Paul Sereno: What can fossils teach us?

29,520 views ใƒป 2009-01-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hanna Son ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:18
Sixty-five million years ago, a very important
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6์ฒœ5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์ „, ๋งค์šฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ
00:20
and catastrophic event
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๋Œ€ ์ด๋ณ€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
00:22
changed the course of life on land.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And although we know that the land animals I'm going to talk about
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด ๋•…์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
00:27
are just the scum of the Earth on the land --
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:30
the little bits of land floating around -- but they are important to us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ๋…€์„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
00:32
because they're sort of in our scale of experience from millimeters to meters.
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๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And these animals disappeared,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ณ ,
00:39
and a separate life, mammals,
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์‚ถ์€ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค,
00:43
radiated out to take their place. And so, we know this
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ„ฐ์ ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
in extraordinary detail. And so this is a core
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:48
from near Bermuda. We know that the tsunamis, the earthquakes,
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๋ฒ„๋ฎค๋‹ค ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
and the things that we've experienced
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•ด์ผ,
00:53
in the entire record of humankind history
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์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์€
00:55
can't really quite get around the kind of disaster
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์žฌ๋‚œ์—
00:58
that this represented for the Earth.
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๋น„ํ• ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชป ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
So even before that impact was known,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋จผ์ € ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ,
01:06
even before scientists in general came to an agreement
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ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
01:09
over the theory of evolution,
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์ง„ํ™” ์ด๋ก ์ด ์šฐ์œ„์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:11
scientists and natural historians of all kinds of stripes
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
01:14
actually had divided Earth's life's history
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
01:16
into these two episodes:
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Mesozoic, the middle life, and the Cenozoic, the recent life.
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์ค‘์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์ค‘๋ฅ˜ ์ƒํ™œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด์ฃ 
01:22
And as it turns out, it actually corresponds really nicely
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์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๊ณก์ฐจ๊ณก ์Œ“์ธ ์ง€์งˆ์€
01:25
with geologic history.
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€๋„ ๋”ฑ ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
So we have a Mesozoic period,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์ค‘์ƒ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€.
01:29
an age of fragmentation,
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ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:31
and a Cenozoic period, an age of reconnection --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์‹ ์ƒ๋Œ€, ์žฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€--
01:33
South America to North America, India to Asia.
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๋‚จ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๋ถ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ธ๋””์•„์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:36
And so my work, really, is trying to understand
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ง์—…์€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
01:39
the character of that Mesozoic radiation
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋Œ€์™€ ์‹ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜
01:42
compared to the Cenozoic radiation
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:44
to see what mysteries we can understand from dinosaurs and from other animals
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๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:47
about what life on drifting continents
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๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ
01:50
really can tell us about evolution.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
The work immediately begs the question,
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์ด ์ผ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
"Why didn't they go into the waters?"
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"๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ๋ฌผ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ?"
01:57
I mean, certainly mammals did. This is one example.
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์ด๊ฑด, ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
You can go outside -- see many other examples.
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๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด - ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:01
Within five, 10 million years of the bolide impact
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5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์—์„œ ์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ํญ๋ฐœ์œ ์„ฑ ์ถฉ๋Œํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
02:04
we had a whole variety of animals going into the water. Why didn't they do that?
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์ž ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:08
Why didn't they hang around in trees at good size,
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:10
and why didn't they burrow?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตด์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:12
Why didn't they do all these things, and if they didn't do all these things,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค,
02:14
what kinds of animals were in those spaces?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:16
And if there were no animals in those spaces, what does that tell us
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
02:18
about, you know, how evolution works on land?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ด ๋•…์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:22
Really interesting questions. I think a lot of it has to do with body size.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋„ค์š”.
02:26
In fact, I think that most of it has to do with body size --
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํฐ ๋ชธ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.-
02:30
the size you are when you inherit
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์ง‘์—ญ์‹œ
02:33
a vacant ecospace
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๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ๋“œ ๋„“์€
02:35
from whatever natural disaster.
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์ž์—ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Looking at dinosaur evolution
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:39
and studying it, digging it up for many years,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
02:42
I end up looking at the mammal radiation,
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
and it seems as though everything is quick time, just like technology,
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์งง์€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€, ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:48
advancing by an order of magnitude.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ง„๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Dinosaur evolution proceeded at a stately pace,
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์€
02:53
an order of magnitude slower on any way you want to measure it.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
You want to measure it by diversity?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋…€์„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
02:58
You want to measure it by
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
03:00
the time it took to reach maximum body size?
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ์น˜ ํฐ ๋…€์„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ฏค ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
03:02
Yes, they do have larger body size,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฉ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
but many of them are smaller,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋…€์„๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
but we're interested in the time it took them to achieve that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋‘์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Fifty million years to achieve this maximum body size.
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5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ์น˜๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And that is 10 times longer than it took the mammals
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชธ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:14
to achieve maximum body size
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10๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ
03:16
and invade all those habitats.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
So there's lessons to learn,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๊ณ ,
03:20
and there's lessons to learn from the exception,
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๊ทธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€, '์˜ˆ์™ธ'๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
the exception that we know very well today from the discoveries we've made,
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ '์˜ˆ์™ธ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
03:26
and many other scholars have made around the world.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ์ „ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ผ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
This slide was shown before. This is the famous Jurassic bird Archaeopteryx.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ์ฅ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ์˜ ์‹œ์กฐ์ƒˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
We now know this transition is the one time
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:35
that dinosaurs actually went below
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๊ทธ๋กœ์ธํ•ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๊ณ 
03:37
that body size --
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๋ชธ์ง‘๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:39
we're going to see where they began in a minute --
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(์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)
03:41
and it is the one time that they rapidly
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ
03:43
invaded all the habitats
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:45
I just told you that dinosaurs weren't in.
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๊ทธ ์ฆˆ์Œ์— ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
They became marine. We now know them today
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ฐจ ํ•ด์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 
03:49
from the ice caps.
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๋งŒ๋…„์„ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์„ค๋กœ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
There's burrowing birds.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
They inhabit the trees at all body sizes,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
and, of course, they inhabit the land.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋•…์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
So we were the first to actually name a bird from the famous series
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ €, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:01
that later exploded onto the pages of Science and Nature.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ํ•œํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
We called this bird Sinornis. It's a little bit more advanced than Archaeopteryx,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ Sinornis๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์กฐ์ƒˆ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
and if you go to different layers, you find things
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ธต์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
04:10
that are less advanced than Archaeopteryx, and every grade in between,
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋œ ์‹œ์กฐ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์ธต๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
so that if you find something today, we're usually splitting hairs --
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๋งŒ์ผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ‰์†Œ์— ์‹œ์‹œ์ฝœ์ฝœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”
04:17
or, more appropriately, feathers -- as to decide whether it's actually
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(์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ)์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ด ๋…€์„์ด ์ƒˆ์ธ์ง€
04:19
a non-avian or an avian.
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์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
04:21
It is the greatest transition that we have, actually,
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์ด ๋…€์„์€ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณผ๋•Œ
04:23
on land from one habitat to another,
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๋งค์šฐ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”์˜
04:25
bar none,
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๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ
04:27
to understand how a bony,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ ,
04:29
fairly heavy, kilogram or a couple-of-kilogram animal
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๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ , ๋‘๋ฐฐ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ด
04:32
could make such a transition.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
It is really our greatest -- one of our greatest -- evolutionary sequences.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ ๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ -๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜- ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ฐ์†๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:37
Now, my work began at the beginning.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์ œ ์ผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
I thought if I'm going to understand dinosaur evolution,
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์ €๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:41
I'd have to go back to those beds
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
where they had picked up fragments, go back to a time and a place
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ„ฐ์ ผ, ์•„์ฃผ์˜›๋‚ . ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ
04:46
where the earliest dinosaurs existed.
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๊ทธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:48
I'd like to call for this little video clip
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํด๋ฆฝ์„
04:51
to give you some idea of, sort of, what we face. Normally, we get asked a lot of questions:
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์–ด๋–ค ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ, ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
"Well, how do you find fossils in areas that look like this?"
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"์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋•…์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”์„๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋‚˜์š”?"
04:58
If we could roll that first video clip.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ‹€๋ฉด,
05:01
This is sort of a nice helicopter ride
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฟˆ ์†์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
05:03
through those early beds,
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๊ฐ€๋ฟํžˆ ์›€์ง์—ฌ
05:05
and they're located in Northeastern Argentina.
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๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
And we're coming over a cliff, and at the top of that cliff,
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์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋์—์„œ
05:10
dinosaurs had basically taken over.
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๋ฐ”ํ†ค์„ ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
At the bottom of the cliff, we find that they're rare as hens' teeth.
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์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์•”์ปท์˜ ์ด๋นจ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
That's where dinosaur origins is to be found: at the bottom of the cliff.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ์š”.
05:18
You go into an area like this, you get a geologic map,
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆํ•™ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:19
you get a topographic map,
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์ง€ํ˜•ํ•™ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
05:21
and the best, most-inspired team you can bring to the area.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŒ€์„ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
And the rest is up to you. You've got to find fossils.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ™”์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
You've got to dig a hole that's usually quite a bit bigger than that
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ํ™”์„์„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ง‘์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ์˜
05:31
to get it out; you've got to climb those cliffs
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:33
and find, really, everything that existed --
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๊ณต๋ฃก ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์•ผ๊นƒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„
05:37
not just the dinosaurs, but the entire story. If you're lucky,
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์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์šด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:39
and you dig a place like that,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๊ณ ,
05:41
you actually find the ash bed to dig it, and we did.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์žฟ๋”๋ฏธ ์†์„ ํŒŒํ—ค์ณ์•ผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
228 million years old, we found
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2์–ต2์ฒœ8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์ „์˜
05:48
what really is the most primitive dinosaur:
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์•„์ฃผ ์›์‹œ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:50
that's the Ur-dinosaur.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
A three-and-a-half foot thing,
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35ํ”ผํŠธ,
05:54
beautiful skull, predator,
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ, ์•ฝํƒˆ์ž,
05:56
meat-eater, a two-legged animal.
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์œก์‹์ฃผ์˜์ž, ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฌผ.
05:58
So, all the other dinosaurs that you know,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:00
or your kids know, at least, on four legs.
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๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
This is sort of a look at the skull,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด๋ฉฐ,
06:04
and it's an absolutely fantastic thing about five or six inches long.
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๋งค์šฐ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ 5~6์ธ์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
It looks rather bird-like because it is.
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์ƒˆ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
It's bird-like and hollow.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†์ด ํ…… ๋น„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
A predator. Maybe 25 pounds,
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์•ฝํƒˆ์ž. ์•„๋งˆ 25ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ์ฏค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:14
or 10 kilograms.
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10kg์ฏค ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
That's where dinosaurs began. That's where the radiation began.
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์ด๊ณณ์ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
That is 10 times larger
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ํฌ์œ  ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:20
than the mammal radiation, which was a four-legged radiation.
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10๋ฐฐ์ •๋„ ๋” ํฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์กฑ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
We are extremely dinosaur-like,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
06:25
and unusual in our two-legged approach to life.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด์กฑ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
Now, if you want to understand what happened
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์„๋•Œ
06:31
then when the continents broke apart,
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:33
and dinosaurs found -- landlubbers, as they are --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:35
found themselves adrift. There's some missing puzzle pieces.
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๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํผ์ฆ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
Most of those missing puzzle pieces are southern continents,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํผ์ฆ ์กฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
because it was those continents that are least explored.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
If you want to add to this picture and try and sketch it globally,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:48
you really have to force yourself to go down
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด ๋„ค ๊ท€ํ‰์ด์—
06:50
to the four corners of the Earth --
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia --
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ธ๋””์•„, ๋‚จ๊ทน๋Œ€๋ฅ™, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ -
06:55
and start putting together some of these pieces.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
I've been to some of those continents, but Africa was,
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์ €๋„ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ดค์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ Steven Pinker๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์ธ ๋’ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
in the words of Steven Pinker, was a blank slate, largely.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์˜ ์ ํŒ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
But one with an immense chalkboard in the middle,
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์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ฆˆ์Œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ธต์€, ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์•”์„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
07:07
with lots of little areas of dinosaur rock
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๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:09
if you could survive an expedition.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํƒํ—˜์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
There's no roads into the Sahara. It's an enormous place.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
To be able to excavate
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์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ 80ํ†ค์˜
07:17
the 80 tons of dinosaurs that we have in the Sahara
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๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
07:20
and take them out, you really have to put together
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์ปจ๋””์…˜์„ ์ž˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ตดํŒ€์„
07:23
an expedition team that can handle the conditions.
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
Some of them are political. Many of them are physical.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
07:29
Some of them -- the most important -- are mental.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ -๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ- ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:32
And you really have to be able to withstand conditions --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
07:34
you have to drive into the desert,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
07:36
you will see landscapes in many cases --
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-
07:39
you can see from what we've discovered --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-
07:40
that nobody else has ever seen.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
And the kinds of teams they bring in?
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ํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:44
Well, they're
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€
07:48
composed of
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ—˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„
07:50
people who understand science as adventure with a purpose.
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์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
They're usually students who've never seen a desert.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Some of them are more experienced.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
Your job as a leader -- this is definitely a team sport --
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์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํŒ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
your job as a leader is to try to inspire them
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€, ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ
08:02
to do more work than they've ever done in their life
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๋งค์ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ€์›๋“ค์„
08:04
under conditions that they can't imagine.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
So, 125 degrees is normal.
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125๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ฏค์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
The ground surface at 150 -- typical.
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๋•… ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋งŒ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ 150๋„๋‚˜ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:13
So, you can't leave your normal metal tools out
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ณดํ†ต, ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ณต๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
08:16
because you'll get a first-degree burn if you grab them sometimes.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์žก๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์—ด์— ๋ฐ์›Œ์ง„ ๊ณต๊ตฌ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์–ด๋„ 1๋„ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ฒŒ ๋ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:19
So, you are finding yourself also in an amazing cultural milieu.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•œ ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚˜์„ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
You're really rubbing shoulders
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœํ›„์˜
08:25
with the world's last great nomadic people.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
These are the Tuareg nomads, and they're living their lives
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํˆฌ์•„๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์กฑ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
08:31
much as they have for centuries.
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์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๊พธ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Your job is to excavate things like this in the foreground,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์€ ๋Œ€ ์ž์—ฐ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ณ 
08:36
and make them enter the pages of history.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
To do that, you've got to actually transport them
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๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ’ˆ๋“ค์„
08:40
thousands of miles out of the desert.
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
We're talking about Ethiopia, but let's talk about Niger --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋””์˜คํ”ผ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”, ๊ทธ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ˆ์ œ๋ฅด ๊ฐ•(*๋‹ˆ์ œ๋ฅดโ€ข๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
08:44
or Niger, in our English language -- north of Nigeria --
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๋‹ˆ์ œ๋ฅด, ์˜์–ด ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
that's where this photograph was taken.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Basically you're talking about a country that,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:51
when we started working there, did not have container traffic.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์ˆ˜์†ก์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
You transported the bones out yourself
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์˜
08:57
to the coast of Africa,
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์ค‘์•™์—์„œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:00
onto a boat, if you wanted to get them out of the middle of the Sahara.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€, ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•ด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
That's a 2,000 mile journey.
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์ด๊ฑด 2,000 ๋งˆ์ผ์˜ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
So enormous excavations and a lot of work,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ผ,
09:08
and out of essentially a partial herd of dinosaurs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:10
that you saw buried there -- 20 tons of material --
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(20ํ†ค ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฌผ)
09:14
we erect Jobaria,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋ฉฐ,
09:16
a sauropod dinosaur like we haven't seen on some other continents.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์šฉ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
It really is a little bit out of place temporally.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
It looks nothing like what we would find
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋•…์„ ํŒ๋‹คํ•ด๋„
09:22
if we dug in contemporary beds in North America.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
Here's the animal that was causing it trouble.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
And, you know, on and on --
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๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, -
09:31
a whole menagerie. When you pick up something like this --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ์ง‘์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„
09:33
and some of you have had the chance to touch it --
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์ด์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋งŒ์งˆ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
this is a piece of history. You're touching something that's 110 million years old.
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๊ทธ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ์ง„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1์–ต ์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๋œ ๋…€์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
This is a thumb claw. There it was, moments after it was discovered.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ์˜ ์—„์ง€๋ฐœํ†ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœํ†ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐฐ๋‚˜์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
It is an incredible view of life,
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋„๋ฌด์ง€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ,
09:42
and it really began when we began to understand
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
09:44
the depth of time.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
It's only been with us for less than a century,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋Š” 1์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
09:48
and in that time, that fourth dimension,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, 4์ฐจ์›์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„.
09:50
when radioactive dating came about, less than a century ago,
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ง€๋„ 1์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
and we could actually tell how old some of these things were,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
09:57
is probably the most profound transformation,
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
because it changes the way we look at ourselves
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ
10:01
and the world dramatically.
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ธ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
When you pick up a piece of history like that,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด
10:05
I think it can transform
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋•Œ,
10:07
kids that are possibly interested in science.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
That's the animal that thumb claw came from: Suchomimus.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Suchamimus๋ผ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์—„์ง€ ๋ฐœํ†ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
Here's some others.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
This is something we found in Morocco, an immense animal.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋กœ์ฝ”์—์„œ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
We prototyped by CAT-scanning the brain out of this animal.
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
It turns out to have a forebrain
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋‡Œ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ
10:22
one-fifteenth the size of a human.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ฒƒ์˜ 1/15 ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
This was the cover of Science, because they thought
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด
10:27
that humans were more intelligent than these animals,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
but we can see by some in our administration
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜
10:31
that despite
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๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋“ค์€
10:34
the enormous advantage in brain volume
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๋™๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
10:36
some of the attitudes remain the same. Anyway,
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๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์–ด์จŒ๋“ ,
10:40
smaller raptors.
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์ž‘์€ ์œก์‹์กฐ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
All the stuff from Jurassic Park that you know of --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” Jurassic Park์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค.
10:45
all those small animals --
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค
10:47
they all come from northern continents.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
This is the first skeleton from a southern continent,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ด๊ณจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
and guess what? You start preparing it.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋…€์„์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
10:54
It has no big claw on its hind foot. It doesn't look like a Velociraptor.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐœ ์†์— ํฌ์ง€์•Š์€ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœํ†ฑ์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Velociraptor(์‹œ์กฐ์ƒˆ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก) ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
It's really a wholly separate radiation.
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์˜จํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
So what we're trying to piece together here is a story.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋…€์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
It involves flying reptiles like this Pterosaur
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๋…€์„์€ ์ต๋ฃก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ ์œผ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:04
that we reconstructed from Africa.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋…€์„์„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋ณต์›ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
Crocodiles, of course,
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์•…์–ด๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋…€์„.
11:08
and that's a nasty one we haven't named yet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•…์งˆ๋…€์„์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•„์ง ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
And huge things -- I mean, this is a
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค-
11:14
lower jaw just laying there in the desert
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•…์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ
11:16
of this enormous crocodile.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ํ„ฑ์„๊ฐ€์ง„, ๋…€์„์ด ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
The crocodile is technically called Sarcosuchus.
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์ด ์•…์–ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋…€์„์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ Sarcosuchus๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
That's an adult Orinoco crocodile in its jaws.
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์ด๊ฑด, ๋‹ค ํฐ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ฝ” ๊ฐ• ์•…์–ด์˜ ํ„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
We had to try and reconstruct this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
We had to actually look at recent crocodiles
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์•…์–ด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
11:28
to understand how crocodiles scale.
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ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์•…์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
Could I have the second little video clip?
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํ…Œ์žŽ์„ ํ‹€์–ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:33
Now, this field is just -- and, of course, science in general -- is just -- adventure.
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์ž, ์ด ๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ๋“คํŒ์€ - ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ - ๋ชจํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
We had to find and measure
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
11:41
the largest crocodiles living today.
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์•…์–ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋…€์„์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
Narrator: ... as long as their boat.
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ:...๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ๋ณดํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Man: Look at that set of choppers! Yeah, he's a big one.
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๋‚จ์ž: ๋„๋ผ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”! ๊ฝค ํฌ๊ตฐ์š”.
11:48
Narrator: If they can just land it,
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ: ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด ์•…์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
11:50
this croc will provide useful data,
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์ด ์•…์–ด๋“ค์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”
11:52
helping Paul in his quest to understand Sarcosuchus.
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๋˜ํ•œ Sarcosuchus์— ๊ด€ํ•œ Paul์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Man: OK, hand me some more here. Man 2: OK.
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๋‚จ์ž: ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ข€ ๋” ๋„์™€์ค˜. ๋‚จ์ž 2: ์•Œ์•˜์–ด.
12:00
Narrator: It falls to Paul to cover its eyes.
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ:์ด๋Ÿฐ, Paul์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์œ„๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
Man: Watch out! Watch out! No, no, no, no. You're going to have to get on the back legs.
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๋‚จ์ž: ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด! ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด...๋…€์„์˜ ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ€์•ผ ํ•ด.
12:10
Man: I got the back legs.
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๋‚จ์ž: ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜์–ด.
12:12
Man 2: You have the back legs? No, you have the front legs, my friend.
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๋‚จ์ž 2: ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ? ์ด๋ด, ์นœ๊ตฌ. ์ž๋„ค๋Š” ์•ž๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ตฌ.
12:14
I've got it. I've got the back legs.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žก์•˜์ง€, ๋‚œ ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜์–ด.
12:17
Somebody get the front legs.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•ž๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ง€.
12:24
Paul Sereno: Let's get this tape measure on him. Put it right there.
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Paul Sereno: ๋…€์„์„ ์žฌ ๋ณด์ž๊ตฌ. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋†“์•„๋ด.
12:29
Wow.
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์™€์šฐ.
12:31
Sixty-five. Wow.
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65. ์˜คํ˜ธ..
12:34
That's a big skull.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ธ๋ฐ.
12:36
Narrator: Big, but less than half the size
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ: ํฌ๊ธด ํฌ๋„ค์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šˆํผ ์•…์–ด์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„ 
12:38
of supercroc's skull.
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๋ฐ˜๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
Man: Enormous. PS: You've got a ... 14-foot croc.
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๋‚จ์ž: ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋„ค์š”. PS: ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„๊ฒŒ....์Œ.. 14ํ”ผํŠธ ์•…์–ด๋˜๊ฐ€์š”?
12:44
Man: I knew it was big.
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๋‚จ์ž: ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ปธ๋˜๊ฑธ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
PS: Don't get off. You don't get off, but don't worry about me.
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PS: ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์š”. ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด.. ์ „ ๊ฑฑ์ •์•ˆํ•ด๋„ ๋˜์š”.
12:53
Narrator: Paul has his data, so they decide
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ: Paul์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ ,
12:55
to release the animal back into the river.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ• ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ๋†“์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
PS: Don't get off! Don't get off! Don't get off!
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PS: ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์š”. ์กฐ์‹ฌ. ์กฐ์‹ฌ!!
13:07
Narrator: Paul has never seen a fossil do that.
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๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ: Paul์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
PS: Okay, when I say three, we move.
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PS: ์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์…‹์„ ์„ธ๋ฉด, ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
One, two, three!
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ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‘˜, ์…‹!
13:18
Whoa!
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์›Œ!!
13:20
So -- there were --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  -- ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” --
13:23
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:28
Well, you know, the -- the fossil record is truly amazing
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ํ™”์„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
because it really forces you to look at living animals in a new way.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:33
We proved with those measurements
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•…์–ด๋“ค์˜
13:35
that crocodiles scaled isometrically.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
It depended on the shape of their skull, though,
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๋‹จ์ง€, ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋ชจ์–‘๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:39
so we had to actually get those measurements
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
13:41
to be sure that we had reconstructed and could prove to the scientific world
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๋ชจํ˜• ์žฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:44
that supercroc in fact is a 40-foot crocodile, probably a male.
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์Šˆํผ ์•…์–ด๊ฐ€ 40ํ”ผํŠธ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•”์ปท์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์‹ ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Anyway, you find other things, too.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ ์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:49
I'm going to lead an expedition to the Sahara
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์ €๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ ์œ ์ ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š”
13:51
to dig up Africa's largest neolithic site.
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ํƒํ—˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
We found this last year.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
Two hundred skeletons, tools, jewelry.
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200๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ด๊ณจ, ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค, ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋“ค.
13:59
This is a ceremonial disk.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์‹์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์›๋ฐ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
An amazing record of the colonization of the Sahara
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5,000๋…„ ์ „ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:05
5,000 years ago is been sitting out there
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์ด ํ•œ์ฐธ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜
14:07
waiting for us to go back. So, really exciting.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
14:09
And then work later is going to take us to Tibet.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์ผ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒณ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
Now, we normally think of Tibet as a highland.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒณ์ด ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
It's really an island continent.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
It was a precursor to India,
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ธ๋””์•„์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
14:18
a messenger from Gondwana --
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๊ณค๋“œ์™€๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™(์ง€์งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™)์˜ ์ „์กฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
a lost paradise of dinosaurs
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ
14:23
isolated for millions of years.
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์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญ.
14:25
No one's found them. We know where they are,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
14:27
and we're going to go and get them next year.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋…„์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
They're only between 13 and 14,000 feet,
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ 13~14,000ํ”ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฏค ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,
14:32
but if you go in the warm part of the year, it's O.K.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
Now, I tried to suture together a dinosaur evolutionary history
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ, ๊ณต๋ฃก ์ง„ํ™” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ผ์›Œ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
so that we can try to understand
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ
14:40
some basic patterns of evolution.
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์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
I've talked about a few of them. We really need to take that further.
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๊ทธ ์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
We need to delve into this mass of anatomy
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๊นŠ์ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:47
that we've been compiling
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์–ด๋””์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ,
14:49
to understand where the changes are occurring and what this means.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:52
We can't predict, necessarily, what will happen in evolution,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์ง์ž‘ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
but we can learn some of the rules of the game,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋ฃฐ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
and that's really what we're trying to do.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
With regard to the biogeographic question,
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์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์˜๋ฌธ,
15:00
the Earth is dividing.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
These are all landlubbing animals. There's a couple of choices.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œก์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
You get divided, and a continent's division
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๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด์€
15:07
corresponds to a fork in the evolutionary tree,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
or you're crafty, and you manage to escape
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์žฌ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ด์ชฝ์—์„œ
15:12
from one to the other and erase that division,
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๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง„ ์ €์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€,
15:15
or you're living peacefully on each side,
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์•„๋‹˜ ํ•œ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
15:18
and on one side you just go extinct,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:20
and you survive on the other side and create a difference.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
And the fourth thing is that you actually did one or the other
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์ด ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
15:25
of those three things, but the paleontologist never found you.
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์•„๋‹˜, ๋‚จ์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
And you take those four instances
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:31
and you realize you have a complex problem.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
And so, in addition to digging, I think we have some answers
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๋ฐœ๊ตด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
from the dinosaur record. I think these dinosaurs migrated --
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์ด์ฃผ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
we call it dispersal -- around the globe, with the slightest land bridge.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์‚ฐํฌ(์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.. ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์—†๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
They did it within two or three degrees of the pole,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 2~3๋„์˜ ๊ทน์ง€ ์†์—์„œ
15:47
to maintain similarity between continents.
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:49
But when they were divided, indeed they were divided,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด ๋ถ„์—ดํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์—ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
15:52
and we do see the continents
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ
15:54
carving differences among dinosaurs.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋ฃก ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
But there's one thing that's even more important, and I think that's extinction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
We have downgraded this factor.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•˜์–‘๊ณก์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
It carves up the history of life,
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์ด ์ผ์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ํ•œ ํš์„ ๊ทธ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:03
and gives us the differences that we see
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„
16:05
in the dinosaur world towards the end,
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
right before the bolide impact.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ „์—๋Š” ํญ๋ฐœ์œ ์„ฑ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
The best way to test this is to actually create a model.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
So if we move back, this is a two-dimensional typical tree of life.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ 2์ฐจ์›์  ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
I want to give you three dimensions.
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ 3์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
So you see the tree of life,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:20
but now I've added the dimension of area.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์›์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
So the tree of life is normally divergence over time.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:27
Now we have divergence over time, but we've created the third dimension of area.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
This is a computer program
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์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€
16:32
which has three knobs.
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3๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
We can control those things that we're worried about:
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์ž์žฌ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.:
16:36
extinction, sampling, dispersal --
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์†Œ๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ -
16:40
going from one area to another.
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:42
And ultimately we can control the branching
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์ด๋กœ์ธํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
16:44
to mimic what we think the continents were like,
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๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ž˜ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
16:47
and run it a thousand times, so we can estimate the parameters,
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๋ช‡์ฒœ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:51
to answer the question whether we are on the mark or not,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:54
at least to know the barriers of the problems. So that's a little bit about the science.
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์ ์–ด๋„, ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
Today I'm going to spend the rest of my few minutes up here
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ ๋‚จ์€ ๋ช‡๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
16:59
talking about the other stuff that I do in Chicago,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:03
which is related to the fact that I never --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €์™€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
17:05
and actually, in talking to a lot of TEDsters,
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ TEDsters๋“ค๊ณผ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
17:08
there's a number of you out there -- I don't know that I'd get an answer
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
17:11
honestly, if I asked you to raise your hand,
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์†”์งํžˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:13
but there are a number of you out there that started your
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์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
17:15
scientific, technical, entertainment career
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์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ์˜ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด๋“ค์ด
17:18
as failures, by society's standards, as failures by schools.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:22
I was one of those. I was failed by my school -- my school failed me.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋‚™์ œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
Who's pointing fingers?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒ„ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:27
Several teachers nearly killed me.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
17:30
I found myself in art.
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์ €๋Š” ์ €์˜ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
I was a total failure in school, not really headed to graduate high school.
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ์˜ ์ €๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‹คํŒจ์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
And I went on -- that's my first painting on canvas.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค - ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ์š”.
17:37
I read a dictionary. I got into college.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
I became an artist. O.K., and started drawing.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
It became abstract.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
I worked up a portfolio, and I was headed to New York.
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ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‰ด์š•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
Sometimes I would see bones when there was a body there.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ๋ผˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
Something was going on in the background. I headed to New York to a studio.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋’ค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
I took a side trip to the American Museum, and I never recovered.
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์ €๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:56
But really it's the same discipline -- they're kindred disciplines.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋“ค์ด์š”.)
17:59
I mean, is there anything
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
18:01
that is not visualizing what can't be seen,
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๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
18:04
in terms of discovering this dinosaur bone from a small piece of it
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„
18:07
that's out there, or seeing the distortion
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”๋  ๋‹น์‹œ
18:09
that we try to see
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์™œ๊ณก๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก
18:11
as evolutionary distortion in one animal to another?
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๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
18:13
This is a very extraordinarily visual.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ฅฌ์–ผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
I give you a human face because you're experts at that.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
It takes us years to understand how to do that with dinosaurs.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ด์‹œ์ผœ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
They're really kindred disciplines.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
But what we're trying to create in Chicago
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ
18:26
is a way to get,
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
18:29
collect together, those students
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
18:31
who are least represented in our science and technology spheres.
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๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
We all know, and there's been several allusions to it,
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ด ์ผ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ
18:37
that we are failing in our ability to produce
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์„
18:40
enough scientists, engineers and technicians.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•”์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
We've known that for a long time. We've gone through the Sputnik phase,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ‘ธํŠธ๋‹ˆํฌ(์˜› ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ์œ„์„ฑ)์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋“ฏ์ด
18:46
and now, as you see the increase
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ ์  ๋”
18:48
in the pace of what we're doing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”์ผ์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
18:50
it becomes even more prominent. Where are all these people going to come from?
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๋‚ ์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™”๋‚˜์š”?
18:53
And a more general question for our society is,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
18:55
what's going to happen to all the rest that are left behind?
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๋ชจ๋“  ํœด์‹ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:58
What about all the kids like me that were in school --
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์ € ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•™๊ต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€
19:00
kids like some of you out there --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
19:02
that were in school and didn't get a chance and will never get a chance
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๊ณผํ•™, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
19:05
to participate in science and technology?
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
19:07
Those are the questions I ask. And we talk about Ethiopia, and it's very important.
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์œ„์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋‹ตํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋””์˜คํ”ผ์•„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
Niger is equally important, and I'm trying desperately
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๋‹ˆ์ œ๋ฅด ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ตฌ์š”,
19:12
to do something in Niger.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ œ๋ฅด ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:14
They have an AIDS problem. I asked --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ AIDS๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌป๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-
19:16
the U.S. State Department asked the government recently,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ, ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
What do you want to do? And they gave them two problems.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:21
Dinosaurs was one of them.
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๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:23
Give us a museum of dinosaurs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋ฃก ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
19:25
and we will attract tourists, which is our number two industry.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:28
And I hope to God the United States government, me, or TED,
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์ด ์ผ์€ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐํž˜๋“  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€, ์ €, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  TED,
19:32
or somebody helps us do that, because that would be an incredible thing for their country.
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๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:35
But when we look back at our own country, we're looking back at our cities,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๋ณผ๋•Œ,
19:38
the cities where most of you come from -- certainly the city I come from --
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:40
there's legions of kids out there
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
like these.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
19:44
And the question is -- and we started to address this question for centuries --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:47
as to how we get these kids involved in science.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์˜์—ญ์†์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:50
We've started in Chicago
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:52
an organization -- a non-profit organization --
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด
19:54
called Project Exploration.
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ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํƒํ—˜์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:56
These are two kids from Project Exploration.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํƒํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:58
We met them in their early stages in high school. They were --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ €ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
20:00
failing to poor students,
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์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ
20:02
and they are now -- one at the University of Chicago, another in Illinois.
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์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด ์•ˆ์— ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:06
We've got students at Harvard. We're six years old.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 6๋…„์ฏค ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:08
And we created a track record.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:10
Because when you go out there as a scholar, and you try to find out longitudinal studies,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข…์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š”
20:13
track records like that, there essentially are very few, if none.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ์ผ์ด ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:17
So, we've created an incredible track record of 100 percent graduation,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 100% ์กธ์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:21
90 percent going to college, many first-generation,
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90%๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ 1์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค,
20:24
90 percent of those choosing science as a career.
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90%์˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
It's an impressive track record, and so we look back and we say,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜€๊ณ ,
20:30
well, we didn't really exactly work this out theoretically from the start,
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์ˆœ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
20:33
but when we look back, there are theoretical movements in science education.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ˆœ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:36
It's gone through science as an inquiry,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์˜๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
20:38
which was a big advance,
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๊ณผํ•™์— ์žˆ์–ด ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
20:41
and Dewey back at Chicago --
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Dewey๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:43
you learn by doing.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์›€์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:45
To -- you learn by envisioning yourself
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„
20:50
as a scientist,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณด์„ธ์š”
20:52
and then you learn to envision yourself as a scientist.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋„ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:55
The next step is to learn the capability
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
20:57
to make yourself a scientist.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:00
You have to have those steps. If you have --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:02
It's easy to get kids interested in science.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:04
It's hard to get them to envision themselves as a scientist,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:07
which involves standing up in front of people like we're doing here at this symposium
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์ด ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—๋Š”, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
21:11
and presenting something as a knowledgeable person,
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ํ•ด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ,
21:13
and then seeing yourself in the role as a scientist
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ,
21:16
and giving yourself the tools to pursue that.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์•ž์— ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:19
And so, that's what we're going to do. We're planning a permanent home in Chicago.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์— ์˜๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ„ํš์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:22
We have lots of ideas, but I guarantee you this one thing --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:24
and I've talked to some people here at TED --
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์ €๋Š” TED์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:26
it's not going to look like anything you've seen before.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „์— ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:28
It's going to be part-school, part-museum hall,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋‚˜, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€,
21:30
part-conservatory, part-zoo,
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๋ณด์กด์‹ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€, ๋™๋ฌผ์›์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€,
21:33
and part of an answer to the problem
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด
21:36
of how you interest kids in science.
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์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:37
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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