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
05:39
Here we are in Vancouver,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ,
05:40
at the head of the Cascadia Corridor
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืงืกืงื“ื™ื”
05:42
that stretches south across the US border to Seattle.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืขื“ ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
05:46
The technology powerhouse of Silicon Valley
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ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
05:48
begins north of San Francisco down to San Jose
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืกืŸ ื—ื•ืกื”
05:51
and across the bay to Oakland.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืืœ ืื•ืงืœื ื“.
05:53
The sprawl of Los Angeles now passes San Diego
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ื”ืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืื’ื•
05:56
across the Mexican border to Tijuana.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ืขื“ ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
05:58
San Diego and Tijuana now share an airport terminal
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ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืื’ื• ื•ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™
06:01
where you can exit into either country.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
06:04
Eventually, a high-speed rail network may connect the entire Pacific spine.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืจืฉืช ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•.
06:09
America's northeastern megalopolis begins in Boston through New York
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ื”ืžื’ืœื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
06:13
and Philadelphia to Washington.
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ื•ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
06:15
It contains more than 50 million people
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
06:17
and also has plans for a high-speed rail network.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
06:20
But Asia is where we really see the megacities coming together.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืขื ืง ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
06:25
This continuous strip of light from Tokyo through Nagoya to Osaka
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ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ืžื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื’ื•ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืื•ืกืงื”
06:29
contains more than 80 million people
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
06:31
and most of Japan's economy.
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ืคืŸ.
06:34
It is the world's largest megacity.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:37
For now.
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ื›ืจื’ืข.
06:38
But in China, megacity clusters are coming together
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ ืขื ืง ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉื™ื
06:41
with populations reaching 100 million people.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœ-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:44
The Bohai Rim around Beijing,
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ืฉืคืช ื‘ื”ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’,
06:46
The Yangtze River Delta around Shanghai
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ื‘ื“ืœืชื ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืื ื’ืฆื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื’ื”ืื™
06:48
and the Pearl River Delta,
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ื•ื“ืœืชื ื ื”ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”,
06:50
stretching from Hong Kong north to Guangzhou.
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ื”ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืžื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืœื’ืื ื’ื’'ื–ื•ืื•.
06:52
And in the middle,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
06:54
the Chongqing-Chengdu megacity cluster,
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ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืขืจื™-ื”ืขื ืง ืฆ'ื•ื ื’ืงื™ื ื’-ืฆ'ื ื’ื“ื•,
06:57
whose geographic footprint is almost the same size
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ืฉืขืงื‘ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืขื˜
06:59
as the country of Austria.
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ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”.
07:03
And any number of these megacity clusters
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขืจื™-ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืืœื”
07:05
has a GDP approaching two trillion dollars --
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ืชืž"ื’ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ --
07:08
that's almost the same as all of India today.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:11
So imagine if our global diplomatic institutions, such as the G20,
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ืื– ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”-G-20
07:17
were to base their membership on economic size
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
07:20
rather than national representation.
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ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœืื•ืžื™.
07:23
Some Chinese megacities may be in and have a seat at the table,
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ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื•"ื,
07:26
while entire countries, like Argentina or Indonesia would be out.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
07:32
Moving to India, whose population will soon exceed that of China,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ,
07:35
it too has a number of megacity clusters,
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ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง,
07:38
such as the Delhi Capital Region
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจืช ื“ืœื”ื™
07:40
and Mumbai.
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ื•ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™.
07:42
In the Middle East,
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ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:43
Greater Tehran is absorbing one third of Iran's population.
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ื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืกื•ืคื’ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ืื™ืจืืŸ.
07:46
Most of Egypt's 80 million people
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ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื
07:48
live in the corridor between Cairo and Alexandria.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืจ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
07:51
And in the gulf, a necklace of city-states is forming,
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ื•ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื’ืœืžืช,
07:55
from Bahrain and Qatar,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื˜ืืจ,
07:56
through the United Arab Emirates to Muscat in Oman.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืกืงื˜ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืžืืŸ.
08:00
And then there's Lagos,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืก,
08:02
Africa's largest city and Nigeria's commercial hub.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
08:06
It has plans for a rail network
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
08:08
that will make it the anchor of a vast Atlantic coastal corridor,
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฃ-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืจื—ื‘,
08:13
stretching across Benin, Togo and Ghana,
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ื”ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื’ื•, ื•ื’ืื ื”,
08:16
to Abidjan, the capital of the Ivory Coast.
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ื•ืขื“ ืื‘ื™ื’'ืืŸ, ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘.
08:19
But these countries are suburbs of Lagos.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื’ื•ืก.
08:24
In a megacity world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง,
08:25
countries can be suburbs of cities.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื.
08:30
By 2030, we will have as many as 50 such megacity clusters in the world.
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ื‘-2030, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืขื“ ืœ-50 ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:37
So which map tells you more?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื• ืžืคื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
08:39
Our traditional map of 200 discrete nations
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ืžืคืชื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช
08:42
that hang on most of our walls,
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ื•ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•,
08:44
or this map of the 50 megacity clusters?
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ืื• ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ 50 ื”ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง?
08:48
And yet, even this is incomplete
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืช
08:50
because you cannot understand any individual megacity
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ื›ื™ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ-ืขื ืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
08:54
without understanding its connections to the others.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:58
People move to cities to be connected,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:01
and connectivity is why these cities thrive.
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ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช.
09:05
Any number of them, such as Sao Paulo or Istanbul or Moscow,
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ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื• ืื• ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”,
09:09
has a GDP approaching or exceeding one third of one half
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ื™ืฉ ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช
09:13
of their entire national GDP.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
09:16
But equally importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” --
09:17
you cannot calculate any of their individual value
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืฃ ืขืจืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™
09:20
without understanding the role of the flows of people,
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ื‘ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:24
of finance, of technology
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ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
09:26
that enable them to thrive.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
09:28
Take the Gauteng province of South Africa,
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ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื—ื•ื– ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
09:31
which contains Johannesburg and the capital Pretoria.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
09:34
It too represents just over a third of South Africa's GDP.
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืจืง ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืชืž"ื’ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
09:38
But equally importantly, it is home to the offices
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” -- ื”ื™ื ืžืื›ืกื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื
09:41
of almost every single multinational corporation
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™
09:44
that invests directly into South Africa
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ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”
09:47
and indeed, into the entire African continent.
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ื•ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
09:50
Cities want to be part of global value chains.
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ืขืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
09:54
They want to be part of this global division of labor.
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ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
09:58
That is how cities think.
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ื›ืš ืขืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
10:00
I've never met a mayor who said to me,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™,
10:02
"I want my city to be cut off."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืชื ื•ืชืง."
10:04
They know that their cities belong as much
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
10:07
to the global network civilization as to their home countries.
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ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื›ืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:14
Now, for many people, urbanization causes great dismay.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืื•ืฉ ืจื‘.
10:18
They think cities are wrecking the planet.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:21
But right now,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืขืช,
10:23
there are more than 200 intercity learning networks thriving.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืืชื™ื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช.
10:27
That is as many as the number of intergovernmental organizations
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื™ื
10:30
that we have.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
10:32
And all of these intercity networks are devoted to one purpose,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช,
10:36
mankind's number one priority in the 21st century:
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ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช:
10:41
sustainable urbanization.
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ืขื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื.
10:44
Is it working?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
10:46
Let's take climate change.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
10:48
We know that summit after summit in New York and Paris
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคืกื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื• ืคืจื™ื–
10:51
is not going to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืœื ืชืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
10:54
But what we can see is that transferring technology
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:57
and knowledge and policies between cities
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ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื
11:00
is how we've actually begun to reduce the carbon intensity of our economies.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•.
11:05
Cities are learning from each other.
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ืขืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
11:07
How to install zero-emissions buildings,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
11:09
how to deploy electric car-sharing systems.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
11:12
In major Chinese cities,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช,
11:14
they're imposing quotas on the number of cars on the streets.
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ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืžื›ืกื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:17
In many Western cities,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:18
young people don't even want to drive anymore.
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ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’.
11:21
Cities have been part of the problem,
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ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
11:23
now they are part of the solution.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
11:26
Inequality is the other great challenge to achieving sustainable urbanization.
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ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืขื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
11:31
When I travel through megacities from end to end --
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง ืžืงืฆื” ื•ืขื“ ืงืฆื” --
11:35
it takes hours and days --
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื --
11:37
I experience the tragedy of extreme disparity
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
11:41
within the same geography.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
11:44
And yet, our global stock of financial assets
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืžืœืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืžื•ื ื™ื™ื
11:47
has never been larger,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:48
approaching 300 trillion dollars.
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ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœ-300 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:52
That's almost four times the actual GDP of the world.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข.
11:56
We have taken on such enormous debts since the financial crisis,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื– ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
12:01
but have we invested them in inclusive growth?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืฉืงืขื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™?
12:04
No, not yet.
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ืœื, ืขื•ื“ ืœื.
12:07
Only when we build sufficient, affordable public housing,
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื•ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื”,
12:11
when we invest in robust transportation networks
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ื›ืฉื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ืกื•ื ื•ืช
12:14
to allow people to connect to each other both physically and digitally,
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
12:19
that's when our divided cities and societies
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ืื– ืขืจื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœื•ืช
12:21
will come to feel whole again.
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ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
12:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:27
And that is why infrastructure has just been included
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ืœืœื”
12:30
in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื,
12:33
because it enables all the others.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
12:36
Our political and economic leaders
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
12:37
are learning that connectivity is not charity,
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ื“ื‘ื”,
12:41
it's opportunity.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
12:43
And that's why our financial community needs to understand
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
12:45
that connectivity is the most important asset class of the 21st century.
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ืฉืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ืค ืŸืื—ืช.
12:52
Now, cities can make the world more sustainable,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:56
they can make the world more equitable,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:58
I also believe that connectivity between cities
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื
13:01
can make the world more peaceful.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:04
If we look at regions of the world with dense relations across borders,
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื,
13:08
we see more trade, more investment
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ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื—ืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื”
13:11
and more stability.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
13:12
We all know the story of Europe after World War II,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
13:15
where industrial integration kicked off a process
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ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš
13:17
that gave rise to today's peaceful European Union.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:21
And you can see that Russia, by the way,
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘
13:23
is the least connected of major powers in the international system.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
13:28
And that goes a long way towards explaining the tensions today.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:32
Countries that have less stake in the system
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื”
13:34
also have less to lose in disturbing it.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืžืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”.
13:38
In North America, the lines that matter most on the map
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืคื”
13:41
are not the US-Canada border or the US-Mexico border,
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ืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™-ืงื ื“ื™ ืื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™-ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™,
13:45
but the dense network of roads and railways and pipelines
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ืืœื ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช
13:48
and electricity grids and even water canals
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ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื
13:51
that are forming an integrated North American union.
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ื”ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘.
13:55
North America does not need more walls, it needs more connections.
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื.
14:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:07
But the real promise of connectivity is in the postcolonial world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™.
14:12
All of those regions where borders have historically been the most arbitrary
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
14:16
and where generations of leaders
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ื•ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื
14:18
have had hostile relations with each other.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
14:21
But now a new group of leaders has come into power
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ืืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ
14:23
and is burying the hatchet.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
14:25
Let's take Southeast Asia, where high-speed rail networks
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืืกื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ื” ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
14:28
are planned to connect Bangkok to Singapore
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ืชืงืฉืจื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืงื•ืง ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
14:31
and trade corridors from Vietnam to Myanmar.
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ื•ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ืžื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื ืขื“ ืžื™ืื ืžืจ.
14:34
Now this region of 600 million people coordinates its agricultural resources
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
14:39
and its industrial output.
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ื•ืชืคื•ืงืชื• ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
14:41
It is evolving into what I call a Pax Asiana,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืชื— ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื "ืคืงืก ืืกื™ืื ื”"
14:46
a peace among Southeast Asian nations.
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ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
14:50
A similar phenomenon is underway in East Africa,
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
14:53
where a half dozen countries
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืฆื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
14:54
are investing in railways and multimodal corridors
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืžื•ื“ืืœื™ื™ื
14:57
so that landlocked countries can get their goods to market.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืง.
15:01
Now these countries coordinate their utilities
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชืืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
15:03
and their investment policies.
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ื•ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
15:05
They, too, are evolving into a Pax Africana.
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ื”ืŸ, ื’ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืคืงืก ืืคืจื™ืงืื ื”.
15:11
One region we know could especially use this kind of thinking
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ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
15:14
is the Middle East.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
15:16
As Arab states tragically collapse,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”,
15:18
what is left behind but the ancient cities,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
15:21
such as Cairo, Beirut and Baghdad?
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื“?
15:24
In fact, the nearly 400 million people of the Arab world
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, 400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™
15:29
are almost entirely urbanized.
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ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืขื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื.
15:31
As societies, as cities,
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื›ืขืจื™ื,
15:33
they are either water rich or water poor,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™-ืžื™ื, ืื• ืขื ื™ื™-ืžื™ื,
15:35
energy rich or energy poor.
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ืขืฉื™ืจื™-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื• ืขื ื™ื™-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
15:38
And the only way to correct these mismatches
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืื™-ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ืืช
15:40
is not through more wars and more borders,
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ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:43
but through more connectivity of pipelines and water canals.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื.
15:48
Sadly, this is not yet the map of the Middle East.
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ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืžืคืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื›ื–ืืช.
15:52
But it should be,
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
15:54
a connected Pax Arabia,
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ืคืงืก ืขืจื‘ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ,
15:58
internally integrated
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ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื
16:00
and productively connected to its neighbors: Europe, Asia and Africa.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื•: ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืกื™ื”, ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
16:04
Now, it may not seem like connectivity is what we want right now
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• , ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
16:07
towards the world's most turbulent region.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
16:10
But we know from history that more connectivity is the only way
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
16:14
to bring about stability in the long run.
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ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
16:16
Because we know that in region after region,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
16:19
connectivity is the new reality.
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
16:22
Cities and countries are learning to aggregate
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ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ
16:25
into more peaceful and prosperous wholes.
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ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:29
But the real test is going to be Asia.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื™ื”.
16:33
Can connectivity overcome the patterns of rivalry
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ื”ืื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช
16:36
among the great powers of the Far East?
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง?
16:38
After all, this is where World War III is supposed to break out.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ.
16:43
Since the end of the Cold War, a quarter century ago,
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ืžืื– ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ืข ืžืื”,
16:47
at least six major wars have been predicted for this region.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื–ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
16:50
But none have broken out.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืคืจืฆื”.
16:53
Take China and Taiwan.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ.
16:55
In the 1990s, this was everyone's leading World War III scenario.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
17:00
But since that time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื–,
17:01
the trade and investment volumes across the straits have become so intense
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ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
17:06
that last November,
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
17:07
leaders from both sides held a historic summit
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืคืกื’ื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
17:10
to discuss eventual peaceful reunification.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
17:13
And even the election of a nationalist party in Taiwan
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
17:16
that's pro-independence earlier this year
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
17:19
does not undermine this fundamental dynamic.
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ืœื ืชื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
17:23
China and Japan have an even longer history of rivalry
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ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช
17:26
and have been deploying their air forces and navies
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืขืกื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
17:28
to show their strength in island disputes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ื.
17:31
But in recent years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
17:32
Japan has been making its largest foreign investments in China.
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ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
17:36
Japanese cars are selling in record numbers there.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ-ืฉื™ื.
17:40
And guess where the largest number of foreigners
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืžืื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:43
residing in Japan today comes from?
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ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ?
17:46
You guessed it: China.
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื: ืกื™ืŸ.
17:49
China and India have fought a major war
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ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื—ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
17:51
and have three outstanding border disputes,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื,
17:53
but today India is the second largest shareholder
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
17:56
in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
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ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
17:58
They're building a trade corridor stretching from Northeast India
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืกื—ืจ ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื•
18:01
through Myanmar and Bangladesh to Southern China.
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ืœืžื™ืื ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ืŸ.
18:06
Their trade volume has grown from 20 billion dollars a decade ago
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ื ืคื— ื”ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœ ืž-20 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ
18:10
to 80 billion dollars today.
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ืขื“ 80 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ื™ื•ื.
18:12
Nuclear-armed India and Pakistan have fought three wars
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช
18:15
and continue to dispute Kashmir,
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉืžื™ืจ,
18:17
but they're also negotiating a most-favored-nation trade agreement
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืกื—ืจ ืœืžืขืžื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช
18:21
and want to complete a pipeline
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ื•ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืงื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช
18:23
stretching from Iran through Pakistan to India.
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ืฉื™ืชืคืจืฉ ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื“ืจืš ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
18:27
And let's talk about Iran.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ.
18:29
Wasn't it just two years ago that war with Iran seemed inevitable?
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ื”ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ ื ื“ืžืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช?
18:33
Then why is every single major power rushing to do business there today?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื” ื•ืžืขืฆืžื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืžืžื”ืจืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื?
18:40
Ladies and gentlemen,
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™,
18:41
I cannot guarantee that World War III will not break out.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืชืคืจื•ืฅ.
18:46
But we can definitely see why it hasn't happened yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื— ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”.
18:50
Even though Asia is home to the world's fastest growing militaries,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
18:54
these same countries are also investing billions of dollars
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ
18:58
in each other's infrastructure and supply chains.
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ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
19:00
They are more interested in each other's functional geography
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช
19:04
than in their political geography.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
19:07
And that is why their leaders think twice, step back from the brink,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ืคื•ืกืขื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ืžื”ืงืฆื”,
19:12
and decide to focus on economic ties over territorial tensions.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื.
19:18
So often it seems like the world is falling apart,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืคืจืง,
19:21
but building more connectivity
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
19:23
is how we put Humpty Dumpty back together again,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื˜ื™ ื“ืžืคื˜ื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
19:27
much better than before.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืœืคื ื™.
19:29
And by wrapping the world
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
19:31
in such seamless physical and digital connectivity,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื›ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื”,
19:34
we evolve towards a world
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืขื•ืœื
19:36
in which people can rise above their geographic constraints.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช.
19:40
We are the cells and vessels
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
19:44
pulsing through these global connectivity networks.
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ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
19:47
Everyday, hundreds of millions of people go online
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืจืฉืช
19:51
and work with people they've never met.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•.
19:53
More than one billion people cross borders every year,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
19:57
and that's expected to rise to three billion in the coming decade.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
20:02
We don't just build connectivity,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
20:04
we embody it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
20:06
We are the global network civilization,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
20:10
and this is our map.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคืชื ื•.
20:13
A map of the world in which geography is no longer destiny.
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ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ.
20:18
Instead, the future has a new and more hopeful motto:
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืกืžื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืœืืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ:
20:23
connectivity is destiny.
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœ.
20:26
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
20:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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