Paul Sereno: What can fossils teach us?

29,382 views ใƒป 2009-01-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
Sixty-five million years ago, a very important
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ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
00:20
and catastrophic event
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ืžืื•ืจืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™
00:22
changed the course of life on land.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
00:24
And although we know that the land animals I'm going to talk about
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื“ื‘ืจ
00:27
are just the scum of the Earth on the land --
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ื”ื ืจืง ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช -
00:30
the little bits of land floating around -- but they are important to us
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ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื - ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื“
00:32
because they're sort of in our scale of experience from millimeters to meters.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
00:36
And these animals disappeared,
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืœืžื•,
00:39
and a separate life, mammals,
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
00:43
radiated out to take their place. And so, we know this
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื•ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื. ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
00:45
in extraordinary detail. And so this is a core
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ื‘ืจืžืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืงืจืงืข
00:48
from near Bermuda. We know that the tsunamis, the earthquakes,
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ืžืœื™ื“ ื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ื, ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
00:51
and the things that we've experienced
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื•
00:53
in the entire record of humankind history
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”
00:55
can't really quite get around the kind of disaster
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ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืŸ
00:58
that this represented for the Earth.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื– ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื.
01:02
So even before that impact was known,
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ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื ื•ื“ืขื”,
01:06
even before scientists in general came to an agreement
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”
01:09
over the theory of evolution,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
01:11
scientists and natural historians of all kinds of stripes
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
01:14
actually had divided Earth's life's history
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ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื
01:16
into these two episodes:
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ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
01:18
Mesozoic, the middle life, and the Cenozoic, the recent life.
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
01:22
And as it turns out, it actually corresponds really nicely
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืชื•ืื ื™ืคื”
01:25
with geologic history.
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ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:27
So we have a Mesozoic period,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ,
01:29
an age of fragmentation,
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”,
01:31
and a Cenozoic period, an age of reconnection --
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ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ --
01:33
South America to North America, India to Asia.
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื ืืกื™ื”.
01:36
And so my work, really, is trying to understand
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™, ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:39
the character of that Mesozoic radiation
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ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ,
01:42
compared to the Cenozoic radiation
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืงื•ืŸ,
01:44
to see what mysteries we can understand from dinosaurs and from other animals
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:47
about what life on drifting continents
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
01:50
really can tell us about evolution.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:52
The work immediately begs the question,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื:
01:55
"Why didn't they go into the waters?"
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"ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื™ื?"
01:57
I mean, certainly mammals did. This is one example.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
01:59
You can go outside -- see many other examples.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” -- ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
02:01
Within five, 10 million years of the bolide impact
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5-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจ
02:04
we had a whole variety of animals going into the water. Why didn't they do that?
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื™ื. ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื?
02:08
Why didn't they hang around in trees at good size,
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื™ื?
02:10
and why didn't they burrow?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื—ืคืจื•?
02:12
Why didn't they do all these things, and if they didn't do all these things,
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”? ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
02:14
what kinds of animals were in those spaces?
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
02:16
And if there were no animals in those spaces, what does that tell us
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ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•
02:18
about, you know, how evolution works on land?
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”?
02:22
Really interesting questions. I think a lot of it has to do with body size.
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:26
In fact, I think that most of it has to do with body size --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ --
02:30
the size you are when you inherit
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื• ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื›ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืจืฉ
02:33
a vacant ecospace
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื”
02:35
from whatever natural disaster.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:37
Looking at dinosaur evolution
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ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
02:39
and studying it, digging it up for many years,
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ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื—ื•ืคืจ,
02:42
I end up looking at the mammal radiation,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
02:45
and it seems as though everything is quick time, just like technology,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:48
advancing by an order of magnitude.
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ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
02:50
Dinosaur evolution proceeded at a stately pace,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“,
02:53
an order of magnitude slower on any way you want to measure it.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืžื“ื“ื•.
02:56
You want to measure it by diversity?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ?
02:58
You want to measure it by
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกืžืš
03:00
the time it took to reach maximum body size?
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™?
03:02
Yes, they do have larger body size,
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:04
but many of them are smaller,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:06
but we're interested in the time it took them to achieve that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืงื— ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
03:08
Fifty million years to achieve this maximum body size.
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50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™.
03:12
And that is 10 times longer than it took the mammals
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืœืงื— ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
03:14
to achieve maximum body size
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™
03:16
and invade all those habitats.
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ื•ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:18
So there's lessons to learn,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื—ื™ื,
03:20
and there's lessons to learn from the exception,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
03:23
the exception that we know very well today from the discoveries we've made,
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
03:26
and many other scholars have made around the world.
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ื•ืžืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:28
This slide was shown before. This is the famous Jurassic bird Archaeopteryx.
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืงื•ื“ื. ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื - ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืงืก.
03:33
We now know this transition is the one time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
03:35
that dinosaurs actually went below
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ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžืชื—ืช
03:37
that body size --
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ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” --
03:39
we're going to see where they began in a minute --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื™ื“ --
03:41
and it is the one time that they rapidly
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืคืœืฉื•
03:43
invaded all the habitats
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:45
I just told you that dinosaurs weren't in.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื•.
03:47
They became marine. We now know them today
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:49
from the ice caps.
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ืžื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—.
03:51
There's burrowing birds.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื—ืคืจื™ื.
03:53
They inhabit the trees at all body sizes,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
03:55
and, of course, they inhabit the land.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
03:57
So we were the first to actually name a bird from the famous series
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืฉื ืœืขื•ืฃ
04:01
that later exploded onto the pages of Science and Nature.
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ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ืกื™ื™ื ืก ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆ'ืจ.
04:05
We called this bird Sinornis. It's a little bit more advanced than Archaeopteryx,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจืื ื• ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืกื™ื ื•ืจื™ืก. ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ื ืžืืจื›ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืงืก,
04:08
and if you go to different layers, you find things
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ื•ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืžืฆืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:10
that are less advanced than Archaeopteryx, and every grade in between,
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ืฉื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืืจื›ื™ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืงืก, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
04:13
so that if you find something today, we're usually splitting hairs --
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืชืžืฆืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื
04:17
or, more appropriately, feathers -- as to decide whether it's actually
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ื–ื”
04:19
a non-avian or an avian.
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ืขื•ืฃ ืื• ืœื.
04:21
It is the greatest transition that we have, actually,
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืขืฆื,
04:23
on land from one habitat to another,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
04:25
bar none,
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ืœืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
04:27
to understand how a bony,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื”
04:29
fairly heavy, kilogram or a couple-of-kilogram animal
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ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 1-2 ืง"ื’
04:32
could make such a transition.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”.
04:34
It is really our greatest -- one of our greatest -- evolutionary sequences.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:37
Now, my work began at the beginning.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
04:39
I thought if I'm going to understand dinosaur evolution,
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
04:41
I'd have to go back to those beds
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:43
where they had picked up fragments, go back to a time and a place
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ื‘ื”ื ืืกืคื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžืงื•ื
04:46
where the earliest dinosaurs existed.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:48
I'd like to call for this little video clip
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ืื ื™ ืืขื–ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืค ืงืฆืจ
04:51
to give you some idea of, sort of, what we face. Normally, we get asked a lot of questions:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื“"ื› ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•:
04:54
"Well, how do you find fossils in areas that look like this?"
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"ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”?"
04:58
If we could roll that first video clip.
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
05:01
This is sort of a nice helicopter ride
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ื–ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกืช ืžืกื•ืง
05:03
through those early beds,
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
05:05
and they're located in Northeastern Argentina.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”.
05:07
And we're coming over a cliff, and at the top of that cliff,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืง, ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
05:10
dinosaurs had basically taken over.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง.
05:12
At the bottom of the cliff, we find that they're rare as hens' teeth.
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:15
That's where dinosaur origins is to be found: at the bottom of the cliff.
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ืฉื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ: ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืง.
05:18
You go into an area like this, you get a geologic map,
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ืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืคื” ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:19
you get a topographic map,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืคื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช,
05:21
and the best, most-inspired team you can bring to the area.
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ืžืจืฅ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
05:25
And the rest is up to you. You've got to find fossils.
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ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืš. ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
05:28
You've got to dig a hole that's usually quite a bit bigger than that
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”
05:31
to get it out; you've got to climb those cliffs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:33
and find, really, everything that existed --
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื --
05:37
not just the dinosaurs, but the entire story. If you're lucky,
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื–ืœ,
05:39
and you dig a place like that,
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ื•ืืชื” ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื”,
05:41
you actually find the ash bed to dig it, and we did.
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ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืืคืจ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืื ื•.
05:44
228 million years old, we found
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228 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืื ื•
05:48
what really is the most primitive dinosaur:
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ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™:
05:50
that's the Ur-dinosaur.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืจ-ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ.
05:52
A three-and-a-half foot thing,
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžื˜ืจ,
05:54
beautiful skull, predator,
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ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”, ื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
05:56
meat-eater, a two-legged animal.
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ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
05:58
So, all the other dinosaurs that you know,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
06:00
or your kids know, at least, on four legs.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
06:02
This is sort of a look at the skull,
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ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
06:04
and it's an absolutely fantastic thing about five or six inches long.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 15 ืก"ืž.
06:07
It looks rather bird-like because it is.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ืžื•ื™-ืขื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื–ื”.
06:10
It's bird-like and hollow.
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ื–ื” ื“ืžื•ื™-ืขื•ืฃ ื•ื—ืœื•ืœ.
06:12
A predator. Maybe 25 pounds,
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ื˜ื•ืจืฃ. ืื•ืœื™ 25 ืคืื•ื ื“,
06:14
or 10 kilograms.
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ืื• 10 ืงื™ืœื•.
06:16
That's where dinosaurs began. That's where the radiation began.
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
06:18
That is 10 times larger
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ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื”
06:20
than the mammal radiation, which was a four-legged radiation.
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ืžื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
06:23
We are extremely dinosaur-like,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ,
06:25
and unusual in our two-legged approach to life.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ื•-ืจื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
06:29
Now, if you want to understand what happened
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื”
06:31
then when the continents broke apart,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื•ื ืคืจื“ื•,
06:33
and dinosaurs found -- landlubbers, as they are --
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื -- ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืื“ืžื” --
06:35
found themselves adrift. There's some missing puzzle pieces.
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ืžืฆืื• ืขืฆืžื ืžืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืคืื–ืœ.
06:41
Most of those missing puzzle pieces are southern continents,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืžื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช
06:42
because it was those continents that are least explored.
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ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืงืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
06:45
If you want to add to this picture and try and sketch it globally,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช,
06:48
you really have to force yourself to go down
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ืชื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช
06:50
to the four corners of the Earth --
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ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื --
06:52
Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia --
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ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” --
06:55
and start putting together some of these pieces.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:58
I've been to some of those continents, but Africa was,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื”,
07:01
in the words of Steven Pinker, was a blank slate, largely.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืจ, ืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”.
07:04
But one with an immense chalkboard in the middle,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœื” ืœื•ื— ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืขื ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื”,
07:07
with lots of little areas of dinosaur rock
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ
07:09
if you could survive an expedition.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช.
07:12
There's no roads into the Sahara. It's an enormous place.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื”ืจื”. ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื.
07:15
To be able to excavate
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ืคื•ืจ
07:17
the 80 tons of dinosaurs that we have in the Sahara
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ืืช 80 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื”ืจื”
07:20
and take them out, you really have to put together
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘
07:23
an expedition team that can handle the conditions.
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื.
07:26
Some of them are political. Many of them are physical.
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ื—ืœืงื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
07:29
Some of them -- the most important -- are mental.
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ื—ืœืงื -- ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื -- ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
07:32
And you really have to be able to withstand conditions --
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื --
07:34
you have to drive into the desert,
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
07:36
you will see landscapes in many cases --
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ืชืจืื• ื ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื --
07:39
you can see from what we've discovered --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• --
07:40
that nobody else has ever seen.
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ืฉืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื ืจืื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
07:42
And the kinds of teams they bring in?
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื?
07:44
Well, they're
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ืื–, ื”ื
07:48
composed of
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
07:50
people who understand science as adventure with a purpose.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื›ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืขื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“.
07:53
They're usually students who've never seen a desert.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
07:55
Some of them are more experienced.
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ื—ืœืงื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ืกื™ื.
07:57
Your job as a leader -- this is definitely a team sport --
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ -- ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ --
07:59
your job as a leader is to try to inspire them
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœืš ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจืื”
08:02
to do more work than they've ever done in their life
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
08:04
under conditions that they can't imagine.
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ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
08:07
So, 125 degrees is normal.
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52 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื–ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ.
08:09
The ground surface at 150 -- typical.
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66 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข -- ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
08:13
So, you can't leave your normal metal tools out
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ืื– ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
08:16
because you'll get a first-degree burn if you grab them sometimes.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื›ื•ื™ื™ื” ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืชื.
08:19
So, you are finding yourself also in an amazing cultural milieu.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
08:23
You're really rubbing shoulders
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ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ื›ื›ื™ื
08:25
with the world's last great nomadic people.
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ืขื ื”ืขื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:29
These are the Tuareg nomads, and they're living their lives
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืืจื’, ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:31
much as they have for centuries.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื• ืžื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
08:34
Your job is to excavate things like this in the foreground,
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”,
08:36
and make them enter the pages of history.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
08:38
To do that, you've got to actually transport them
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื
08:40
thousands of miles out of the desert.
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ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ.
08:42
We're talking about Ethiopia, but let's talk about Niger --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ื’ืจ --
08:44
or Niger, in our English language -- north of Nigeria --
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ืื• ื ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช -- ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” --
08:47
that's where this photograph was taken.
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ืฉื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:49
Basically you're talking about a country that,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”,
08:51
when we started working there, did not have container traffic.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:55
You transported the bones out yourself
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ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•
08:57
to the coast of Africa,
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ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
09:00
onto a boat, if you wanted to get them out of the middle of the Sahara.
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ื•ื”ืขืžืกื ื• ืขืœ ืื ื™ื”, ืื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืกื”ืจื”.
09:02
That's a 2,000 mile journey.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืข ืฉืœ 3000 ืง"ืž.
09:04
So enormous excavations and a lot of work,
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ืื– ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
09:08
and out of essentially a partial herd of dinosaurs
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืขื“ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
09:10
that you saw buried there -- 20 tons of material --
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื -- 20 ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ --
09:14
we erect Jobaria,
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ื’'ื•ื‘ืจื™ื”,
09:16
a sauropod dinosaur like we haven't seen on some other continents.
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื–ืื•ืจื•ืคื•ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืืฃ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช.
09:18
It really is a little bit out of place temporally.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฆืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื–ืžืŸ.
09:20
It looks nothing like what we would find
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
09:22
if we dug in contemporary beds in North America.
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ืคืจื ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
09:25
Here's the animal that was causing it trouble.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ืช.
09:29
And, you know, on and on --
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” --
09:31
a whole menagerie. When you pick up something like this --
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ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื. ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” --
09:33
and some of you have had the chance to touch it --
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ื•ืœื—ืœืงื›ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื” --
09:35
this is a piece of history. You're touching something that's 110 million years old.
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ื–ืืช ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืืชื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 110 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:37
This is a thumb claw. There it was, moments after it was discovered.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื.
09:40
It is an incredible view of life,
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:42
and it really began when we began to understand
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:44
the depth of time.
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ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:46
It's only been with us for less than a century,
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืชื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
09:48
and in that time, that fourth dimension,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืžื“ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™,
09:50
when radioactive dating came about, less than a century ago,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืืจื•ืš ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
09:53
and we could actually tell how old some of these things were,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:57
is probably the most profound transformation,
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:59
because it changes the way we look at ourselves
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
10:01
and the world dramatically.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
10:03
When you pick up a piece of history like that,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื•,
10:05
I think it can transform
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช
10:07
kids that are possibly interested in science.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข.
10:09
That's the animal that thumb claw came from: Suchomimus.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื˜ื•ืคืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ: ืกื•ื›ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืก.
10:12
Here's some others.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:14
This is something we found in Morocco, an immense animal.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•, ื—ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
10:17
We prototyped by CAT-scanning the brain out of this animal.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืจื™ืงืช ืกื™-ื˜ื™ ืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:20
It turns out to have a forebrain
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื•ื— ืงื“ืžื™
10:22
one-fifteenth the size of a human.
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ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
10:25
This was the cover of Science, because they thought
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืกื™ื™ื ืก, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
10:27
that humans were more intelligent than these animals,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
10:29
but we can see by some in our administration
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
10:31
that despite
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช
10:34
the enormous advantage in brain volume
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืžื•ื—
10:36
some of the attitudes remain the same. Anyway,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
10:40
smaller raptors.
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ืจืืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
10:43
All the stuff from Jurassic Park that you know of --
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืคืืจืง ื”ื™ื•ืจื” --
10:45
all those small animals --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” --
10:47
they all come from northern continents.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
10:49
This is the first skeleton from a southern continent,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช,
10:51
and guess what? You start preparing it.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”? ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
10:54
It has no big claw on its hind foot. It doesn't look like a Velociraptor.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื˜ื•ืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื•ืœื•ืกื™ืจืืคื˜ื•ืจ.
10:57
It's really a wholly separate radiation.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:59
So what we're trying to piece together here is a story.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
11:01
It involves flying reptiles like this Pterosaur
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:04
that we reconstructed from Africa.
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ืฉืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:06
Crocodiles, of course,
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ืชื ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
11:08
and that's a nasty one we haven't named yet.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืจื•ืฉืข ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืฉื.
11:11
And huge things -- I mean, this is a
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ืืช
11:14
lower jaw just laying there in the desert
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ืœืกืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
11:16
of this enormous crocodile.
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ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
11:18
The crocodile is technically called Sarcosuchus.
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืกืืจืงื•ืกื•ืงื•ืก.
11:21
That's an adult Orinoco crocodile in its jaws.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
11:24
We had to try and reconstruct this.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
11:26
We had to actually look at recent crocodiles
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
11:28
to understand how crocodiles scale.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื™ื ื™ื.
11:31
Could I have the second little video clip?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืจื’ืข ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™?
11:33
Now, this field is just -- and, of course, science in general -- is just -- adventure.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง -- ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ -- ืจืง ื”ืจืคืชืงื”.
11:39
We had to find and measure
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“
11:41
the largest crocodiles living today.
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ืืช ื”ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:43
Narrator: ... as long as their boat.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ...ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื”.
11:45
Man: Look at that set of choppers! Yeah, he's a big one.
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ืื“ื: ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”! ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:48
Narrator: If they can just land it,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืื ื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงืจืงืข ืื•ืชื•,
11:50
this croc will provide useful data,
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ื”ืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™,
11:52
helping Paul in his quest to understand Sarcosuchus.
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ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืกืืจืงื•ืกื•ืงื•ืก.
11:56
Man: OK, hand me some more here. Man 2: OK.
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ืื“ื: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืชืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ. ืื“ื 2: ืื•ืงื™ื™.
12:00
Narrator: It falls to Paul to cover its eyes.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
12:06
Man: Watch out! Watch out! No, no, no, no. You're going to have to get on the back legs.
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ืื“ื: ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ! ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ! ืœื, ืœื, ืœื, ืœื. ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:10
Man: I got the back legs.
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ืื“ื: ืื ื™ ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:12
Man 2: You have the back legs? No, you have the front legs, my friend.
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ืื“ื 2: ืชืคืกืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช? ืœื, ืชืคืกืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื— ืฉืœื™.
12:14
I've got it. I've got the back legs.
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ืชืคืกืชื™. ืชืคืกืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:17
Somebody get the front legs.
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช.
12:24
Paul Sereno: Let's get this tape measure on him. Put it right there.
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ืคื•ืœ ืกืจื ื•: ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืŸ.
12:29
Wow.
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ื•ื•ืื•.
12:31
Sixty-five. Wow.
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65. ื•ื•ืื•.
12:34
That's a big skull.
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ื–ืืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
12:36
Narrator: Big, but less than half the size
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
12:38
of supercroc's skull.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืชื ื™ืŸ.
12:40
Man: Enormous. PS: You've got a ... 14-foot croc.
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ืื“ื: ืขืฆื•ื. ืคื•ืœ: ื™ืฉ ืœืš... ืชื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 4.25 ืž'.
12:44
Man: I knew it was big.
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ืื“ื: ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:49
PS: Don't get off. You don't get off, but don't worry about me.
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ืคื•ืœ: ืืœ ืชืจื“. ืืœ ืชืจื“, ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ ืœื™.
12:53
Narrator: Paul has his data, so they decide
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืคื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ืื– ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
12:55
to release the animal back into the river.
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
13:02
PS: Don't get off! Don't get off! Don't get off!
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ืคื•ืœ: ืืœ ืชืจื“! ืืœ ืชืจื“! ืืœ ืชืจื“!
13:07
Narrator: Paul has never seen a fossil do that.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืคื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื›ื”.
13:11
PS: Okay, when I say three, we move.
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ืคื•ืœ: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื–ื™ื.
13:13
One, two, three!
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ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ!
13:18
Whoa!
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ื•ื•ืื•ื•!
13:20
So -- there were --
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ืื– -- ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• --
13:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:28
Well, you know, the -- the fossil record is truly amazing
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
13:31
because it really forces you to look at living animals in a new way.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”.
13:33
We proved with those measurements
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื•
13:35
that crocodiles scaled isometrically.
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ืฉืชื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
13:38
It depended on the shape of their skull, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื,
13:39
so we had to actually get those measurements
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
13:41
to be sure that we had reconstructed and could prove to the scientific world
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืขื™
13:44
that supercroc in fact is a 40-foot crocodile, probably a male.
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ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 12 ืž', ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื›ืจ.
13:47
Anyway, you find other things, too.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:49
I'm going to lead an expedition to the Sahara
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœืกื”ืจื”
13:51
to dig up Africa's largest neolithic site.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื ื™ืื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:55
We found this last year.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
13:57
Two hundred skeletons, tools, jewelry.
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200 ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ื, ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื.
13:59
This is a ceremonial disk.
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ื–ื• ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ืช.
14:02
An amazing record of the colonization of the Sahara
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืกื”ืจื”
14:05
5,000 years ago is been sitting out there
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ืœืคื ื™ 5,000 ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื
14:07
waiting for us to go back. So, really exciting.
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ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ื ื•. ืื–, ื‘ืืžืช ืžืœื”ื™ื‘.
14:09
And then work later is going to take us to Tibet.
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ื•ืื–, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืชื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
14:12
Now, we normally think of Tibet as a highland.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืืœ ืจืžื”.
14:14
It's really an island continent.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื• ื™ื‘ืฉืช-ืื™.
14:16
It was a precursor to India,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
14:18
a messenger from Gondwana --
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ืฉืœื™ื— ืžื’ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืื ื” --
14:21
a lost paradise of dinosaurs
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ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
14:23
isolated for millions of years.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
14:25
No one's found them. We know where they are,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื•,
14:27
and we're going to go and get them next year.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
14:29
They're only between 13 and 14,000 feet,
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 4000-4300 ืž',
14:32
but if you go in the warm part of the year, it's O.K.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
14:35
Now, I tried to suture together a dinosaur evolutionary history
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
14:38
so that we can try to understand
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:40
some basic patterns of evolution.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
14:42
I've talked about a few of them. We really need to take that further.
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:45
We need to delve into this mass of anatomy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
14:47
that we've been compiling
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื
14:49
to understand where the changes are occurring and what this means.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื.
14:52
We can't predict, necessarily, what will happen in evolution,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
14:54
but we can learn some of the rules of the game,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
14:56
and that's really what we're trying to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:58
With regard to the biogeographic question,
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช,
15:00
the Earth is dividing.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชืคืฆืœ.
15:02
These are all landlubbing animals. There's a couple of choices.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจืงืข. ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
15:04
You get divided, and a continent's division
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ืืชื” ืžืชืคืฆืœ, ื•ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช
15:07
corresponds to a fork in the evolutionary tree,
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ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื–ืœื’ ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™,
15:09
or you're crafty, and you manage to escape
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืขืจืžื•ืžื™, ื•ืืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ืจื•ื—
15:12
from one to the other and erase that division,
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ืžื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื•ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
15:15
or you're living peacefully on each side,
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ืื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“,
15:18
and on one side you just go extinct,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืืชื” ื ื›ื—ื“,
15:20
and you survive on the other side and create a difference.
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ื•ืืชื” ืฉื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
15:23
And the fourth thing is that you actually did one or the other
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช
15:25
of those three things, but the paleontologist never found you.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ืœื ืžืฆื ืื•ืชืš.
15:28
And you take those four instances
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ื•ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
15:31
and you realize you have a complex problem.
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ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
15:34
And so, in addition to digging, I think we have some answers
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ืื–, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืคื™ืจื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
15:37
from the dinosaur record. I think these dinosaurs migrated --
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ืžืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ื“ื• --
15:40
we call it dispersal -- around the globe, with the slightest land bridge.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืชืคื–ืจื• -- ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“.
15:43
They did it within two or three degrees of the pole,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 2-3 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
15:47
to maintain similarity between continents.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
15:49
But when they were divided, indeed they were divided,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•, ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•,
15:52
and we do see the continents
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช
15:54
carving differences among dinosaurs.
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ื—ื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
15:56
But there's one thing that's even more important, and I think that's extinction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
15:59
We have downgraded this factor.
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ื”ืคื—ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื–ื”.
16:01
It carves up the history of life,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:03
and gives us the differences that we see
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
16:05
in the dinosaur world towards the end,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
16:07
right before the bolide impact.
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ืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ.
16:09
The best way to test this is to actually create a model.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ.
16:11
So if we move back, this is a two-dimensional typical tree of life.
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ืื– ืื ื ืœืš ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื–ื”ื• ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
16:15
I want to give you three dimensions.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
16:17
So you see the tree of life,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:20
but now I've added the dimension of area.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื’ื ืืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
16:23
So the tree of life is normally divergence over time.
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ืื– ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
16:27
Now we have divergence over time, but we've created the third dimension of area.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—.
16:30
This is a computer program
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘
16:32
which has three knobs.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” 3 ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื.
16:34
We can control those things that we're worried about:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•:
16:36
extinction, sampling, dispersal --
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ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื“ื’ื™ืžื”, ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช --
16:40
going from one area to another.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
16:42
And ultimately we can control the branching
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช
16:44
to mimic what we think the continents were like,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉื ืจืื• ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื ื•,
16:47
and run it a thousand times, so we can estimate the parameters,
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ื•ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ืืœืคื™ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื,
16:51
to answer the question whether we are on the mark or not,
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืœื,
16:54
at least to know the barriers of the problems. So that's a little bit about the science.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืื– ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
16:58
Today I'm going to spend the rest of my few minutes up here
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื ืฆืœ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ
16:59
talking about the other stuff that I do in Chicago,
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ื‘ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
17:03
which is related to the fact that I never --
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื --
17:05
and actually, in talking to a lot of TEDsters,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ TED,
17:08
there's a number of you out there -- I don't know that I'd get an answer
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ -- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืชืขื ื• ืœื™
17:11
honestly, if I asked you to raise your hand,
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ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“,
17:13
but there are a number of you out there that started your
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื
17:15
scientific, technical, entertainment career
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ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
17:18
as failures, by society's standards, as failures by schools.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
17:22
I was one of those. I was failed by my school -- my school failed me.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืฉืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ื’ื“ ื‘ื™.
17:25
Who's pointing fingers?
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ืžื™ ืžืืฉื™ื?
17:27
Several teachers nearly killed me.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื™.
17:30
I found myself in art.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.
17:32
I was a total failure in school, not really headed to graduate high school.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก, ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
17:35
And I went on -- that's my first painting on canvas.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ -- ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื“.
17:37
I read a dictionary. I got into college.
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ. ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืงื•ืœื’'.
17:39
I became an artist. O.K., and started drawing.
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืืžืŸ. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ.
17:41
It became abstract.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜.
17:43
I worked up a portfolio, and I was headed to New York.
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
17:45
Sometimes I would see bones when there was a body there.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื’ื•ืคื”.
17:48
Something was going on in the background. I headed to New York to a studio.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื” ื‘ืจืงืข. ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
17:52
I took a side trip to the American Museum, and I never recovered.
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ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ [ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข], ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉืชื™.
17:56
But really it's the same discipline -- they're kindred disciplines.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื -- ื”ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ื™ื.
17:59
I mean, is there anything
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•
18:01
that is not visualizing what can't be seen,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื,
18:04
in terms of discovering this dinosaur bone from a small piece of it
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
18:07
that's out there, or seeing the distortion
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื, ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช
18:09
that we try to see
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
18:11
as evolutionary distortion in one animal to another?
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ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”?
18:13
This is a very extraordinarily visual.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
18:15
I give you a human face because you're experts at that.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืคื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
18:17
It takes us years to understand how to do that with dinosaurs.
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ืœื•ืงื— ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
18:21
They're really kindred disciplines.
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ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ื™ื.
18:23
But what we're trying to create in Chicago
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
18:26
is a way to get,
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’,
18:29
collect together, those students
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื™ื—ื“, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
18:31
who are least represented in our science and technology spheres.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
18:34
We all know, and there's been several allusions to it,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื›ืžื” ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื,
18:37
that we are failing in our ability to produce
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
18:40
enough scientists, engineers and technicians.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื.
18:43
We've known that for a long time. We've gone through the Sputnik phase,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ. ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง,
18:46
and now, as you see the increase
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”
18:48
in the pace of what we're doing,
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
18:50
it becomes even more prominent. Where are all these people going to come from?
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜. ืžืื™ืคื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
18:53
And a more general question for our society is,
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื
18:55
what's going to happen to all the rest that are left behind?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ?
18:58
What about all the kids like me that were in school --
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก --
19:00
kids like some of you out there --
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื --
19:02
that were in school and didn't get a chance and will never get a chance
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
19:05
to participate in science and technology?
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ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”?
19:07
Those are the questions I ask. And we talk about Ethiopia, and it's very important.
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ืืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
19:10
Niger is equally important, and I'm trying desperately
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ื ื™ื’ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
19:12
to do something in Niger.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจ.
19:14
They have an AIDS problem. I asked --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืื™ื™ื“ืก. ืื ื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ --
19:16
the U.S. State Department asked the government recently,
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ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
19:19
What do you want to do? And they gave them two problems.
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ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ื•ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
19:21
Dinosaurs was one of them.
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื.
19:23
Give us a museum of dinosaurs,
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ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
19:25
and we will attract tourists, which is our number two industry.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฉื•ืš ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืืฆืœื ื•.
19:28
And I hope to God the United States government, me, or TED,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชืคืœืœ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘, ืื ื™ ืื• TED,
19:32
or somebody helps us do that, because that would be an incredible thing for their country.
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ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
19:35
But when we look back at our own country, we're looking back at our cities,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
19:38
the cities where most of you come from -- certainly the city I come from --
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื”ื’ืขืชื -- ื‘ื˜ื— ื–ืืช ืžืžื ื” ืื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ --
19:40
there's legions of kids out there
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
19:42
like these.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
19:44
And the question is -- and we started to address this question for centuries --
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื -- ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช --
19:47
as to how we get these kids involved in science.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื“ืข.
19:50
We've started in Chicago
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
19:52
an organization -- a non-profit organization --
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
19:54
called Project Exploration.
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืคืจื•ื’'ืงื˜ ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจื™ื™ืฉืŸ".
19:56
These are two kids from Project Exploration.
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
19:58
We met them in their early stages in high school. They were --
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ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• --
20:00
failing to poor students,
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ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื,
20:02
and they are now -- one at the University of Chicago, another in Illinois.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื -- ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™.
20:06
We've got students at Harvard. We're six years old.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
20:08
And we created a track record.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื™ืื™ื.
20:10
Because when you go out there as a scholar, and you try to find out longitudinal studies,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืื•ืจืš,
20:13
track records like that, there essentially are very few, if none.
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ืฉื™ืื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
20:17
So, we've created an incredible track record of 100 percent graduation,
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ 100% ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
20:21
90 percent going to college, many first-generation,
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90% ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื’', ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื,
20:24
90 percent of those choosing science as a career.
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90% ืžื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
20:27
It's an impressive track record, and so we look back and we say,
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
20:30
well, we didn't really exactly work this out theoretically from the start,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
20:33
but when we look back, there are theoretical movements in science education.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืžื“ืข.
20:36
It's gone through science as an inquiry,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ืข ื›ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ,
20:38
which was a big advance,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
20:41
and Dewey back at Chicago --
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• --
20:43
you learn by doing.
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ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
20:45
To -- you learn by envisioning yourself
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ืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื
20:50
as a scientist,
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ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
20:52
and then you learn to envision yourself as a scientist.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ.
20:55
The next step is to learn the capability
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
20:57
to make yourself a scientist.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœืžื“ืขืŸ.
21:00
You have to have those steps. If you have --
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืื ืืชื” --
21:02
It's easy to get kids interested in science.
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข.
21:04
It's hard to get them to envision themselves as a scientist,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
21:07
which involves standing up in front of people like we're doing here at this symposium
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื”,
21:11
and presenting something as a knowledgeable person,
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ,
21:13
and then seeing yourself in the role as a scientist
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ื•ืื– ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ
21:16
and giving yourself the tools to pursue that.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
21:19
And so, that's what we're going to do. We're planning a permanent home in Chicago.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
21:22
We have lots of ideas, but I guarantee you this one thing --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ --
21:24
and I've talked to some people here at TED --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ TED ื›ืืŸ --
21:26
it's not going to look like anything you've seen before.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
21:28
It's going to be part-school, part-museum hall,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™"ืก, ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ,
21:30
part-conservatory, part-zoo,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
21:33
and part of an answer to the problem
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
21:36
of how you interest kids in science.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข.
21:37
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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