Zeynep Tufekci: How the Internet has made social change easy to organize, hard to win

140,040 views ใƒป 2015-02-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
So recently, we heard a lot about how social media helps empower protest,
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ื–ืง ืžื—ืื”,
00:17
and that's true,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:19
but after more than a decade
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ
00:20
of studying and participating in multiple social movements,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
00:24
I've come to realize
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
00:26
that the way technology empowers social movements
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
00:29
can also paradoxically help weaken them.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:32
This is not inevitable, but overcoming it requires diving deep
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง
00:36
into what makes success possible over the long term.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
00:40
And the lessons apply in multiple domains.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
00:43
Now, take Turkey's Gezi Park protests, July 2013,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงื—ื• ืืช ืžื—ืืช ืคืืจืง ื’ื–ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2013.
00:47
which I went back to study in the field.
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ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื”.
00:50
Twitter was key to its organizing.
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ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
00:52
It was everywhere in the park -- well, along with a lot of tear gas.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืคืืจืง -- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข.
00:56
It wasn't all high tech.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง.
00:58
But the people in Turkey had already gotten used to the power of Twitter
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ
01:02
because of an unfortunate incident about a year before
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืงืจื™ืช ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
01:05
when military jets had bombed and killed
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ื›ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื•
01:09
34 Kurdish smugglers near the border region,
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34 ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
01:13
and Turkish media completely censored this news.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืฆื™ื ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:18
Editors sat in their newsrooms
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ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:20
and waited for the government to tell them what to do.
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:23
One frustrated journalist could not take this anymore.
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ืขื™ืชื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:25
He purchased his own plane ticket,
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ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืฉ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
01:27
and went to the village where this had occurred.
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ื•ื˜ืก ืœื›ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
01:29
And he was confronted by this scene:
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื–ื•:
01:32
a line of coffins coming down a hill, relatives wailing.
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ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื”, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœืœื™ื.
01:38
He later he told me how overwhelmed he felt,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ,
01:40
and didn't know what to do,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
01:42
so he took out his phone,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
01:44
like any one of us might,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื”,
01:45
and snapped that picture and tweeted it out.
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ื•ืฆื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื”.
01:49
And voila, that picture went viral
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ื•ื”ื ื”, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช
01:52
and broke the censorship and forced mass media to cover it.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืœืกืงืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:57
So when, a year later, Turkey's Gezi protests happened,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžื—ืืช ื’ื–ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”,
02:00
it started as a protest about a park being razed,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง,
02:03
but became an anti-authoritarian protest.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:05
It wasn't surprising that media also censored it,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฆื™ื ื–ืจื” ืื•ืชื”,
02:09
but it got a little ridiculous at times.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื’ื•ื›ื—ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื.
02:12
When things were so intense,
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ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:14
when CNN International was broadcasting live from Istanbul,
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ื›ืฉ CNN ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื—ื™ ืžืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ,
02:18
CNN Turkey instead was broadcasting a documentary on penguins.
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CNN ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
02:25
Now, I love penguin documentaries, but that wasn't the news of the day.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:29
An angry viewer put his two screens together and snapped that picture,
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ื•ืคื” ืฆื•ืคื” ื–ื•ืขื ืฉื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื”,
02:34
and that one too went viral,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื•ื™ืืจืœื™ืช,
02:36
and since then, people call Turkish media the penguin media. (Laughter)
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ื•ืžืื–, ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:40
But this time, people knew what to do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:42
They just took out their phones and looked for actual news.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืฆื™ืœืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:45
Better, they knew to go to the park and take pictures and participate
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ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคืืจืง ื•ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
02:50
and share it more on social media.
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ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
02:52
Digital connectivity was used for everything from food to donations.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช.
02:58
Everything was organized partially with the help of these new technologies.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:03
And using Internet to mobilize and publicize protests
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืžื—ืื•ืช
03:08
actually goes back a long way.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
03:10
Remember the Zapatistas,
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
03:12
the peasant uprising in the southern Chiapas region of Mexico
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ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฆ'ืืคืก ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•
03:17
led by the masked, pipe-smoking, charismatic Subcomandante Marcos?
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื›ื•ืก ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืžืกื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืงื˜ืจืช?
03:22
That was probably the first movement
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:24
that got global attention thanks to the Internet.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
03:27
Or consider Seattle '99,
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ืื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืื˜ืœ ื‘ 99,
03:29
when a multinational grassroots effort brought global attention
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ื›ืฉืžืืžืฅ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
03:34
to what was then an obscure organization, the World Trade Organization,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืื™, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
03:38
by also utilizing these digital technologies to help them organize.
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ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช.
03:43
And more recently, movement after movement
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”
03:45
has shaken country after country:
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ื ื™ืขืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื”:
03:48
the Arab uprisings from Bahrain to Tunisia to Egypt and more;
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ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“;
03:53
indignados in Spain, Italy, Greece; the Gezi Park protests;
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ืื™ื ื“ื•ื’ื ื“ื•ืก ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ; ืžื—ืืช ืคืืจืง ื’ื–ื™;
03:58
Taiwan; Euromaidan in Ukraine; Hong Kong.
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ื˜ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืจื•ืžื“ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”; ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’.
04:02
And think of more recent initiatives, like the #BringBackOurGirls hashtags.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืืฉื˜ืื’ #BringBackOurGirls.
04:07
Nowadays, a network of tweets can unleash a global awareness campaign.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
04:14
A Facebook page can become the hub of a massive mobilization.
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ื“ืฃ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื”.
04:18
Amazing.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:20
But think of the moments I just mentioned.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™.
04:24
The achievements they were able to have, their outcomes,
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ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:29
are not really proportional to the size and energy they inspired.
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืจื•.
04:34
The hopes they rightfully raised are not really matched
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืชื•ื•ืช
04:38
by what they were able to have as a result in the end.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:42
And this raises a question:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื”:
04:46
As digital technology makes things easier for movements,
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:50
why haven't successful outcomes become more likely as well?
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ืœืžื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:54
In embracing digital platforms for activism and politics,
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
05:00
are we overlooking some of the benefits of doing things the hard way?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”?
05:04
Now, I believe so.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืŸ.
05:05
I believe that the rule of thumb is:
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืื•ืžืจ:
05:07
Easier to mobilize does not always mean easier to achieve gains.
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ืข ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืฉื’ื™ื.
05:12
Now, to be clear,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
05:15
technology does empower in multiple ways.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:18
It's very powerful.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง.
05:19
In Turkey, I watched four young college students
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”
05:23
organize a countrywide citizen journalism network called 140Journos
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ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื” 140 ื’'ื•ืจื ื•ืก
05:28
that became the central hub for uncensored news in the country.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:32
In Egypt, I saw another four young people use digital connectivity
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ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
05:37
to organize the supplies and logistics for 10 field hospitals,
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ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืœ 10 ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืจืขื™ื™ื,
05:41
very large operations,
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ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:43
during massive clashes near Tahrir Square in 2011.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื™ืจ ื‘ 2011.
05:49
And I asked the founder of this effort, called Tahrir Supplies,
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืืกืคืงืช ืชื—ืจื™ืจ,
05:53
how long it took him to go from when he had the idea to when he got started.
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
05:59
"Five minutes," he said. Five minutes.
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"ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.
06:01
And he had no training or background in logistics.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืื• ืจืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
06:04
Or think of the Occupy movement which rocked the world in 2011.
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ืื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื•ืงื™ื•ืคื™ื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ 2011.
06:07
It started with a single email
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“
06:09
from a magazine, Adbusters, to 90,000 subscribers in its list.
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ืžืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, ืื“ื‘ืกื˜ืจืก, ืœ 90,000 ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
06:15
About two months after that first email,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
06:18
there were in the United States 600 ongoing occupations and protests.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช 600 ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช.
06:24
Less than one month after the first physical occupation in Zuccotti Park,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืืจืง ื–ื•ืงื•ื˜ื™,
06:30
a global protest was held in about 82 countries, 950 cities.
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ืžื—ืื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš 82 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, 950 ืขืจื™ื.
06:37
It was one of the largest global protests ever organized.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืื•ืจื’ื ื•.
06:39
Now, compare that to what the Civil Rights Movement had to do in 1955 Alabama
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉื•ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื” ืฉืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืœื‘ืžื” ื‘ 1955
06:46
to protest the racially segregated bus system, which they wanted to boycott.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืจื.
06:52
They'd been preparing for many years
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ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
06:54
and decided it was time to swing into action
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื”
06:56
after Rosa Parks was arrested.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื•ื–ื” ืคืืจืงืก ื ืขืฆืจื”.
06:58
But how do you get the word out --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” --
07:00
tomorrow we're going to start the boycott --
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ืžื—ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื --
07:02
when you don't have Facebook, texting, Twitter, none of that?
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ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื”?
07:08
So they had to mimeograph 52,000 leaflets
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก 52,000 ืขืœื•ื ื™ื
07:13
by sneaking into a university duplicating room
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
07:16
and working all night, secretly.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช.
07:18
They then used the 68 African-American organizations
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ 68 ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
07:22
that criss-crossed the city to distribute those leaflets by hand.
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ืฉืจืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื“.
07:26
And the logistical tasks were daunting, because these were poor people.
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
07:31
They had to get to work, boycott or no,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ืจื ืื• ืœื,
07:33
so a massive carpool was organized,
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ืื– ื”ื ืืจื’ื ื• ื”ืกืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
07:36
again by meeting.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
07:38
No texting, no Twitter, no Facebook.
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ืœืœื ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื, ืœืœื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
07:40
They had to meet almost all the time to keep this carpool going.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
07:44
Today, it would be so much easier.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ.
07:46
We could create a database, available rides and what rides you need,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ืกืขื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืกืขื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช,
07:51
have the database coordinate, and use texting.
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ืžืชืืžื™ื ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื•ืžืฉืชืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื.
07:54
We wouldn't have to meet all that much.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:57
But again, consider this:
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
07:59
the Civil Rights Movement in the United States
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ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
08:02
navigated a minefield of political dangers,
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ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื“ื” ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
08:07
faced repression and overcame, won major policy concessions,
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ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•, ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
08:12
navigated and innovated through risks.
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ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื• ื•ื—ื“ืฉื• ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
08:16
In contrast, three years after Occupy sparked
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืงื™ื•ืคื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืชื”
08:19
that global conversation about inequality,
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
08:22
the policies that fueled it are still in place.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื“ืœืงื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
08:25
Europe was also rocked by anti-austerity protests,
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ืืจื•ืคื” ื’ื ื˜ื•ืœื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื ืข,
08:29
but the continent didn't shift its direction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
08:33
In embracing these technologies,
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
08:36
are we overlooking some of the benefits of slow and sustained?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš?
08:42
To understand this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
08:44
I went back to Turkey about a year after the Gezi protests
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืืช ื’ื–ื™
08:47
and I interviewed a range of people,
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ื•ืจื™ืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:49
from activists to politicians,
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ืžืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
08:53
from both the ruling party and the opposition party and movements.
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ื’ื ืžืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืžื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
08:58
I found that the Gezi protesters were despairing.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืžื•ื—ื™ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืืฉื™ื.
09:01
They were frustrated,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื,
09:03
and they had achieved much less than what they had hoped for.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
09:06
This echoed what I'd been hearing around the world
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ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื”ื“
09:09
from many other protesters that I'm in touch with.
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ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ืื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ.
09:12
And I've come to realize that part of the problem
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
09:15
is that today's protests have become a bit like climbing Mt. Everest
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
09:21
with the help of 60 Sherpas,
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ืขื ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ 60 ืฉืจืคื•ืช,
09:23
and the Internet is our Sherpa.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืคื”.
09:26
What we're doing is taking the fast routes
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
09:30
and not replacing the benefits of the slower work.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:34
Because, you see,
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
09:35
the kind of work that went into organizing
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ
09:38
all those daunting, tedious logistical tasks
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:41
did not just take care of those tasks,
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ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
09:44
they also created the kind of organization that could think together collectively
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
09:48
and make hard decisions together,
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
09:51
create consensus and innovate, and maybe even more crucially,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
09:55
keep going together through differences.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื™ื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
09:58
So when you see this March on Washington in 1963,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ื” ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ื‘ 1963,
10:03
when you look at that picture,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
10:05
where this is the march where Martin Luther King gave his famous
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ื–ื• ื”ืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื ืฉื ืืช ื ืื•ื
10:08
"I have a dream" speech, 1963,
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื" ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, 1963,
10:11
you don't just see a march and you don't just hear a powerful speech,
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ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืฆืขื“ื” ื•ืืชื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
10:15
you also see the painstaking, long-term work that can put on that march.
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ืืชื ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:21
And if you're in power,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:22
you realize you have to take the capacity signaled by that march,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืื•ืชืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ื”,
10:27
not just the march, but the capacity signaled by that march, seriously.
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฆืขื“ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
10:31
In contrast, when you look at Occupy's global marches
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื•ืคื™ื™
10:35
that were organized in two weeks,
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ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
10:37
you see a lot of discontent,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ,
10:38
but you don't necessarily see teeth that can bite over the long term.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืš.
10:43
And crucially, the Civil Rights Movement innovated tactically
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช
10:47
from boycotts to lunch counter sit-ins to pickets to marches to freedom rides.
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ืžื—ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืขื“ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
10:54
Today's movements scale up very quickly without the organizational base
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™
10:58
that can see them through the challenges.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื.
11:00
They feel a little like startups that got very big
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ื”ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืžืื•ื“
11:04
without knowing what to do next,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื”,
11:06
and they rarely manage to shift tactically
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช
11:09
because they don't have the depth of capacity
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
11:11
to weather such transitions.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
11:14
Now, I want to be clear: The magic is not in the mimeograph.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ: ื”ืงืกื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
11:19
It's in that capacity to work together, think together collectively,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
11:25
which can only be built over time with a lot of work.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:28
To understand all this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
11:30
I interviewed a top official from the ruling party in Turkey,
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ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”,
11:34
and I ask him, "How do you do it?"
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, "ืื™ืš ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?"
11:36
They too use digital technology extensively, so that's not it.
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ื’ื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื”.
11:40
So what's the secret?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืกื•ื“?
11:42
Well, he told me.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™.
11:43
He said the key is he never took sugar with his tea.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื”.
11:50
I said, what has that got to do with anything?
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืœ?
11:53
Well, he said, his party starts getting ready for the next election
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
11:56
the day after the last one,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื’ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:58
and he spends all day every day meeting with voters in their homes,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื,
12:02
in their wedding parties, circumcision ceremonies,
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ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื˜ื›ืกื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช,
12:04
and then he meets with his colleagues to compare notes.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืื ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
12:07
With that many meetings every day, with tea offered at every one of them,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืขื ืชื” ืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ,
12:12
which he could not refuse, because that would be rude,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืžื ื•ืžืก,
12:15
he could not take even one cube of sugar per cup of tea,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืื—ืช ืœื›ื•ืก ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื,
12:20
because that would be many kilos of sugar, he can't even calculate how many kilos,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื”,
12:24
and at that point I realized why he was speaking so fast.
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
12:27
We had met in the afternoon, and he was already way over-caffeinated.
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ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืงืคืื™ืŸ.
12:32
But his party won two major elections
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื• ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
12:37
within a year of the Gezi protests with comfortable margins.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžืžื—ืืช ื’ื–ื™ ืขื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื.
12:40
To be sure, governments have different resources to bring to the table.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
12:43
It's not the same game, but the differences are instructive.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื—ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืืœืคื™ื.
12:47
And like all such stories, this is not a story just of technology.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืง ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
12:51
It's what technology allows us to do converging with what we want to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
12:56
Today's social movements want to operate informally.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™.
12:59
They do not want institutional leadership.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช.
13:02
They want to stay out of politics because they fear corruption and cooptation.
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ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืคื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
13:07
They have a point.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:08
Modern representative democracies are being strangled in many countries
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:11
by powerful interests.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
13:14
But operating this way makes it hard for them
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื
13:17
to sustain over the long term and exert leverage over the system,
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ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
13:21
which leads to frustrated protesters dropping out,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืจื™ื,
13:24
and even more corrupt politics.
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช.
13:27
And politics and democracy without an effective challenge hobbles,
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืงืจื˜ืขืช,
13:32
because the causes that have inspired the modern recent movements are crucial.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:39
Climate change is barreling towards us.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•.
13:42
Inequality is stifling human growth and potential and economies.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืง ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช.
13:47
Authoritarianism is choking many countries.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
13:49
We need movements to be more effective.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
13:52
Now, some people have argued that the problem is
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
13:55
today's movements are not formed of people who take as many risks as before,
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ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
14:01
and that is not true.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:03
From Gezi to Tahrir to elsewhere,
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ืžื’ื–ื™ ืœืชื—ืจื™ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:06
I've seen people put their lives and livelihoods on the line.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
14:09
It's also not true, as Malcolm Gladwell claimed,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืœืงื•ืœื ื’ืœืื“ื•ื•ืœ ื˜ืขืŸ,
14:12
that today's protesters form weaker virtual ties.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:14
No, they come to these protests, just like before,
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ืœื, ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืคืขื,
14:18
with their friends, existing networks,
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ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
14:21
and sometimes they do make new friends for life.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
14:23
I still see the friends that I made
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™
14:26
in those Zapatista-convened global protests more than a decade ago,
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ื‘ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืกื˜ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ,
14:29
and the bonds between strangers are not worthless.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš.
14:32
When I got tear-gassed in Gezi,
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ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืขืœื™ ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข ื‘ื’ื–ื™,
14:34
people I didn't know helped me and one another instead of running away.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
14:40
In Tahrir, I saw people, protesters,
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื™ืจ, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื,
14:43
working really hard to keep each other safe and protected.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
14:46
And digital awareness-raising is great,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืคืœืื”,
14:48
because changing minds is the bedrock of changing politics.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
14:51
But movements today have to move beyond participation at great scale very fast
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ
14:59
and figure out how to think together collectively,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
15:02
develop strong policy proposals, create consensus,
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ืœืคืชื— ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืกื ื–ื•ืก,
15:06
figure out the political steps and relate them to leverage,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื›ื•ื—,
15:10
because all these good intentions and bravery and sacrifice by itself
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ
15:13
are not going to be enough.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช.
15:15
And there are many efforts.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื.
15:17
In New Zealand, a group of young people are developing a platform called Loomio
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืœื•ืžื™ื•
15:21
for participatory decision making at scale.
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ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
15:24
In Turkey, 140Journos are holding hack-a-thons
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ื‘ืชื•ืจืงื™ื”, 140 ื’'ื•ืจื ื•ืก ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืงืชื•ื ื™ื
15:28
so that they support communities as well as citizen journalism.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
15:32
In Argentina, an open-source platform called DemocracyOS
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ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจืกื™-ืื•ืืก
15:35
is bringing participation to parliaments and political parties.
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ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:39
These are all great, and we need more,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ืคืœืื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“.
15:42
but the answer won't just be better online decision-making,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:46
because to update democracy, we are going to need to innovate at every level,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื”,
15:52
from the organizational to the political to the social.
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ืžื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
15:56
Because to succeed over the long term,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
16:00
sometimes you do need tea without sugar
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ
16:03
along with your Twitter.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
16:04
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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