What does the universe sound like? A musical tour | Matt Russo

Translator: Hana Julia Reviewer: Yolanda Raintina

I'd like you all to close your eyes, please ...

Saya ingin Anda menutup mata,

and imagine yourself sitting in the middle of a large, open field

dan bayangkan Anda duduk di tengah lapangan yang luas

with the sun setting on your right.

dengan matahari tenggelam di kanan.

And as the sun sets,

Saat matahari tenggelam,

imagine that tonight you don't just see the stars appear,

bayangkan malam,

Anda tidak hanya melihat bintang-bintang,

but you're able to hear the stars appear

tetapi juga mendengar mereka muncul.

with the brightest stars being the loudest notes

Bintang tercerah dengan suara yang paling keras

and the hotter, bluer stars producing the higher-pitched notes.

dan bintang biru yang panas mengeluarkan nada-nada tinggi.

(Music)

(Musik)

And since each constellation is made up of different types of stars,

Karena setiap rasi terdiri dari berbagai bintang yang berbeda,

mereka menghasilkan melodi yang unik tersendiri,

they'll each produce their own unique melody,

such as Aries, the ram.

seperti Aries, sang domba.

(Music)

(Musik)

Or Orion, the hunter.

Atau Orion, sang pemburu.

(Music)

(Musik)

Or even Taurus, the bull.

Atau bahkan Taurus, sang banteng.

(Music)

(Musik)

We live in a musical universe,

Kita hidup di dunia musik,

and we can use that to experience it from a new perspective,

dan kita bisa menggunakannya untuk merasakan perspektif baru,

and to share that perspective with a wider range of people.

dan menyebarkannya ke banyak orang.

Let me show you what I mean.

Saya tunjukkan maksudnya.

(Music ends)

(Musik selesai)

Now, when I tell people I'm an astrophysicist,

Saat saya katakan bahwa saya astrofisikawan,

biasanya mereka kagum.

they're usually pretty impressed.

And then I say I'm also a musician -- they're like, "Yeah, we know."

Saat saya katakan saya juga musisi,

mereka seperti, "Ya, kami tahu."

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So everyone seems to know

Semua orang sepertinya tahu

that there's this deep connection between music and astronomy.

adanya hubungan erat antara musik dan astronomi.

Dan sudah diketahui sejak lama,

And it's actually a very old idea;

it goes back over 2,000 years to Pythagoras.

2.000 tahun yang lalu pada masa Pythagoras.

You might remember Pythagoras from such theorems

Anda mungkin ingat Pythagoras dari teorema itu

as the Pythagorean theorem --

misalnya teori Pythagoras --

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

And he said:

Dan dia mengatakan,

"There is geometry in the humming of the strings,

"Ada geometri dalam bunyi getaran senar

there is music in the spacing of the spheres."

dan ada musik di antara bidang-bidang."

And so he literally thought

Jadi dia berpikir

that the motions of the planets along the celestial sphere

bahwa pergerakan planet di alam semesta ini

created harmonious music.

menciptakan musik harmonis.

Jika Anda tanya, "Mengapa tidak ada suara?"

And if you asked him, "Why don't we hear anything?"

dia akan jawab Anda tak bisa dengar itu

he'd say you can't hear it

because you don't know what it's like to not hear it;

karena Anda tak tahu rasanya saat tak mendengarnya,

you don't know what true silence is.

Anda tidak tahu keheningan.

Seperti saat Anda menunggu kekuatan muncul

It's like how you have to wait for your power to go out

untuk mendengar betapa menyebalkan suara kulkas.

to hear how annoying your refrigerator was.

Maybe you buy that,

Mungkin Anda percaya,

but not everybody else was buying it, including such names as Aristotle.

tapi tidak semua orang percaya, contohnya Aristoteles.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

Exact words.

Tepat sekali.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

Saya uraikan ucapan Aristosteles.

So I'll paraphrase his exact words.

Dia katakan itu ide bagus,

He said it's a nice idea,

but if something as large and vast as the heavens themselves

namun jika sesuatu yang besar dan luas seperti surga

were moving and making sounds,

bergerak dan berbunyi,

it wouldn't just be audible,

suaranya tidak hanya terdengar

it would be earth-shatteringly loud.

tapi juga akan sangat keras.

We exist, therefore there is no music of the spheres.

Kita ada, maka tidak ada musik antara bidang-bidang.

He also thought that the brain's only purpose was to cool down the blood,

Dia juga berpikir bahwa fungsi otak hanya untuk mendinginkan darah,

so there's that ...

jadi, ya begitulah.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

But I'd like to show you that in some way they were actually both right.

Tapi, saya ingin menunjukkan bahwa keduanya benar.

And we're going to start by understanding what makes music musical.

Dimulai dengan apa yang membuat musik terdengar musikal.

It may sound like a silly question,

Mungkin terdengar aneh,

namun pernahkah Anda bertanya

but have you ever wondered why it is

that certain notes, when played together, sound relatively pleasing or consonant,

mengapa not-not yang dimainkan secara bersamaan akan terdengar indah?

such as these two --

Seperti kedua not ini,

(Music)

(Musik)

while others are a lot more tense or dissonant,

Tapi not lain terdengar kaku,

such as these two.

seperti kedua not ini.

(Music)

(Musik)

Right?

Ya, 'kan?

Why is that? Why are there notes at all?

Mengapa seperti itu?

Mengapa ada not?

Why can you be in or out of tune?

Mengapa bisa selaras atau tidak?

Well, the answer to that question

Jawaban atas pertanyaan itu

was actually solved by Pythagoras himself.

telah dijawab oleh Pythagoras.

Take a look at the string on the far left.

Coba lihat senar yang paling kiri.

If you bow that string,

Jika Anda petik senar itu,

it will produce a note as it oscillates very fast back and forth.

akan dihasilkan sebuah not selagi senar itu bergetar.

(Musical note)

(Not musik)

But now if you cut the string in half, you'll get two strings,

Namun jika Anda belah menjadi 2 senar,

each oscillating twice as fast.

maka getarannya dua kali lebih cepat.

And that will produce a related note.

Kedua senar menghasilkan not yang berhubungan.

Or three times as fast,

Atau tiga kali lebih cepat,

or four times --

atau empat kali,

(Musical notes)

(Not musik)

And so the secret to musical harmony really is simple ratios:

Rahasia harmoni musik adalah rasio yang sederhana.

the simpler the ratio,

Semakin sederhana rasionya,

the more pleasing or consonant those two notes will sound together.

semakin indah suara yang dihasilkan kedua not.

And the more complex the ratio, the more dissonant they will sound.

Semakin kompleks rasio, suaranya semakin tidak selaras.

And it's this interplay between tension and release,

Interaksi antara ketegangan dan pelepasan,

or consonance and dissonance,

atau selaras dan tidak,

that makes what we call music.

yang kita sebut sebagai musik.

(Music)

(Musik)

(Music ends)

(Musik Berakhir)

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

But there's more.

Tapi masih banyak lagi,

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So the two features of music we like to think of as pitch and rhythms,

Dua fitur musik, yaitu nada dan ritme,

they're actually two versions of the same thing,

mereka adalah dua versi dari hal yang sama.

and I can show you.

Saya tunjukkan.

(Slow rhythm)

(Irama lambat)

That's a rhythm right?

Itu ritme kan?

Watch what happens when we speed it up.

Perhatikan ketika kita percepat.

(Rhythm gets gradually faster)

(Irama semakin cepat)

(High pitch)

(Lowering pitch)

(Slow Rhythm)

So once a rhythm starts happening more than about 20 times per second,

Begitu ritme mulai terjadi lebih dari 20 kali per detik,

your brain flips.

otak Anda akan berputar.

It stops hearing it as a rhythm and starts hearing it as a pitch.

Otak berhenti mendengar ritme dan mulai mendengar nada.

So what does this have to do with astronomy?

Jadi, apa hubungannya ini dengan astronomi?

Well, that's when we get to the TRAPPIST-1 system.

Nah, saat itulah kami masuk ke sistem TRAPPIST-1.

This is an exoplanetary system discovered last February of 2017,

Ini adalah sistem eksoplanet yang ditemukan Februari 2017 lalu,

and it got everyone excited

dan membuat orang bersemangat.

because it is seven Earth-sized planets all orbiting a very near red dwarf star.

Ini adalah tujuh planet seukuran Bumi

yang mengorbit bintang kerdil merah.

And we think that three of the planets

Dan ada tiga planet

yang suhunya sesuai untuk air bentuk cair.

have the right temperature for liquid water.

Dan sangat dekat sehingga beberapa tahun ke depan,

It's also so close that in the next few years,

we should be able to detect elements in their atmospheres

kita harus bisa mendeteksi elemen di atmosfernya

seperti oksigen dan metana -- tanda potensial kehidupan.

such as oxygen and methane -- potential signs of life.

But one thing about the TRAPPIST system is that it is tiny.

Satu hal tentang sistem TRAPPIST adalah ukurannya kecil.

So here we have the orbits of the inner rocky planets

Jadi di sini kita memiliki orbit planet berbatu

in our solar system:

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars,

Merkurius, Venus, Bumi dan Mars,

and all seven Earth-sized planets of TRAPPIST-1

dan ketujuh planet berukuran Bumi TRAPPIST-1

are tucked well inside the orbit of Mercury.

terselip baik di dalam orbit Merkurius.

I have to expand this by 25 times

Saya harus mengembangkannya 25 kali

for you to see the orbits of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.

agar Anda dapat melihat orbit planet TRAPPIST-1.

It's actually much more similar in size to our planet Jupiter and its moons,

Sebenarnya ukurannya lebih mirip planet Jupiter dan bulan-bulannya,

even though it's seven Earth-size planets orbiting a star.

meski itu tujuh planet seukuran Bumi yang mengorbit bintang.

Another reason this got everyone excited was artist renderings like this.

Alasan lain hal ini menarik adalah pengertian seperti ini.

You got some liquid water, some ice, maybe some land,

Anda punya air, es, tanah,

maybe you can go for a dive in this amazing orange sunset.

lalu Anda menyelam di matahari terbenam jingga yang menakjubkan.

It got everyone excited,

Itu membuat orang tertarik,

and then a few months later, some other papers came out

dan beberapa bulan kemudian, beberapa surat kabar lain keluar

that said, actually, it probably looks more like this.

yang mengatakan, sebenarnya, mungkin terlihat seperti ini.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So there were signs

that some of the surfaces might actually be molten lava

bahwa beberapa permukaannya berupa lava cair

and that there were very damaging X-rays coming from the central star --

dan ada sinar-X yang sangat merusak yang berasal dari bintang pusat -

X-rays that will sterilize the surface of life and even strip off atmospheres.

Sinar-X yang mensterilkan permukaan dan bahkan menghilangkan atmosfer.

Luckily, just a few months ago in 2018,

Beberapa bulan lalu pada tahun 2018,

some new papers came out with more refined measurements,

beberapa surat kabar baru keluar dengan pengukuran lebih sopan,

and they found actually it does look something like that.

dan menemukan bahwa memang terlihat seperti itu.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So we now know that several of them have huge supplies of water --

Kita tahu beberapa dari mereka punya cadangan air yang besar

global oceans --

and several of them have thick atmospheres,

dan beberapa di antaranya memiliki atmosfer yang tebal,

so it's the right place to look for potential life.

jadi itu tempat yang tepat untuk mencari potensi adanya kehidupan.

But there's something even more exciting about this system,

Ada hal yang lebih menarik tentang sistem ini,

especially for me.

terutama bagi saya.

And that's that TRAPPIST-1 is a resonant chain.

Dan itulah TRAPPIST-1 adalah rantai resonan.

And so that means for every two orbits of the outer planet,

Artinya, untuk setiap dua orbit planet luar,

the next one in orbits three times,

yang berikutnya dalam orbit tiga kali,

and the next one in four,

dan yang berikutnya adalah empat,

and then six, nine, 15 and 24.

dan kemudian 6, 9, 15 dan 24.

So you see a lot of very simple ratios among the orbits of these planets.

Jadi Anda melihat banyak rasio yang sederhana di antara orbit planet.

Clearly, if you speed up their motion, you can get rhythms, right?

Jika Anda percepat gerakannya, Anda mendapatkan ritme, 'kan?

Buatlah satu ketukan untuk setiap kali planet berputar.

One beat, say, for every time a planet goes around.

But now we know if you speed that motion up even more,

Tapi jika Anda mempercepat gerakan itu,

you'll actually produce musical pitches,

Anda akan menghasilkan nada musikal,

and in this case alone,

dan dalam kasus ini saja,

those pitches will work together,

nada itu akan bekerja sama,

making harmonious, even human-like harmony.

membuat keharmonisan, bahkan seperti manusia.

So let's hear TRAPPIST-1.

Mari kita dengarkan TRAPPIST-1.

The first thing you'll hear will be a note for every orbit of each planet,

Hal pertama yang terdengar adalah nada setiap orbit setiap planet,

dan perlu diingat,

and just keep in mind,

this music is coming from the system itself.

musik ini berasal dari sistem itu sendiri.

I'm not creating the pitches or rhythms,

Saya tidak menciptakan nada atau irama.

I'm just bringing them into the human hearing range.

Saya hanya membuatnya agar dapat didengar manusia.

And after all seven planets have entered,

you're going to see --

Anda akan melihat -

well, you're going to hear a drum for every time two planets align.

Anda akan mendengar bunyi drum setiap dua planet sejajar.

That's when they kind of get close to each other

Saat itulah mereka saling mendekat dan saling memberi gaya tarik.

and give each other a gravitational tug.

(Tone)

(Satu nada)

(Two tones)

(Dua nada)

(Three tones)

(Tiga nada)

(Four tones)

(Empat nada)

(Five tones)

(Lima nada)

(Six tones)

(Enam nada)

(Seven tones)

(Tujuh nada)

(Drum beats)

(Ketukan Drum)

(Music ends)

(Musik berakhir)

And that's the sound of the star itself -- its light converted into sound.

Dan itu suara dari bintang -- cahayanya diubah menjadi suara.

So you may wonder how this is even possible.

Anda mungkin bertanya-tanya bagaimana ini bisa terjadi.

And it's good to think of the analogy of an orchestra.

Ada baiknya memikirkan analogi orkestra.

When everyone gets together to start playing in an orchestra,

Saat orang berkumpul untuk bermain di sebuah orkestra,

mereka tak langsung memainkannya.

they can't just dive into it, right?

Mereka semua harus selaras,

They have to all get in tune;

mereka harus pastikan

they have to make sure

instrumennya selaras dengan instrumen lain,

their instruments resonate with their neighbors' instruments,

dan itu sangat mirip dengan TRAPPIST-1 pada awalnya.

and something very similar happened to TRAPPIST-1 early in its existence.

Saat pertama kali planet terbentuk,

When the planets were first forming,

they were orbiting within a disc of gas,

mereka mengorbit dalam piringan gas,

and while inside that disc,

dan saat di dalam piringan itu,

they can actually slide around

mereka dapat meluncur

and adjust their orbits to their neighbors

dan menyesuaikan orbitnya dengan planet lain

until they're perfectly in tune.

hingga selaras dengan sempurna.

And it's a good thing they did because this system is so compact --

Itu hal baik yang mereka lakukan karena sistem ini sangat padu -

a lot of mass in a tight space --

banyak aspek di ruang sempit -

if every aspect of their orbits wasn't very finely tuned,

jika setiap aspek orbit tidak diatur dengan baik,

they would very quickly disrupt each other's orbits,

mereka dengan cepat akan mengganggu orbit lainnya,

destroying the whole system.

menghancurkan seluruh sistem.

So it's really music that is keeping this system alive --

Jadi, musiklah yang menjaga sistem ini tetap hidup -

and any of its potential inhabitants.

dan semua penghuninya yang potensial.

But what does our solar system sound like?

Tapi bagaimana tata surya kita?

I hate to be the one to show you this, but it's not pretty.

Saya benci tunjukkan ini pada Anda, dan itu tidak baik.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So for one thing,

Untuk satu hal,

our solar system is on a much, much larger scale,

tata surya kita dalam skala yang jauh lebih besar.

and so to hear all eight planets,

Untuk mendengar kedelapan planet,

we have to start with Neptune near the bottom of our hearing range,

harus dimulai dari Neptunus di bawah jangkauan pendengaran,

dan kemudian Merkurius di jangkauan pendengaran teratas.

and then Mercury's going to be all the way up

near the very top of our hearing range.

Tapi juga, karena planet kita tidak terlalu rapat -

But also, since our planets are not very compact --

they're very spread out --

sangat tersebar -

they didn't have to adjust their orbits to each other,

mereka tidak perlu saling menyesuaikan orbit,

so they're kind of just all playing their own random note at random times.

jadi mereka memainkan nada acak dan pada waktu yang acak.

So, I'm sorry, but here it is.

Jadi, saya minta maaf, tapi ini.

(Tone)

(Satu nada)

That's Neptune.

(Two tones)

(Dua nada)

Uranus.

Uranus.

(Three tones)

(Tiga nada)

Saturn.

Saturnus.

(Four tones)

(Empat nada)

Jupiter.

Jupiter.

And then tucked in, that's Mars.

Dan terselip, itu Mars.

(Five tones)

(Lima nada)

(Six tones)

(Enam nada)

Bumi.

Earth.

(Seven tones)

(Tujuh nada)

Venus.

Venus.

(Eight tones)

(Delapan nada)

And that's Mercury --

dan itu Merkurius--

Baik, saya akan berhenti.

OK, OK, I'll stop.

(Tawa)

(Laughter)

So this was actually Kepler's dream.

Jadi ini sebenarnya impian Kepler.

Johannes Kepler is the person

Johannes Kepler adalah penemu hukum gerak planet.

that figured out the laws of planetary motion.

He was completely fascinated by this idea

Dia sangat terpesona dengan gagasan

that there's a connection between music, astronomy and geometry.

bahwa ada hubungan antara musik, astronomi, dan geometri.

And so he actually spent an entire book

Jadi dia membaca sangat banyak buku

just searching for any kind of musical harmony amongst the solar system's planets

untuk mencari segala jenis harmoni musik di sistem tata surya.

and it was really, really hard.

Itu sangat sulit.

It would have been much easier had he lived on TRAPPIST-1,

Akan jauh lebih mudah jika dia hidup di TRAPPIST-1,

or for that matter ...

atau dalam hal ini...

K2-138.

This is a new system discovered in January of 2018

Ini adalah sistem baru yang ditemukan pada Januari 2018

with five planets,

dengan lima planet,

and just like TRAPPIST,

dan seperti TRAPPIST,

early on in their existence, they were all finely tuned.

pada awal keberadaannya, semuanya diatur dengan baik.

They were actually tuned

Mereka sebenarnya diatur

into a tuning structure proposed by Pythagoras himself,

ke dalam struktur pengaturan yang diusulkan oleh Pythagoras,

over 2,000 years before.

lebih 2.000 tahun lalu.

But the system's actually named after Kepler,

Sistem itu sebenarnya dinamai Kepler,

ditemukan oleh teleskop luar angkasa Kepler.

discovered by the Kepler space telescope.

And so, in the last few billion years,

Jadi, dalam beberapa miliar tahun terakhir,

they've actually lost their tuning,

mereka kehilangan pengaturannya,

quite a bit more than TRAPPIST has,

lebih dari yang TRAPPIST miliki.

and so what we're going to do is go back in time

Jadi yang akan kita lakukan adalah kembali ke masa lalu

and imagine what they would've sounded like

dan membayangkan seperti apa suara mereka

just as they were forming.

saat mereka terbentuk.

(Music)

(Musik)

(Music ends)

(Musik berakhir)

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

Now, you may be wondering: How far does this go?

Anda mungkin bertanya-tanya, seberapa jauh ini?

How much music actually is out there?

Seberapa banyak musik di luar sana?

And that's what I was wondering last fall

Itu yang saya pikirkan musim gugur lalu

when I was working at U of T's planetarium,

ketika saya bekerja di planetarium U of T.

and I was contacted by an artist named Robyn Rennie and her daughter Erin.

Saya dihubungi seorang seniman, yaitu Robyn Rennie dan putrinya Erin.

Robyn loves the night sky,

Robyn menyukai langit pada malam hari,

but she hasn't been able to fully see it for 13 years

tapi dia tak bisa melihat selama 13 tahun

because of vision loss.

karena ia buta.

And so they wondered if there was anything I could do.

Jadi mereka bertanya adakah yang bisa saya lakukan.

So I collected all the sounds I could think of from the universe

Jadi saya kumpulkan suara yang saya dapatkan dari alam semesta

and packaged them into what became "Our Musical Universe."

dan mengemasnya menjadi "Our Musical Universe."

This is a sound-based planetarium show

Ini adalah pertunjukan suara planetarium

exploring the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos.

yang mengeksplorasi ritme dan harmoni kosmos.

And Robyn was so moved by this presentation

Dan Robyn sangat tersentuh oleh penampilan ini

that when she went home,

sehingga saat dia pulang,

she painted this gorgeous representation of her experience.

dia melukis gambaran indah dari pengalamannya.

And then I defaced it by putting Jupiter on it for the poster.

Lalu saya merusaknya dengan meletakkan Jupiter di atasnya.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

So ...

Jadi...

dari pertunjukan ini,

in this show, I take people of all vision levels

saya mengajak semua orang dari semua tingkat penglihatan

and bring them on an audio tour of the universe,

dan membawa mereka ke tur audio alam semesta,

from the night sky all the way out to the edge of the observable universe.

dari langit malam sampai ke tepi alam semesta.

But even this is just the start of a musical odyssey

Tetapi ini hanyalah awal dari penjelajahan musik

to experience the universe with new eyes and with new ears,

untuk mengalami alam semesta dengan mata dan telinga baru,

and I hope you'll join me.

saya harap Anda bergabung dengan saya.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)