Theaster Gates: How to revive a neighborhood: with imagination, beauty and art

144,429 views ใƒป 2015-03-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:14
I'm a potter,
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ืื ื™ ื›ื“ืจ,
00:17
which seems like a fairly humble vocation.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฆื ื•ืข ืœืžื“ื™.
00:21
I know a lot about pots.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ื.
00:24
I've spent about 15 years making them.
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 15 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื.
00:28
One of the things that really excites me in my artistic practice
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื™
00:31
and being trained as a potter
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ื›ื“ืจ
00:34
is that you very quickly learn how to make great things out of nothing;
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ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ;
00:39
that I spent a lot of time at my wheel with mounds of clay trying stuff;
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืžืจ ืžื ืกื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื;
00:46
and that the limitations of my capacity, my ability,
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
00:49
was based on my hands and my imagination;
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™;
00:52
that if I wanted to make a really nice bowl
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ืฉืื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืขืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื”
00:54
and I didn't know how to make a foot yet,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื’ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:56
I would have to learn how to make a foot;
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœ;
00:59
that that process of learning has been very, very helpful to my life.
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ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™.
01:04
I feel like, as a potter,
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื›ื›ื“ืจ,
01:06
you also start to learn how to shape the world.
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ืืชื ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:11
There have been times in my artistic capacity
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™
01:14
that I wanted to reflect
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ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:17
on other really important moments
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ืขืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:19
in the history of the U.S., the history of the world
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:23
where tough things happened,
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ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืงืจื•,
01:25
but how do you talk about tough ideas
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื
01:28
without separating people from that content?
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ?
01:32
Could I use art like these old, discontinued firehoses from Alabama,
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื‘ืžื”,
01:37
to talk about the complexities of a moment of civil rights in the '60s?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60?
01:43
Is it possible to talk about my father and I doing labor projects?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ืžืฆื•ืช?
01:48
My dad was a roofer, construction guy, he owned small businesses,
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ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื ืื™, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืกืง ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:52
and at 80, he was ready to retire and his tar kettle was my inheritance.
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 80, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ื–ืคืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™.
01:59
Now, a tar kettle doesn't sound like much of an inheritance. It wasn't.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื–ืคืช ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื”.
02:03
It was stinky and it took up a lot of space in my studio,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืจื™ื— ื•ื–ื” ืชืคืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื™,
02:07
but I asked my dad if he would be willing to make some art with me,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืื‘ื™ ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื™,
02:11
if we could reimagine this kind of nothing material
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:15
as something very special.
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:18
And by elevating the material and my dad's skill,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™,
02:21
could we start to think about tar just like clay, in a new way,
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ืคืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืžืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:27
shaping it differently, helping us to imagine what was possible?
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
02:33
After clay, I was then kind of turned on to lots of different kinds of materials,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:37
and my studio grew a lot because I thought, well,
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื™ ื’ื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
02:40
it's not really about the material, it's about our capacity to shape things.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:44
I became more and more interested in ideas
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
02:47
and more and more things that were happening just outside my studio.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•.
02:53
Just to give you a little bit of context, I live in Chicago.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
02:57
I live on the South Side now. I'm a West Sider.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืื ื™ ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘.
03:00
For those of you who are not Chicagoans, that won't mean anything,
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ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื ืžืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
03:03
but if I didn't mention that I was a West Sider,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
03:06
there would be a lot of people in the city that would be very upset.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื.
03:10
The neighborhood that I live in is Grand Crossing.
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ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงืจื•ืกื™ื ื’.
03:13
It's a neighborhood that has seen better days.
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ื–ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืจืืชื” ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:16
It is not a gated community by far.
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ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื“ืจืช.
03:21
There is lots of abandonment in my neighborhood,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื–ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
03:24
and while I was kind of busy making pots and busy making art
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช
03:27
and having a good art career,
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ื•ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
03:29
there was all of this stuff that was happening
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ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
03:31
just outside my studio.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื™.
03:34
All of us know about failing housing markets
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืก
03:37
and the challenges of blight,
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ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก,
03:39
and I feel like we talk about it with some of our cities more than others,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:43
but I think a lot of our U.S. cities and beyond
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ
03:45
have the challenge of blight,
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืก,
03:48
abandoned buildings that people no longer know what to do anything with.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื–ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื.
03:52
And so I thought, is there a way that I could start to think
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:55
about these buildings as an extension or an expansion of my artistic practice?
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™?
04:00
And that if I was thinking along with other creatives --
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ื•ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
04:03
architects, engineers, real estate finance people --
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื --
04:07
that us together might be able to kind of think
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
04:10
in more complicated ways about the reshaping of cities.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:15
And so I bought a building.
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ื•ื›ืš ืงื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:16
The building was really affordable.
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ืœ.
04:19
We tricked it out.
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ืกื™ื“ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
04:21
We made it as beautiful as we could to try to just get some activity happening
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ืคื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงืฆืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช
04:25
on my block.
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ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื™.
04:27
Once I bought the building for about 18,000 dollars,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš 18,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
04:30
I didn't have any money left.
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ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ.
04:32
So I started sweeping the building as a kind of performance.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื˜ืื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื”.
04:37
This is performance art, and people would come over,
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ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื,
04:40
and I would start sweeping.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืื˜ื.
04:41
Because the broom was free and sweeping was free.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื˜ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
04:44
It worked out.
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ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
04:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:48
But we would use the building, then, to stage exhibitions, small dinners,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
04:54
and we found that that building on my block, Dorchester --
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื™, ื“ื•ืจืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ --
04:58
we now referred to the block as Dorchester projects --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืง ื›ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ --
05:01
that in a way that building became a kind of gathering site
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ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช
05:04
for lots of different kinds of activity.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:06
We turned the building into what we called now the Archive House.
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ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘.
05:11
The Archive House would do all of these amazing things.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:14
Very significant people in the city and beyond
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ
05:17
would find themselves in the middle of the hood.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
05:20
And that's when I felt like
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•
05:22
maybe there was a relationship between my history with clay
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื—ืžืจ
05:25
and this new thing that was starting to develop,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
05:28
that we were slowly starting
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ืฉืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•
05:30
to reshape how people imagined the South Side of the city.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
05:35
One house turned into a few houses,
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ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื,
05:37
and we always tried to suggest
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
05:40
that not only is creating a beautiful vessel important,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
05:44
but the contents of what happens in those buildings is also very important.
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ืืœื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
05:47
So we were not only thinking about development,
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ืื– ืœื ืจืง ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
05:50
but we were thinking about the program,
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ืืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
05:52
thinking about the kind of connections that could happen
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช
05:56
between one house and another, between one neighbor and another.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืจืช.
06:02
This building became what we call the Listening House,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืื–ื ื”,
06:05
and it has a collection of discarded books
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื•
06:08
from the Johnson Publishing Corporation,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ,
06:11
and other books from an old bookstore that was going out of business.
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ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืคืฉื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ.
06:15
I was actually just wanting to activate these buildings as much as I could
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™
06:19
with whatever and whoever would join me.
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ืขื ืžื” ืื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™.
06:23
In Chicago, there's amazing building stock.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
06:26
This building, which had been the former crack house on the block,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืงืจืืง ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
06:30
and when the building became abandoned,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื ื˜ืฉ,
06:33
it became a great opportunity to really imagine what else could happen there.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืคื”.
06:37
So this space we converted into what we call Black Cinema House.
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ืื– ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื ื• ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
06:41
Black Cinema House was an opportunity in the hood to screen films
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ื
06:45
that were important and relevant to the folk who lived around me,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™,
06:49
that if we wanted to show an old Melvin Van Peebles film, we could.
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ืฉืื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื‘ืœืก, ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
06:53
If we wanted to show "Car Wash," we could.
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ืื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช "ืงืืจ ื•ื•ืฉ" ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
06:56
That would be awesome.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื.
06:57
The building we soon outgrew,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:00
and we had to move to a larger space.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:03
Black Cinema House, which was made from just a small piece of clay,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืจืง ืžืคื™ืกืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ืงื˜ื ื”,
07:07
had to grow into a much larger piece of clay, which is now my studio.
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ื’ื“ืœ ืœืคื™ืกืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื™.
07:14
What I realized was that for those of you who are zoning junkies,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™,
07:18
that some of the things that I was doing
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ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
07:20
in these buildings that had been left behind,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
07:23
they were not the uses by which the buildings were built,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื•,
07:27
and that there are city policies that say,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช,
07:29
"Hey, a house that is residential needs to stay residential."
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"ื”ื™ื™, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื."
07:33
But what do you do in neighborhoods when ain't nobody interested in living there?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืชืขืฉื• ืขื ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”?
07:38
That the people who have the means to leave have already left?
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื–ื‘ื•?
07:42
What do we do with these abandoned buildings?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื–ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
07:44
And so I was trying to wake them up using culture.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:47
We found that that was so exciting for folk,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
07:50
and people were so responsive to the work, that we had to then find bigger buildings.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:55
By the time we found bigger buildings,
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ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:57
there was, in part, the resources necessary to think about those things.
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ื”ื™ื•, ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:01
In this bank that we called the Arts Bank, it was in pretty bad shape.
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ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื ืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื”.
08:05
There was about six feet of standing water.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
08:09
It was a difficult project to finance,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงืฉื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
08:11
because banks weren't interested in the neighborhood
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืงื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”
08:14
because people weren't interested in the neighborhood
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”
08:16
because nothing had happened there.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืจื” ืฉื.
08:18
It was dirt. It was nothing. It was nowhere.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืคืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื•ื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
08:22
And so we just started imagining, what else could happen in this building?
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ื•ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
08:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:33
And so now that the rumor of my block has spread,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื”,
08:36
and lots of people are starting to visit,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ,
08:38
we've found that the bank can now be a center
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–
08:40
for exhibition, archives, music performance,
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ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืืจื›ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช,
08:43
and that there are people who are now interested
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
08:46
in being adjacent to those buildings because we brought some heat,
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ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ื,
08:50
that we kind of made a fire.
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ืฉืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืชื ื• ืืฉ.
08:52
One of the archives that we'll have there is this Johnson Publishing Corporation.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
08:56
We've also started to collect memorabilia from American history,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
09:00
from people who live or have lived in that neighborhood.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
09:04
Some of these images are degraded images of black people,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
09:08
kind of histories of very challenging content,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืชื’ืจ,
09:11
and where better than a neighborhood
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื”
09:13
with young people who are constantly asking themselves about their identity
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
09:18
to talk about some of the complexities
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:20
of race and class?
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ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื•ืžืขืžื“?
09:22
In some ways, the bank represents a hub,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืจื›ื–,
09:26
that we're trying to create a pretty hardcore node of cultural activity,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื“ ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช,
09:31
and that if we could start to make multiple hubs
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ื•ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
09:34
and connect some cool green stuff around there,
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื”,
09:37
that the buildings that we've purchased and rehabbed,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจื›ืฉื ื• ื•ืฉื™ืงืžื ื•,
09:40
which is now around 60 or 70 units,
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ืฉื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 60,70 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
09:44
that if we could land miniature Versailles on top of that,
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ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื•ืจืกืื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:49
and connect these buildings by a beautiful greenbelt --
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” --
09:52
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) --
09:55
that this place where people never wanted to be
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ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
09:59
would become an important destination
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ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ืขื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
10:01
for folk from all over the country and world.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:05
In some ways, it feels very much like I'm a potter,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ื›ื“ืจ,
10:08
that we tackle the things that are at our wheel,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:12
we try with the skill that we have
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
10:14
to think about this next bowl that I want to make.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงืขืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
10:19
And it went from a bowl to a singular house to a block to a neighborhood
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืžืงืขืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืœื•ืง ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื”
10:23
to a cultural district to thinking about the city,
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ืœืžื—ื•ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืœืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
10:26
and at every point, there were things that I didn't know that I had to learn.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“.
10:30
I've never learned so much about zoning law in my life.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
10:33
I never thought I'd have to.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืš.
10:35
But as a result of that, I'm finding that there's not just room
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืง ืžืงื•ื
10:38
for my own artistic practice,
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ืœืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
10:40
there's room for a lot of other artistic practices.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:43
So people started asking us,
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•,
10:45
"Well, Theaster, how are you going to go to scale?"
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืช'ื™ืืกื˜ืจ, ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ?"
10:47
and, "What's your sustainability plan?"
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ื•,"ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš?"
10:49
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:54
And what I found was that I couldn't export myself,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
10:58
that what seems necessary in cities like Akron, Ohio,
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืงืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื”ื™ื•,
11:02
and Detroit, Michigan, and Gary, Indiana,
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ื•ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื’ืืจื™, ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื”,
11:04
is that there are people in those places who already believe in those places,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
11:08
that are already dying to make those places beautiful,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืคื™ื,
11:11
and that often, those people who are passionate about a place
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ื•ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื•ื
11:15
are disconnected from the resources necessary to make cool things happen,
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ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
11:19
or disconnected from a contingency of people
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ืื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
11:22
that could help make things happen.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
11:23
So now, we're starting to give advice around the country
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
11:28
on how to start with what you got,
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ืœืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื,
11:30
how to start with the things that are in front of you,
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœื›ื,
11:33
how to make something out of nothing,
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ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
11:35
how to reshape your world at a wheel or at your block
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ืื™ืš ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ืื• ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื
11:40
or at the scale of the city.
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ืื• ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
11:42
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
11:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:51
June Cohen: Thank you. So I think many people watching this
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืื ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื”
11:55
will be asking themselves the question you just raised at the end:
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ื™ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืขืœืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ:
11:58
How can they do this in their own city?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื?
12:00
You can't export yourself.
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš.
12:02
Give us a few pages out of your playbook about what someone who is inspired
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ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ืคื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”
12:05
about their city can do to take on projects like yours?
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืš?
12:08
Theaster Gates: One of the things I've found that's really important
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ืช'ื™ืืกื˜ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก: ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:11
is giving thought to not just the kind of individual project,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
12:16
like an old house,
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ื›ืž ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ,
12:18
but what's the relationship between an old house,
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ืืœื ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืŸ,
12:21
a local school, a small bodega,
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ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื—ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
12:24
and is there some kind of synergy between those things?
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
12:27
Can you get those folk talking?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ?
12:30
I've found that in cases where neighborhoods have failed,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื•,
12:34
they still often have a pulse.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืคืง.
12:36
How do you identify the pulse in that place, the passionate people,
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”,
12:40
and then how do you get folk who have been fighting,
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ื•ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื•,
12:43
slogging for 20 years, reenergized about the place that they live?
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ื“ื™ืฉื“ืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื?
12:47
And so someone has to do that work.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
12:50
If I were a traditional developer, I would be talking about buildings alone,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืคืชื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื,
12:54
and then putting a "For Lease" sign in the window.
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœื˜ "ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื”" ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
12:58
I think that you actually have to curate more than that,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
13:01
that there's a way in which you have to be mindful about,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”,
13:03
what are the businesses that I want to grow here?
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ืžื” ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืฉื?
13:06
And then, are there people who live in this place
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
13:09
who want to grow those businesses with me?
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืชื™?
13:11
Because I think it's not just a cultural space or housing;
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื;
13:14
there has to be the recreation of an economic core.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
13:17
So thinking about those things together feels right.
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ืื– ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:20
JC: It's hard to get people to create the spark again
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ื’.ื›: ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘
13:23
when people have been slogging for 20 years.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ืฉื“ืฉื• 20 ืฉื ื”.
13:25
Are there any methods you've found that have helped break through?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืืช ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจืš?
13:28
TG: Yeah, I think that now there are lots of examples
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ืช.ื’: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
13:31
of folk who are doing amazing work,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
13:33
but those methods are sometimes like, when the media is constantly saying
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื•, ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช
13:38
that only violent things happen in a place,
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ืฉืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
13:41
then based on your skill set and the particular context,
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
13:44
what are the things that you can do in your neighborhood
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ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื
13:47
to kind of fight some of that?
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื”?
13:49
So I've found that if you're a theater person,
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ืื– ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ืืชื ืื“ื ืฉืœ ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
13:52
you have outdoor street theater festivals.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
13:54
In some cases, we don't have the resources in certain neighborhoods
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
13:58
to do things that are a certain kind of splashy,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื,
14:02
but if we can then find ways of making sure that people
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื
14:05
who are local to a place,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
14:06
plus people who could be supportive of the things that are happening locally,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
14:10
when those people get together,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:12
I think really amazing things can happen.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
14:14
JC: So interesting.
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ื’.ื›: ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:16
And how can you make sure that the projects you're creating
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
14:18
are actually for the disadvantaged
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื
14:20
and not just for the sort of vegetarian indie movie crowd
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™
14:24
that might move in to take advantage of them.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื.
14:26
TG: Right on. So I think this is where it starts to get into the thick weeds.
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ืช.ื’: ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื” ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื”.
14:31
JC: Let's go there. TG: Right now, Grand Crossing
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ื’.ื›: ื‘ื ื ืœืš ืœืฉื. ืช.ื’: ื›ืจื’ืข, ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงืจื•ืกื™ื ื’
14:33
is 99 percent black, or at least living,
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ื”ื™ื 99 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:36
and we know that maybe who owns property in a place
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
14:40
is different from who walks the streets every day.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
14:42
So it's reasonable to say that Grand Crossing is already
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื’ืจืื ื“ ืงืจื•ืกื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
14:45
in the process of being something different than it is today.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:49
But are there ways to think about housing trusts or land trusts
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืงืจื ื•ืช ืงืจืงืข
14:55
or a mission-based development
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ืื• ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžื˜ืจื”
14:57
that starts to protect some of the space that happens,
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื,
15:00
because when you have 7,500 empty lots in a city,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 7,500 ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
15:04
you want something to happen there,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื,
15:06
but you need entities that are not just interested in the development piece,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™,
15:11
but entities that are interested in the stabilization piece,
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ืืœื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™,
15:14
and I feel like often the developer piece is really motivated,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืžืœื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”,
15:17
but the other work of a kind of neighborhood consciousness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ืช,
15:21
that part doesn't live anymore.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:22
So how do you start to grow up important watchdogs
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืกืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
15:27
that ensure that the resources that are made available
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
15:30
to new folk that are coming in
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
15:31
are also distributed to folk who have lived in a place for a long time.
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ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
15:35
JC: That makes so much sense. One more question:
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ื’.ื›: ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™. ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช:
15:37
You make such a compelling case for beauty and the importance of beauty and the arts.
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ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื›ื ืข ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืืžื ื•ืช.
15:42
There would be others who would argue that funds would be better spent
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื›ืกืคื™ื ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:45
on basic services for the disadvantaged.
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ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
15:48
How do you combat that viewpoint, or come against it?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•, ืื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”?
15:52
TG: I believe that beauty is a basic service.
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ืช.ื’: ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
15:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:02
Often what I have found is that when there are resources
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
16:06
that have not been made available to certain under-resourced cities
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ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
16:09
or neighborhoods or communities,
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ืื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
16:11
that sometimes culture is the thing that helps to ignite,
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืช,
16:16
and that I can't do everything,
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ,
16:19
but I think that there's a way in which if you can start with culture
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
16:22
and get people kind of reinvested in their place,
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื,
16:25
other kinds of adjacent amenities start to grow,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:29
and then people can make a demand that's a poetic demand,
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ื•ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช,
16:33
and the political demands that are necessary to wake up our cities,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื,
16:38
they also become very poetic.
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช.
16:40
JC: It makes perfect sense to me.
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ื’.ื›: ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
16:42
Theaster, thank you so much for being here with us today.
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ืช'ื™ืืกื˜ืจ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:45
Thank you. Theaster Gates.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืช'ื™ืืกื˜ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก.
16:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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