What does the universe sound like? A musical tour | Matt Russo

148,323 views ใƒป 2018-11-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yulia Koutikov ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Weisman
00:12
I'd like you all to close your eyes, please ...
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”...
00:17
and imagine yourself sitting in the middle of a large, open field
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืคืชื•ื—
00:21
with the sun setting on your right.
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ื›ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื ืฉื•ืงืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:24
And as the sun sets,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”,
00:25
imagine that tonight you don't just see the stars appear,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ืจืง ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื,
00:28
but you're able to hear the stars appear
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ืืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื.
00:30
with the brightest stars being the loudest notes
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:33
and the hotter, bluer stars producing the higher-pitched notes.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:37
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
00:59
And since each constellation is made up of different types of stars,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:03
they'll each produce their own unique melody,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืชืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”.
01:05
such as Aries, the ram.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื˜ืœื”.
01:11
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
01:13
Or Orion, the hunter.
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ืื• ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“.
01:15
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
01:19
Or even Taurus, the bull.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืจ.
01:20
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
01:26
We live in a musical universe,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™,
01:28
and we can use that to experience it from a new perspective,
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:32
and to share that perspective with a wider range of people.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:36
Let me show you what I mean.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
01:37
(Music ends)
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(ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช)
01:38
Now, when I tell people I'm an astrophysicist,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™,
01:41
they're usually pretty impressed.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจืฉืžื™ื.
01:42
And then I say I'm also a musician -- they're like, "Yeah, we know."
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, "ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ."
01:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:46
So everyone seems to know
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ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:48
that there's this deep connection between music and astronomy.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
01:51
And it's actually a very old idea;
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืง
01:52
it goes back over 2,000 years to Pythagoras.
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• 2,000 ืฉื ื” ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก.
01:55
You might remember Pythagoras from such theorems
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ืžื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•
01:58
as the Pythagorean theorem --
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"ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก"...
02:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:01
And he said:
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ:
02:03
"There is geometry in the humming of the strings,
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"ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
02:06
there is music in the spacing of the spheres."
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื."
02:08
And so he literally thought
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•
02:10
that the motions of the planets along the celestial sphere
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ืฉืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
02:12
created harmonious music.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช.
ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืืœืชื ืื•ืชื•, "ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ?"
02:15
And if you asked him, "Why don't we hear anything?"
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื”, "ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื”
02:17
he'd say you can't hear it
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02:18
because you don't know what it's like to not hear it;
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื”,
02:21
you don't know what true silence is.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื“ืžืžื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช."
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
02:23
It's like how you have to wait for your power to go out
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจืขืฉ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืขื™ืฆื‘ืŸ ืืชื›ื.
02:25
to hear how annoying your refrigerator was.
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02:28
Maybe you buy that,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื,
02:29
but not everybody else was buying it, including such names as Aristotle.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.
02:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:37
Exact words.
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["ืœื, ืื—ื™."] ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”.
02:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:39
So I'll paraphrase his exact words.
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ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
02:41
He said it's a nice idea,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื“,
02:42
but if something as large and vast as the heavens themselves
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืฆื•ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืขืฆืžื•
02:45
were moving and making sounds,
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื– ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
02:47
it wouldn't just be audible,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื•,
02:48
it would be earth-shatteringly loud.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขืฉ ืžืจืขื™ื“ ืื“ืžื”.
02:51
We exist, therefore there is no music of the spheres.
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ืื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื.
02:55
He also thought that the brain's only purpose was to cool down the blood,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ื™ื ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื,
02:59
so there's that ...
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”...
03:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:01
But I'd like to show you that in some way they were actually both right.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฆื“ืงื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•.
03:05
And we're going to start by understanding what makes music musical.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช.
03:10
It may sound like a silly question,
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ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช,
03:12
but have you ever wondered why it is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืžื“ื•ืข
03:13
that certain notes, when played together, sound relatively pleasing or consonant,
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ื›ืฉืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื—ืœืงื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ื ืกื•ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:18
such as these two --
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” -
03:19
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
03:22
while others are a lot more tense or dissonant,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื•ืจืžื™ื ืื• ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:24
such as these two.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”.
03:26
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
03:28
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:29
Why is that? Why are there notes at all?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”? ืœืžื” ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื?
03:31
Why can you be in or out of tune?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืื• ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ?
03:33
Well, the answer to that question
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ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:35
was actually solved by Pythagoras himself.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ืขืฆืžื•.
03:40
Take a look at the string on the far left.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ.
03:43
If you bow that string,
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ืื ืืคืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:45
it will produce a note as it oscillates very fast back and forth.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืง ืฆืœื™ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
03:49
(Musical note)
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(ืชื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™)
03:52
But now if you cut the string in half, you'll get two strings,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
03:55
each oscillating twice as fast.
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ืฉื™ืชื ื•ื“ื“ื• ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:57
And that will produce a related note.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืื™ื.
04:00
Or three times as fast,
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ืื• ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:03
or four times --
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ืื• ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” -
04:04
(Musical notes)
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(ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื)
04:11
And so the secret to musical harmony really is simple ratios:
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ืื– ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื:
04:15
the simpler the ratio,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:17
the more pleasing or consonant those two notes will sound together.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืขื™ื ืื• ืงื•ื ืกื•ื ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:20
And the more complex the ratio, the more dissonant they will sound.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:23
And it's this interplay between tension and release,
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืชื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ,
04:26
or consonance and dissonance,
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ืื• ืงื•ื ืกื•ื ื ืก ื•ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก,
04:28
that makes what we call music.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
04:31
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
04:46
(Music ends)
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(ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช)
04:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:48
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
04:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:53
But there's more.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“.
04:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:57
So the two features of music we like to think of as pitch and rhythms,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘,
05:01
they're actually two versions of the same thing,
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
05:04
and I can show you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื.
05:05
(Slow rhythm)
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(ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™)
05:06
That's a rhythm right?
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ื–ื” ืงืฆื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:09
Watch what happens when we speed it up.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
05:11
(Rhythm gets gradually faster)
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(ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”)
05:14
(High pitch)
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(ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”)
05:18
(Lowering pitch)
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(ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ)
05:21
(Slow Rhythm)
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(ืงืฆื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™)
05:25
So once a rhythm starts happening more than about 20 times per second,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
05:28
your brain flips.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืฆื‘.
05:29
It stops hearing it as a rhythm and starts hearing it as a pitch.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื›ืงืฆื‘ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฆืœื™ืœ.
05:34
So what does this have to do with astronomy?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”?
05:36
Well, that's when we get to the TRAPPIST-1 system.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-TRAPPIST-1.
05:40
This is an exoplanetary system discovered last February of 2017,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืฅ-ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017,
05:46
and it got everyone excited
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ื•ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื
05:47
because it is seven Earth-sized planets all orbiting a very near red dwarf star.
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ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืฉึถื‘ึถืช ื ื ืก ืื“ื•ื.
05:52
And we think that three of the planets
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืืœื”
05:54
have the right temperature for liquid water.
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ื™ืฉ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœ.
05:56
It's also so close that in the next few years,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
05:58
we should be able to detect elements in their atmospheres
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืžืชืืŸ - ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:01
such as oxygen and methane -- potential signs of life.
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06:05
But one thing about the TRAPPIST system is that it is tiny.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-TRAPPIST ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ.
06:09
So here we have the orbits of the inner rocky planets
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ื›ืืŸ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:12
in our solar system:
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•: ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื”, ื ื•ื’ื”, ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืื“ื™ื
06:13
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars,
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06:14
and all seven Earth-sized planets of TRAPPIST-1
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช TRAPPIST-1
06:17
are tucked well inside the orbit of Mercury.
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ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื”.
06:21
I have to expand this by 25 times
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืคื™ 25,
06:23
for you to see the orbits of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ TRAPPIST-1.
06:28
It's actually much more similar in size to our planet Jupiter and its moons,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฆื“ืง ื•ื™ืจื—ื™ื•,
06:32
even though it's seven Earth-size planets orbiting a star.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืžืฉ.
06:36
Another reason this got everyone excited was artist renderings like this.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
06:42
You got some liquid water, some ice, maybe some land,
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ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืงืฆืช ืงืจื—, ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
06:45
maybe you can go for a dive in this amazing orange sunset.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื ื•ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”.
06:49
It got everyone excited,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•,
06:51
and then a few months later, some other papers came out
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ืฆืื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
06:54
that said, actually, it probably looks more like this.
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ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื›ื”.
[ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื”: ืจืฆืคืช ืœื‘ื”] (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:58
(Laughter)
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07:02
So there were signs
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
07:04
that some of the surfaces might actually be molten lava
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืœืง ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืœื‘ื” ืžื•ืชื›ืช
07:08
and that there were very damaging X-rays coming from the central star --
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ื•ืฉืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ -
07:11
X-rays that will sterilize the surface of life and even strip off atmospheres.
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ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืขึทืงืจื• ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืืฃ ื™ืงืœืคื• ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
07:16
Luckily, just a few months ago in 2018,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘-2018,
07:19
some new papers came out with more refined measurements,
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ื™ืฆืื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:23
and they found actually it does look something like that.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”.
07:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:28
So we now know that several of them have huge supplies of water --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื -
07:32
global oceans --
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื -
07:33
and several of them have thick atmospheres,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืช,
07:36
so it's the right place to look for potential life.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:40
But there's something even more exciting about this system,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
07:42
especially for me.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
07:44
And that's that TRAPPIST-1 is a resonant chain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช TRAPPIST-1 ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืชื”ื•ื“ืชื™ืช.
07:48
And so that means for every two orbits of the outer planet,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
07:51
the next one in orbits three times,
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ืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงืคื•ืช,
07:54
and the next one in four,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื• - ืืจื‘ืข,
07:56
and then six, nine, 15 and 24.
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ื•ืื–, ืฉืฉ, ืชืฉืข, 15 ื•-24.
08:01
So you see a lot of very simple ratios among the orbits of these planets.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:06
Clearly, if you speed up their motion, you can get rhythms, right?
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืื ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:10
One beat, say, for every time a planet goes around.
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ื ื ื™ื—, ืคืขืžื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช.
08:12
But now we know if you speed that motion up even more,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:15
you'll actually produce musical pitches,
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ื ืคื™ืง ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
08:17
and in this case alone,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•,
08:20
those pitches will work together,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“,
08:21
making harmonious, even human-like harmony.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:25
So let's hear TRAPPIST-1.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืืช TRAPPIST-1.
08:28
The first thing you'll hear will be a note for every orbit of each planet,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื›ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช,
08:32
and just keep in mind,
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ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
08:34
this music is coming from the system itself.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
08:36
I'm not creating the pitches or rhythms,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื,
08:38
I'm just bringing them into the human hearing range.
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ืืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
08:41
And after all seven planets have entered,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื•,
08:43
you're going to see --
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• -
08:44
well, you're going to hear a drum for every time two planets align.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืฉืžืขื•, ืชื™ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื™ืงื‘ื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
08:48
That's when they kind of get close to each other
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
08:50
and give each other a gravitational tug.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™.
08:57
(Tone)
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(ื˜ื•ืŸ)
09:05
(Two tones)
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(ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
09:14
(Three tones)
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(ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
09:22
(Four tones)
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(ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
09:29
(Five tones)
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(ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
09:37
(Six tones)
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(ืฉื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
09:45
(Seven tones)
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(ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
09:53
(Drum beats)
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(ืชื™ืคื•ืคื™ื)
10:31
(Music ends)
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(ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช)
10:32
And that's the sound of the star itself -- its light converted into sound.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืฉึถื‘ึถืช ืขืฆืžื• - ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœ.
10:37
So you may wonder how this is even possible.
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืชื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจื™.
10:40
And it's good to think of the analogy of an orchestra.
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช.
10:44
When everyone gets together to start playing in an orchestra,
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช,
ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ "ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื", ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:47
they can't just dive into it, right?
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื,
10:49
They have to all get in tune;
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
10:50
they have to make sure
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ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื,
10:51
their instruments resonate with their neighbors' instruments,
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10:54
and something very similar happened to TRAPPIST-1 early in its existence.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-TRAPPIST-1 ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”.
10:58
When the planets were first forming,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืจืง ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
11:00
they were orbiting within a disc of gas,
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ื”ื ื—ื’ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืกืงืช ื’ื–,
11:03
and while inside that disc,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื” ื”ื–ืืช,
11:05
they can actually slide around
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘
11:07
and adjust their orbits to their neighbors
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ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื
11:09
until they're perfectly in tune.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
11:11
And it's a good thing they did because this system is so compact --
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ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื• ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” -
11:15
a lot of mass in a tight space --
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆืจ -
11:17
if every aspect of their orbits wasn't very finely tuned,
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
11:20
they would very quickly disrupt each other's orbits,
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ
11:22
destroying the whole system.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื”ืจืกืช.
11:24
So it's really music that is keeping this system alive --
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
11:28
and any of its potential inhabitants.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
11:32
But what does our solar system sound like?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•?
11:36
I hate to be the one to show you this, but it's not pretty.
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ืœื ื ืขื™ื ืœื™ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคื”.
11:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:41
So for one thing,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
11:43
our solar system is on a much, much larger scale,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
11:46
and so to hear all eight planets,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช,
11:47
we have to start with Neptune near the bottom of our hearing range,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
11:51
and then Mercury's going to be all the way up
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ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™-ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”,
ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:53
near the very top of our hearing range.
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11:55
But also, since our planets are not very compact --
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื -
11:57
they're very spread out --
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ื”ื ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืขืฆื•ื -
12:00
they didn't have to adjust their orbits to each other,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
12:02
so they're kind of just all playing their own random note at random times.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื ื’ืŸ ืชื• ืืงืจืื™ ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
12:06
So, I'm sorry, but here it is.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื.
12:09
(Tone)
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(ื˜ื•ืŸ)
12:11
That's Neptune.
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ื–ื” ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:12
(Two tones)
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(ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:13
Uranus.
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ืื•ืจื ื•ืก.
12:15
(Three tones)
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(ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:17
Saturn.
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ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
12:18
(Four tones)
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(ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:20
Jupiter.
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ืฆื“ืง.
12:21
And then tucked in, that's Mars.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
12:23
(Five tones)
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(ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:24
(Six tones)
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ืืจืฅ.
(ืฉื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:26
Earth.
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12:27
(Seven tones)
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(ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:28
Venus.
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ื ื•ื’ื”.
12:30
(Eight tones)
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(ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื)
12:31
And that's Mercury --
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ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื”...
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžืคืกื™ืง.
12:33
OK, OK, I'll stop.
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12:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:36
So this was actually Kepler's dream.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ.
12:39
Johannes Kepler is the person
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ื™ื•ื”ืื ืก ืงืคืœืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื
12:41
that figured out the laws of planetary motion.
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช.
12:43
He was completely fascinated by this idea
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
12:45
that there's a connection between music, astronomy and geometry.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
12:49
And so he actually spent an entire book
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื
12:51
just searching for any kind of musical harmony amongst the solar system's planets
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ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
12:56
and it was really, really hard.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
12:59
It would have been much easier had he lived on TRAPPIST-1,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืขืœ TRAPPIST-1,
13:02
or for that matter ...
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ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ...
13:04
K2-138.
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ืขืœ K2-138.
13:07
This is a new system discovered in January of 2018
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ื–ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018
13:10
with five planets,
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ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช,
13:12
and just like TRAPPIST,
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• TRAPPIST,
13:13
early on in their existence, they were all finely tuned.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
13:16
They were actually tuned
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ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื
13:17
into a tuning structure proposed by Pythagoras himself,
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ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ืขืฆืžื•,
13:20
over 2,000 years before.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
13:23
But the system's actually named after Kepler,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ,
13:26
discovered by the Kepler space telescope.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ืงืคืœืจ.
13:28
And so, in the last few billion years,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
13:30
they've actually lost their tuning,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
13:32
quite a bit more than TRAPPIST has,
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ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-TRAPPIST,
13:34
and so what we're going to do is go back in time
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
13:37
and imagine what they would've sounded like
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ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข
13:39
just as they were forming.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
14:02
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
15:20
(Music ends)
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(ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช)
15:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
15:32
Now, you may be wondering: How far does this go?
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืชืฉืืœื•: ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื›ืช?
15:34
How much music actually is out there?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
15:37
And that's what I was wondering last fall
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ืฉืขื‘ืจ
15:39
when I was working at U of T's planetarium,
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•,
15:41
and I was contacted by an artist named Robyn Rennie and her daughter Erin.
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ื•ืคื ื• ืืœื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื” ืืจื™ืŸ.
15:46
Robyn loves the night sky,
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ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
15:48
but she hasn't been able to fully see it for 13 years
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” 13 ืฉื ื”
15:51
because of vision loss.
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ืขืงื‘ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื”.
15:53
And so they wondered if there was anything I could do.
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ื”ืŸ ืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:55
So I collected all the sounds I could think of from the universe
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ืื– ืืกืคืชื™ ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื
15:59
and packaged them into what became "Our Musical Universe."
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ื•ืืจื–ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื "ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•."
16:04
This is a sound-based planetarium show
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืข ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ ืงื•ึนืœื™
16:06
exploring the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
16:10
And Robyn was so moved by this presentation
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื” ืžื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
16:12
that when she went home,
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ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
16:13
she painted this gorgeous representation of her experience.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
16:18
And then I defaced it by putting Jupiter on it for the poster.
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ื•ืื– ืงืœืงืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ื”.
16:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:23
So ...
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ืื–...
16:27
in this show, I take people of all vision levels
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ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
16:30
and bring them on an audio tour of the universe,
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
16:33
from the night sky all the way out to the edge of the observable universe.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”.
16:38
But even this is just the start of a musical odyssey
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช
16:40
to experience the universe with new eyes and with new ears,
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
16:44
and I hope you'll join me.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื™.
16:46
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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