How we study the microbes living in your gut | Dan Knights

72,773 views ใƒป 2018-08-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: hila scherba
00:12
If I asked you to name a microbe that's living in your gut,
0
12787
5514
ืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื›ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:18
many of you would probably say E. coli.
1
18325
3351
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื™-ืงื•ืœื™.
00:21
A lot of people say this. It's the best-known of the gut microbes.
2
21700
3765
ื•ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
00:25
But it turns out that E. coli is outnumbered in your gut
3
25489
4505
ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:30
about a thousand to one
4
30018
2093
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ืœืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:32
by other species, many of which you probably haven't heard of.
5
32135
2991
ืฉืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื.
00:35
These are Bacteroides; Prevotella is another example.
6
35150
4581
ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื; ืคืจื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
00:39
Those are the two that dominate the modern human gut.
7
39755
3468
ื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
00:43
There are about a hundred trillion microbes living inside you.
8
43247
4849
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื.
00:49
We call this your microbiome,
9
49090
3271
ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื,
00:52
so it's like a little world living inside you --
10
52385
2244
ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื --
00:54
actually more like a universe.
11
54653
1874
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื™ืงื•ื.
00:56
A hundred trillion means if you took a blade of grass
12
56896
3454
ืžืื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืฉืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคื™ืกืช ื“ืฉื
01:00
and planted it for every microbe living in your gut,
13
60374
3125
ื•ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:03
that could fill a million football fields.
14
63523
2354
ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
01:05
So it's incredibly complex.
15
65901
1746
ืื– ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
01:07
But interestingly,
16
67671
1816
ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:09
as our bodies have been adapting to life in modern society,
17
69511
4433
ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
01:13
we're losing some of our normal microbes,
18
73968
4104
ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:18
and at the same time,
19
78096
2925
ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
01:21
there are quite a few diseases related to the gut
20
81045
3355
ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
01:24
that are skyrocketing in developed nations all around the world.
21
84424
5429
ืฉืžืจืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:29
And many of you probably know someone who suffers from obesity,
22
89877
4659
ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฉืžื ื”,
01:34
diabetes, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis,
23
94560
3961
ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื”ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืก ื›ื™ื‘ื™,
01:38
allergies and asthma.
24
98545
1895
ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกืชืžื”.
01:40
Every one of these diseases
25
100464
1365
ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
01:41
and many others related to metabolism and autoimmunity
26
101853
4247
ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื•ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:46
are linked to a loss of healthy diversity in the gut.
27
106124
5119
ื ื–ืงืคื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
01:52
My lab got our first indication of this
28
112081
2191
ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฆืฆื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš
01:54
when actually we were studying non-human primates.
29
114296
3770
ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืงืจื ื• ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:58
We wanted to find out what happens to a monkey's microbiome
30
118090
5131
ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ
02:03
when they move from the jungle to a zoo.
31
123245
4039
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:08
Does their microbiome change? Do they pick up new bugs?
32
128166
2572
ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื”? ื”ืื ื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื?
02:10
Do they lose some? Does it get better or worse?
33
130762
2741
ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื”? ื”ืื ืžืฆื‘ื ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืื• ืžื—ืžื™ืจ?
02:13
We tracked two different species in the jungle,
34
133527
3514
ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ,
02:17
one in Vietnam, one in Costa Rica,
35
137065
3610
ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”,
02:20
and then we sequenced the DNA from their stool.
36
140699
2881
ื•ืื– ืกื™ื“ืจื ื• ืืช ื”-DNA ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:23
This is how we study the microbiome in my research lab.
37
143604
3541
ื›ืš ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
02:27
And what we found in the DNA is that in the wild,
38
147169
4112
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื“ื "ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
02:31
these two species had totally different sets of microbes.
39
151305
3961
ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:35
It was like a fingerprint for the species.
40
155290
2612
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
02:37
But in the zoo, they had lost most of that diversity
41
157926
5165
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:43
and had acquired some other set of microbes.
42
163115
2531
ื•ืจื›ืฉื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:46
So this was very curious.
43
166379
3348
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืงืจืŸ.
02:49
We've got these two different microbiomes.
44
169751
2009
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:51
In the wild, picture a lush tropical rainforest
45
171784
4158
ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืคืข
02:55
living the guts of these monkeys.
46
175966
2469
ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:58
That's the kind of diversity that we're talking about.
47
178459
2540
ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:01
Then in the zoo, they've lost diversity.
48
181023
2626
ื•ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:04
Picture a rainforest that's been burned to the ground
49
184298
3572
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืฉื ืฉืจืฃ ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
03:07
and taken over by a few invasive species.
50
187894
2340
ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:11
That's more like the microbiome in a captive primate.
51
191105
3801
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ ืฉื‘ื•ื™.
03:15
Now, in the meantime,
52
195955
1237
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
03:17
many of the animals in the zoo are not doing so well.
53
197216
2627
ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:19
They have issues with obesity,
54
199867
2906
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื ื”,
03:22
wasting,
55
202797
1336
ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช,
03:24
gastroenteritis, diarrhea, bloating,
56
204157
3049
ื“ืœืงืช ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืขื™ื™ื, ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ, ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช,
03:27
and some of them were barely holding onto their lives.
57
207230
2809
ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ืื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
03:31
Now, of course, we were very interested to find out
58
211073
3588
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
03:34
what are these so-called invasive species that are taking over in the zoo.
59
214685
4354
ืžื” ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:39
So we went back to the DNA, and what the DNA told us
60
219899
2889
ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื“ื "ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื "ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื•
03:42
is that every monkey in the zoo
61
222812
4503
ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:47
had become dominated by Bacteroides and Prevotella,
62
227339
5168
ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืจื‘ื•ื˜ืœื”,
03:52
the same microbes that we all have in our guts as modern humans.
63
232531
4381
ืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
03:59
We wanted to find a way to visualize this,
64
239050
2893
ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื,
04:01
and we used some tools from multivariate ecology
65
241967
3940
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ืžืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
04:05
to put all of the microbiomes we were studying onto an axis.
66
245931
4412
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื ื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืฃ.
04:10
And what you're seeing here is a distance plot
67
250367
4070
ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžืจื—ืง
04:14
where every point is a different animal's microbiome.
68
254461
4905
ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:19
So every point represents a whole zoo of microbes.
69
259390
2793
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
04:23
And the microbiomes that have a lot of microbes in common
70
263207
3856
ื•ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
04:27
are close to each other.
71
267087
1413
ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
04:28
The ones that are very different are farther apart.
72
268524
2448
ืืœื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
04:30
So this is showing you
73
270996
1517
ืื– ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื
04:32
that the two groups of wild monkeys are over on the left.
74
272537
5698
ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
04:38
The top left are these highly endangered monkeys
75
278259
3772
ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”
04:42
called the red-shanked douc in Vietnam.
76
282055
2973
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืงื•ืคื™ ื“ื•ืง ืื“ื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื.
04:45
And at the bottom left are monkeys from Costa Rica.
77
285052
3631
ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”.
04:49
So you can see that they have totally different microbiomes in the wild.
78
289481
3444
ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:52
And then the same two species of monkey in the zoo are converging,
79
292949
5397
ื•ืื– ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืฃ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:58
so their microbiomes change
80
298370
1882
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื”
05:00
and they become much more similar to each other,
81
300276
3220
ื•ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
05:03
even though these are zoos on different continents,
82
303520
2673
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
05:06
different geographical regions, and they're eating different diets.
83
306217
3342
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:09
Now, we did study some other species of primate.
84
309583
3161
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืงืจื ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื.
05:12
What species of primate do you think is even more divergent
85
312768
5739
ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืจื’
05:18
from the wild primates than the captive primates?
86
318531
3666
ืžื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™?
05:24
Modern humans.
87
324665
1429
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
05:27
These are humans living in developing nations.
88
327049
3483
ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
05:30
So they were more different from the wild primates
89
330556
3143
ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื
05:33
than those in the zoo.
90
333723
1921
ืžืืฉืจ ืžืืœื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:35
And the final group that we studied, all the way on the right,
91
335668
5381
ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืงืจื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
05:41
is people living in the USA.
92
341073
1944
ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:44
And when I saw this figure,
93
344033
2848
ื•ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:46
the hairs raised up on the back of my neck,
94
346905
3101
ืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ ืกืžืจื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืจืคื™,
05:50
because one way to think about it is, "Oh, that's interesting,
95
350030
3087
ื›ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื,
"ืื• ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื".
05:53
captive monkeys are sort of on their way to becoming like Americans."
96
353141
3944
05:57
(Laughter)
97
357109
1087
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:58
But the other way to think about it
98
358220
2396
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
06:00
is that Americans are like super-captive monkeys.
99
360640
3349
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ-ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.
06:04
And I was actually looking at this figure on my computer screen
100
364671
4698
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™
06:09
when I got the news that four of the red-shanked doucs
101
369393
4928
ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื•ืคื™ ื“ื•ืง ืื“ื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื
06:14
had died in the zoo of gut-related issues.
102
374345
3104
ืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
06:17
So for some of these animals,
103
377473
1968
ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
06:19
having the right microbes living inside them
104
379465
2698
ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื
06:22
may be a matter of survival.
105
382187
1970
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
06:24
Now this brings us to the human part of the story.
106
384181
3507
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
06:27
Obviously, the microbiomes in the USA
107
387712
3215
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
06:30
aren't causing premature death as frequently as in the zoo,
108
390951
5501
ืื™ื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
06:36
but we have major risk of obesity, diabetes,
109
396476
4374
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืกื•ื›ืจืช,
06:40
a number of these other diseases.
110
400874
1897
ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:43
And this applies not just to people who have been living in the USA
111
403133
4420
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
06:47
for many generations,
112
407577
1984
ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:49
but also to immigrants and refugees,
113
409585
2436
ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
06:52
who, for most immigrant and refugee groups,
114
412045
3682
ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
06:55
arrive in the USA metabolically healthy,
115
415751
3101
ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช,
06:58
and then within a few years,
116
418876
1380
ื•ืื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
07:00
they become just as high-risk for obesity and diabetes
117
420280
3358
ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจืช
07:03
as other Americans.
118
423662
2081
ื›ืžื• ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:05
And we discussed this issue with two groups
119
425767
3698
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
07:09
that have been coming to the USA from Southeast Asia:
120
429489
2547
ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”:
07:12
the Hmong, who started coming in the mid-1970s
121
432060
4194
ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื’ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื
07:16
as refugees from the Vietnam War and the US secret war in Laos;
122
436278
5500
ื›ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืœืื•ืก;
07:21
and the Karen, who have been coming more recently as refugees from Myanmar.
123
441802
4912
ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงืืจืŸ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžื™ืื ืžืจ.
07:26
So we've been working for a few years
124
446738
1778
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
07:28
with these local communities and clinicians
125
448540
2541
ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืขื ืงืœื™ื ืื™ื
07:31
to study what happens to the Hmong and Karen microbiomes
126
451105
5417
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ ื•ื”ืงืืจืŸ
07:36
when people move from refugee camps and villages in Thailand to the USA.
127
456546
6996
ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ืœืืจื”"ื‘.
07:44
And what we found
128
464314
1564
ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ื”
07:45
is that when people come to the USA from these groups,
129
465902
5711
ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
07:51
they lose a large fraction of their microbiome,
130
471637
3396
ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื,
07:56
somewhere around 20 percent,
131
476343
1777
ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
07:58
and those who come to the USA and become obese
132
478144
4269
ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื
08:02
lose about a third of their microbes.
133
482437
1953
ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:06
So we know that moving to the USA
134
486905
1952
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘
08:08
is sufficient to cause a dramatic change in your microbiome,
135
488881
3993
ื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื,
08:12
probably not for the better.
136
492898
1769
ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:15
Are these microbes actually causing the obesity,
137
495571
4858
ื”ืื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
08:20
or is the obesity causing a change in the microbes?
138
500453
3460
ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื?
08:23
This is something that we're following up on,
139
503937
2143
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•,
08:26
and the evidence we have now in my lab
140
506104
3642
ื•ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
08:29
combined with evidence from a number of labs around the world
141
509770
3110
ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:32
tells us that certain changes in the microbiome
142
512904
3072
ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื
08:36
do lead to obesity,
143
516000
2509
ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
08:38
and a number of other modern, kind of Westernized diseases.
144
518533
3451
ื•ืœืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
08:43
The good news is that your microbiome can actually change.
145
523353
5309
ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
08:48
Unlike your own genome,
146
528686
2523
ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.
08:51
it's a living, breathing thing,
147
531233
2349
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ื•ื ื•ืฉื,
08:53
and there's a broad front of research happening right now
148
533606
3531
ื•ื—ื–ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
08:57
to better understand how we can restore our microbiomes
149
537161
3794
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
09:00
when something goes wrong,
150
540979
1603
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ,
09:02
using diet,
151
542606
1627
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื”,
09:04
using live microbes.
152
544257
2658
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:06
And in fact, one of the next steps for us
153
546939
2800
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
09:09
is collecting and preserving microbes from healthy people around the world
154
549763
4588
ื”ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
09:14
so that they can be kept as cultural assets for those groups
155
554375
5555
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ื ื›ืกื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื”
09:19
to potentially protect them as they adapt to modern society,
156
559954
4841
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
09:24
and to protect future generations
157
564819
2454
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
09:27
who are currently growing up to have increased risk of these diseases
158
567297
4199
ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:31
with every generation.
159
571520
1488
ืขื ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ.
09:33
I'm looking forward to a future
160
573714
2602
ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืขืชื™ื“
09:36
where we have the tools that we need to restore and replenish our microbiomes,
161
576340
6722
ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:43
and in that world, the monkeys will live happier and healthier lives,
162
583562
5269
ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:48
and so will we.
163
588855
1421
ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•.
09:51
(Applause)
164
591831
3676
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7