How we study the microbes living in your gut | Dan Knights

72,943 views ใƒป 2018-08-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Julia Robert ๊ฒ€ํ† : hansom Lee
00:12
If I asked you to name a microbe that's living in your gut,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ ์† ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
00:18
many of you would probably say E. coli.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹ค ํ…Œ์ฃ .
00:21
A lot of people say this. It's the best-known of the gut microbes.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:25
But it turns out that E. coli is outnumbered in your gut
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชธ ์† ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์–ด์„œ
00:30
about a thousand to one
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด 1/000์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
by other species, many of which you probably haven't heard of.
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๋“ค์–ด ๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
00:35
These are Bacteroides; Prevotella is another example.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋””์Šค๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ณดํ…”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:39
Those are the two that dominate the modern human gut.
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์ด ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
There are about a hundred trillion microbes living inside you.
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์•ฝ 100์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žฅ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:49
We call this your microbiome,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
00:52
so it's like a little world living inside you --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ ์†์— ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:54
actually more like a universe.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:56
A hundred trillion means if you took a blade of grass
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100์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž”๋””๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘๊ณ 
01:00
and planted it for every microbe living in your gut,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์‹ฌ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:03
that could fill a million football fields.
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์ถ•๊ตฌ์žฅ 100๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
So it's incredibly complex.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:07
But interestingly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
01:09
as our bodies have been adapting to life in modern society,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ ์‘ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
01:13
we're losing some of our normal microbes,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
01:18
and at the same time,
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—
์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
01:21
there are quite a few diseases related to the gut
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01:24
that are skyrocketing in developed nations all around the world.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:29
And many of you probably know someone who suffers from obesity,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋„ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:34
diabetes, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis,
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ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ถค์–‘์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ์—ผ์„ ์•“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
allergies and asthma.
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๋˜๋Š” ์•Œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์‹ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
01:40
Every one of these diseases
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ
01:41
and many others related to metabolism and autoimmunity
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์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€
01:46
are linked to a loss of healthy diversity in the gut.
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์žฅ๋‚ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ข…์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
My lab got our first indication of this
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑด
01:54
when actually we were studying non-human primates.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
We wanted to find out what happens to a monkey's microbiome
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ์ •๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ๋•Œ
02:03
when they move from the jungle to a zoo.
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์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:08
Does their microbiome change? Do they pick up new bugs?
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์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€.
02:10
Do they lose some? Does it get better or worse?
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
02:13
We tracked two different species in the jungle,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ •๊ธ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
one in Vietnam, one in Costa Rica,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์—, ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:20
and then we sequenced the DNA from their stool.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์—์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
This is how we study the microbiome in my research lab.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
And what we found in the DNA is that in the wild,
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๋‘ ์›์ˆญ์ด DNA์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฑด
์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:31
these two species had totally different sets of microbes.
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02:35
It was like a fingerprint for the species.
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์ด ๋‘ ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
02:37
But in the zoo, they had lost most of that diversity
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ์ž ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ 
02:43
and had acquired some other set of microbes.
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์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
So this was very curious.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
02:49
We've got these two different microbiomes.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
In the wild, picture a lush tropical rainforest
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์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ’€์ด ์šฐ๊ฑฐ์ง„ ์—ด๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„
02:55
living the guts of these monkeys.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:58
That's the kind of diversity that we're talking about.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Then in the zoo, they've lost diversity.
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๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:04
Picture a rainforest that's been burned to the ground
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์—ด๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์ด ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
03:07
and taken over by a few invasive species.
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์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ๋ น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
That's more like the microbiome in a captive primate.
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ํฌํš๋œ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:15
Now, in the meantime,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:17
many of the animals in the zoo are not doing so well.
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๋™๋ฌผ์›์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
They have issues with obesity,
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๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜
03:22
wasting,
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์‡ ์•ฝ ์งˆ๋ณ‘
03:24
gastroenteritis, diarrhea, bloating,
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์œ„์žฅ์—ผ, ์„ค์‚ฌ, ๋ถ€์ข…์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:27
and some of them were barely holding onto their lives.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์กดํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
Now, of course, we were very interested to find out
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด
03:34
what are these so-called invasive species that are taking over in the zoo.
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์†Œ์œ„ ์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์›์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:39
So we went back to the DNA, and what the DNA told us
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ DNA๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
์ด DNA๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฑด ๋™๋ฌผ์›์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
03:42
is that every monkey in the zoo
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03:47
had become dominated by Bacteroides and Prevotella,
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ณดํ…”๋ผ์ด๊ณ 
03:52
the same microbes that we all have in our guts as modern humans.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:59
We wanted to find a way to visualize this,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ 
04:01
and we used some tools from multivariate ecology
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๋‹ค๋ณ€์„ฑ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ
04:05
to put all of the microbiomes we were studying onto an axis.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ์ถ•์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
And what you're seeing here is a distance plot
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:14
where every point is a different animal's microbiome.
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๊ฐ ์ ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
So every point represents a whole zoo of microbes.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์› ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
And the microbiomes that have a lot of microbes in common
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:27
are close to each other.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:28
The ones that are very different are farther apart.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:30
So this is showing you
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜
04:32
that the two groups of wild monkeys are over on the left.
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์•ผ์ƒ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์ € ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:38
The top left are these highly endangered monkeys
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์œ„๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ์ •๊ฐ•์ด ๋‘์ฝ”๋ผ
04:42
called the red-shanked douc in Vietnam.
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์›์ˆญ์ด์ฃ 
04:45
And at the bottom left are monkeys from Costa Rica.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ ์›์ˆญ์ด์ฃ .
04:49
So you can see that they have totally different microbiomes in the wild.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฑธ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:52
And then the same two species of monkey in the zoo are converging,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
so their microbiomes change
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ๋ณ€ํ•ด์„œ
05:00
and they become much more similar to each other,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฎ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:03
even though these are zoos on different continents,
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ณ 
05:06
different geographical regions, and they're eating different diets.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ, ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
05:09
Now, we did study some other species of primate.
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์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:12
What species of primate do you think is even more divergent
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์ด ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ
05:18
from the wild primates than the captive primates?
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌํš๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:24
Modern humans.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ .
05:27
These are humans living in developing nations.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
So they were more different from the wild primates
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ
05:33
than those in the zoo.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:35
And the final group that we studied, all the way on the right,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋งจ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
05:41
is people living in the USA.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
And when I saw this figure,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:46
the hairs raised up on the back of my neck,
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๋ชฉ๋œ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์„ฌ๋œฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:50
because one way to think about it is, "Oh, that's interesting,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด "์•„, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋„ค,
05:53
captive monkeys are sort of on their way to becoming like Americans."
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ํฌํš๋œ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ"
05:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:58
But the other way to think about it
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:00
is that Americans are like super-captive monkeys.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌํš๋œ ์›์ˆญ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:04
And I was actually looking at this figure on my computer screen
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๋‘ํฌ ๋งˆ๋ก  ์›์ˆญ์ด ๋„ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ
06:09
when I got the news that four of the red-shanked doucs
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™”๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ
06:14
had died in the zoo of gut-related issues.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋ดค์–ด์š”.
06:17
So for some of these animals,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
06:19
having the right microbes living inside them
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์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ทธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„
06:22
may be a matter of survival.
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์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Now this brings us to the human part of the story.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:27
Obviously, the microbiomes in the USA
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
06:30
aren't causing premature death as frequently as in the zoo,
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๋™๋ฌผ์›๋งŒํผ ์ž์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
06:36
but we have major risk of obesity, diabetes,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ๋น„๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—๋Š”
06:40
a number of these other diseases.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:43
And this applies not just to people who have been living in the USA
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์‚ด๋˜
06:47
for many generations,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
06:49
but also to immigrants and refugees,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž์™€ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์ฃ .
06:52
who, for most immigrant and refugee groups,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€
06:55
arrive in the USA metabolically healthy,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
and then within a few years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„,
07:00
they become just as high-risk for obesity and diabetes
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ณ ๋„ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜
07:03
as other Americans.
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:05
And we discussed this issue with two groups
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:09
that have been coming to the USA from Southeast Asia:
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน
07:12
the Hmong, who started coming in the mid-1970s
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๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฏธ ์ „์Ÿ์˜
07:16
as refugees from the Vietnam War and the US secret war in Laos;
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๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ธ ๋ชฝ์กฑ์€ 70๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๊ณ ์š”.
07:21
and the Karen, who have been coming more recently as refugees from Myanmar.
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์นด๋ Œ์€ ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ด์ฃผํ•ด ์˜จ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
So we've been working for a few years
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋™์•ˆ
07:28
with these local communities and clinicians
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๋ชฝ์กฑ๊ณผ ์นด๋ Œ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:31
to study what happens to the Hmong and Karen microbiomes
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๋ชฝ์กฑ๊ณผ ์นด๋ Œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์บ ํ”„๋‚˜ ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ
07:36
when people move from refugee camps and villages in Thailand to the USA.
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์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
And what we found
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฑด
07:45
is that when people come to the USA from these groups,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
07:51
they lose a large fraction of their microbiome,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
07:56
somewhere around 20 percent,
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20% ์ •๋„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
and those who come to the USA and become obese
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•ด์„œ ๋น„๋งŒ์ด ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:02
lose about a third of their microbes.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ผ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
So we know that moving to the USA
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒŒ
08:08
is sufficient to cause a dramatic change in your microbiome,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
08:12
probably not for the better.
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์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ข‹์„ ์ˆœ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:15
Are these microbes actually causing the obesity,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น„๋งŒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:20
or is the obesity causing a change in the microbes?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋งŒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:23
This is something that we're following up on,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:26
and the evidence we have now in my lab
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์€
08:29
combined with evidence from a number of labs around the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ชจ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ์„œ
08:32
tells us that certain changes in the microbiome
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋งŒ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”
08:36
do lead to obesity,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
and a number of other modern, kind of Westernized diseases.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
08:43
The good news is that your microbiome can actually change.
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ํฌ์†Œ์‹์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Unlike your own genome,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
08:51
it's a living, breathing thing,
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์ด๊ฑด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ณ  ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:53
and there's a broad front of research happening right now
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
08:57
to better understand how we can restore our microbiomes
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
when something goes wrong,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:02
using diet,
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๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š”
09:04
using live microbes.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:06
And in fact, one of the next steps for us
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€
09:09
is collecting and preserving microbes from healthy people around the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
09:14
so that they can be kept as cultural assets for those groups
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๋ฌธํ™” ์œ ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์กด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
to potentially protect them as they adapt to modern society,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ ์‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ผœ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:24
and to protect future generations
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋‹ค ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”
09:27
who are currently growing up to have increased risk of these diseases
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:31
with every generation.
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
I'm looking forward to a future
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
09:36
where we have the tools that we need to restore and replenish our microbiomes,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
and in that world, the monkeys will live happier and healthier lives,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:48
and so will we.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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