Why nations should pursue "soft" power | Shashi Tharoor

1,180,811 views ใƒป 2009-12-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
As an Indian, and now as a politician
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ื›ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ืขืช ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™
00:17
and a government minister,
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ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”,
00:19
I've become rather concerned about
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ
00:21
the hype we're hearing about our own country,
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ืœื”ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:23
all this talk about India becoming a world leader,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:25
even the next superpower.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžืช-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืื”.
00:27
In fact, the American publishers of my book,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™,
00:29
"The Elephant, The Tiger and the Cell Phone,"
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"ื”ืคื™ืœ, ื”ื ืžืจ ื•ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™",
00:31
added a gratuitous subtitle saying,
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ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืื•ืžืจืช,
00:33
"India: The next 21st-century power."
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"ื”ื•ื“ื•: ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21."
00:35
And I just don't think that's what India's all about,
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ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:37
or should be all about.
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ืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.
00:39
Indeed, what worries me is the entire notion of world leadership
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:43
seems to me terribly archaic.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื ื•ืจื ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ.
00:45
It's redolent of James Bond movies
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ื–ื” ืืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื•ื ื“
00:47
and Kipling ballads.
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืคืœื™ื ื’.
00:49
After all, what constitutes a world leader?
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืช ืขื•ืœื?
00:51
If it's population, we're on course to top the charts.
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ืื ื–ื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:54
We will overtake China by 2034.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ืขื“ 2034.
00:58
Is it military strength? Well, we have the world's fourth largest army.
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:01
Is it nuclear capacity? We know we have that.
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช? ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
01:03
The Americans have even recognized it,
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื”,
01:05
in an agreement.
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ื‘ื”ืกื›ื.
01:07
Is it the economy? Well, we have now
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”? ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช
01:09
the fifth-largest economy in the world
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:11
in purchasing power parity terms.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื›ื—-ืงื ื™ื”.
01:13
And we continue to grow. When the rest of the world took a beating last year,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:16
we grew at 6.7 percent.
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ืฆืžื—ื ื• ื‘-6.7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:19
But, somehow, none of that adds up to me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืชื“ืจ ืœื™,
01:23
to what I think India really can aim to contribute in the world,
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ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:28
in this part of the 21st century.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
01:30
And so I wondered, could
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื”ื™ืชื™, ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
01:33
what the future beckons for India to be all about
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:36
be a combination of these things allied to something else,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
01:39
the power of example,
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ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื,
01:41
the attraction of India's culture,
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช,
01:44
what, in other words, people like to call "soft power."
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื”".
01:49
Soft power is a concept invented by a Harvard academic,
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ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืจื“,
01:52
Joseph Nye, a friend of mine.
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ื’'ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:54
And, very simply, and I'm really cutting it short because of the time limits here,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
01:58
it's essentially the ability of a country to attract others
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื—ืจื™ื
02:01
because of its culture, its political values,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื”, ืขืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:03
its foreign policies.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื”.
02:05
And, you know, lots of countries do this. He was writing initially about the States,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
02:08
but we know the Alliance Francaise
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
02:10
is all about French soft power, the British Council.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
02:13
The Beijing Olympics were an exercise in Chinese soft power.
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ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
02:16
Americans have the Voice of America and the Fulbright scholarships.
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ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”"ืงื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜.
02:20
But, the fact is, in fact,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
02:22
that probably Hollywood and MTV and McDonalds
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื•ืืž. ื˜ื™. ื•ื™. ื•ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก
02:25
have done more for American soft power
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ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
02:27
around the world than any specifically government activity.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
02:30
So soft power is something that really emerges
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช
02:33
partly because of governments,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
02:35
but partly despite governments.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
02:37
And in the information era we all live in today,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:40
what we might call the TED age,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ TED,
02:43
I'd say that countries are increasingly being judged
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืคื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”
02:46
by a global public that's been fed
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ืขืœ-ืกืžืš ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื
02:49
on an incessant diet of Internet news,
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ืžืืกืคืงื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
02:52
of televised images,
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:54
of cellphone videos, of email gossip.
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ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™-ืžื™ื™ืœ,
02:57
In other words, all sorts of communication devices
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
03:00
are telling us the stories of countries,
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
03:02
whether or not the countries concerned want people to hear those stories.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืื•.
03:07
Now, in this age, again, countries with access
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช
03:09
to multiple channels of communication
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘-ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื™ื
03:11
and information have a particular advantage.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:13
And of course they have more influence, sometimes, about how they're seen.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช.
03:17
India has more all-news TV channels
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช-ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช
03:19
than any country in the world,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:21
in fact in most of the countries in this part of the world put together.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
03:25
But, the fact still is that it's not just that.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”.
03:27
In order to have soft power, you have to be connected.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.
03:30
One might argue that India has become
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ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืคื›ื”
03:32
an astonishingly connected country.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:34
I think you've already heard the figures.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
03:36
We've been selling 15 million cellphones a month.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
03:40
Currently there are 509 million cellphones
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ 509 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืกืœื•ืœืจ
03:43
in Indian hands, in India.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
03:45
And that makes us larger than the U.S. as a telephone market.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจ.
03:49
In fact, those 15 million cellphones
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ื‘ืขืฆื, 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:52
are the most connections that any country,
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ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
03:54
including the U.S. and China,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืกื™ืŸ,
03:56
has ever established in the history of telecommunications.
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ืขืฉืชื” ืื™-ืคืขื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
03:59
But, what perhaps some of you don't realize
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:01
is how far we've come to get there.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
04:03
You know, when I grew up in India,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
04:05
telephones were a rarity.
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ.
04:07
In fact, they were so rare that elected members of Parliament
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
04:09
had the right to allocate 15 telephone lines
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง 15 ืงื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
04:12
as a favor to those they deemed worthy.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืืœื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš.
04:14
If you were lucky enough to be a wealthy businessman
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจ
04:17
or an influential journalist, or a doctor or something, you might have a telephone.
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ืื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืื• ืจื•ืคื, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
04:20
But sometimes it just sat there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื.
04:22
I went to high school in Calcutta.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืชื”.
04:24
And we would look at this instrument sitting in the front foyer.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.
04:26
But half the time we would pick it up
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•
04:28
with an expectant look on our faces,
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ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื ื•,
04:30
there would be no dial tone.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื’.
04:32
If there was a dial tone and you dialed a number,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื’ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื’ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ,
04:34
the odds were two in three you wouldn't get the number you were intending to reach.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื•.
04:38
In fact the words "wrong number" were more popular than the word "Hello."
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ" ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื”ืœื•".
04:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:42
If you then wanted to connect to another city,
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ื•ืื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช,
04:44
let's say from Calcutta you wanted to call Delhi,
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ื ืืžืจ ืžื›ืœื›ืชื” ืœื“ืœื”ื™,
04:46
you'd have to book something called a trunk call,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื”,
04:48
and then sit by the phone all day, waiting for it to come through.
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ื•ืื– ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืชื’ื™ืข.
04:51
Or you could pay eight times the going rate
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
04:54
for something called a lightning call.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื™ื—ืช ื‘ืจืง.
04:56
But, lightning struck rather slowly in our country in those days,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืง ื”ื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื,
04:58
so, it was like about a half an hour for a lightning call to come through.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื”.
05:02
In fact, so woeful was our telephone service
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
05:05
that a Member of Parliament stood up in 1984 and complained about this.
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืงื ื•ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘-1984.
05:09
And the Then-Communications Minister replied in a lordly manner
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ื•ืื– ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช
05:12
that in a developing country
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ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
05:14
communications are a luxury, not a right,
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช,
05:16
that the government had no obligation to provide better service,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:20
and if the honorable Member wasn't satisfied with his telephone,
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ื•ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
05:22
could he please return it, since there was an eight-year-long waiting list
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื•, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื
05:25
for telephones in India.
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ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:28
Now, fast-forward to today and this is what you see:
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื ืจื™ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื,
05:30
the 15 million cell phones a month.
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ืืช 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
05:32
But what is most striking is who is carrying those cell phones.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
05:36
You know, if you visit friends in the suburbs of Delhi,
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ืื ืžืชืืจื—ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ื“ืœื”ื™,
05:39
on the side streets you will find a fellow with a cart
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ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื•ื›ืœ ืขื ืขื’ืœื”,
05:42
that looks like it was designed in the 16th century,
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ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16,
05:45
wielding a coal-fired steam iron
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ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžื’ื”ืฅ ืื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื—ื
05:48
that might have been invented in the 18th century.
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ืืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18.
05:50
He's called an isthri wala. But he's carrying a 21st-century instrument.
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ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืชื• ืžื’ื”ืฆืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืžืื” ื”-21.
05:53
He's carrying a cell phone because most incoming calls are free,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื,
05:56
and that's how he gets orders from the neighborhood,
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ื–ื• ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
05:58
to know where to collect clothes to get them ironed.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื”ื•ืฅ.
06:02
The other day I was in Kerala, my home state,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงืจืืœื”, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื™,
06:05
at the country farm of a friend,
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ,
06:07
about 20 kilometers away from any place you'd consider urban.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-20 ืง"ืž ืžืžืงื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
06:11
And it was a hot day and he said, "Hey, would you like some fresh coconut water?"
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, "ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ืžื™-ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ื?"
06:14
And it's the best thing and the most nutritious and refreshing thing you can drink
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจืขื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืช
06:17
on a hot day in the tropics, so I said sure.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืžื” ืœื.
06:20
And he whipped out his cellphone, dialed the number,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื•, ื—ื™ื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ,
06:22
and a voice said, "I'm up here."
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ื•ืงื•ืœ ืขื ื”, "ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”."
06:24
And right on top of the nearest coconut tree,
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ื•ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
06:26
with a hatchet in one hand and a cell phone in the other,
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ืขื ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ื•ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืื—ืจืช
06:29
was a local toddy tapper,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฆื™ื,
06:31
who proceeded to bring down the coconuts for us to drink.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืงื•ืกื™ื.
06:34
Fishermen are going out to sea and carrying their cell phones.
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ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื™ืžื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:37
When they catch the fish they call all the market towns along the coast
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื“ื’, ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
06:40
to find out where they get the best possible prices.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:42
Farmers now, who used to have to spend half a day of backbreaking labor
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ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืจืš
06:46
to find out if the market town was open,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคืชื•ื—,
06:48
if the market was on,
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ืื ื”ืฉื•ืง ืคื•ืขืœ,
06:50
whether the product they'd harvested could be sold, what price they'd fetch.
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ืื ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื ืงืฆืจื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื›ืจ, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื•.
06:53
They'd often send an eight year old boy all the way on this trudge
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
06:56
to the market town to get that information and come back,
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ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
06:58
then they'd load the cart.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืžื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื”.
07:00
Today they're saving half a day's labor with a two minute phone call.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช.
07:04
So this empowerment of the underclass
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ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš
07:07
is the real result of India being connected.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช.
07:10
And that transformation is part of where India is heading today.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:15
But, of course that's not the only thing about India that's spreading.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:18
You've got Bollywood. My attitude to Bollywood is best summarized
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“. ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
07:21
in the tale of the two goats at a Bollywood garbage dump --
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ --
07:24
Mr. Shekhar Kapur, forgive me --
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ืžืจ ืฉื™ื—ืจ ืงืืคื•ืจ, ืกืœื— ืœื™ --
07:28
and they're chewing away on cans of celluloid discarded by a Bollywood studio.
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ื”ืขื–ื™ื ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ืœื”ื ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืฆืœื•ืœื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืžืื•ืœืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“.
07:32
And the first goat, chewing away, says, "You know, this film is not bad."
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ื•ืขื– ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืœื•ืขืก, "ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืจืข."
07:35
And the second goat says, "No, the book was better."
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ื”ืขื– ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”, "ืœื, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘."
07:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:45
I usually tend to think that the book is usually better,
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
07:48
but, having said that,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื–ืืช,
07:50
the fact is that Bollywood is now
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:52
taking a certain aspect of Indian-ness and Indian culture around the globe,
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ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืขื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:56
not just in the Indian diaspora in the U.S. and the U.K.,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
07:59
but to the screens of Arabs and Africans, of Senegalese and Syrians.
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ืืœื ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืกื™ื ื’ื”ืœื–ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื.
08:03
I've met a young man in New York whose illiterate mother
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืฉืื™ืžื• ื”ืื ืืœืคืื‘ืชื™ืช,
08:06
in a village in Senegal
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ,
08:08
takes a bus once a month to the capital city of Dakar,
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ื ื•ืกืขืช ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื“ืงืืจ,
08:11
just to watch a Bollywood movie.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™.
08:13
She can't understand the dialogue.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜.
08:15
She's illiterate, so she can't read the French subtitles.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘,ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
08:18
But these movies are made to be understood despite such handicaps,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื”,
08:21
and she has a great time in the song and the dance and the action.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
08:24
She goes away with stars in her eyes about India, as a result.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉื ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจืงื•ืช ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
08:28
And this is happening more and more.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:30
Afghanistan, we know what a serious security problem
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ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
08:33
Afghanistan is for so many of us in the world.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:36
India doesn't have a military mission there.
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ื—-ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื.
08:38
You know what was India's biggest asset in Afghanistan in the last seven years?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
08:42
One simple fact:
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
08:44
you couldn't try to call an Afghan at 8:30 in the evening.
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœืช ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘-8:30 ื‘ืขืจื‘.
08:47
Why? Because that was the moment
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ื–ื•
08:49
when the Indian television soap opera,
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ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืื•ืคืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช,
08:51
"Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi," dubbed into Dari, was telecast on Tolo T.V.
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[ืฉื ืกื™ื“ืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื™], ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืจืช ืœ-ื“ื”ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื˜ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
08:57
And it was the most popular television show in Afghan history.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช.
09:00
Every Afghan family wanted to watch it.
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืคื’ื ื™ืช ืจืฆืชื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”.
09:02
They had to suspend functions at 8:30.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘-8:30.
09:04
Weddings were reported to be interrupted
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืงื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื
09:07
so guests could cluster around the T.V. set,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื“ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืงืœื˜ ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
09:09
and then turn their attention back to the bride and groom.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืชืŸ ื•ื›ืœื”.
09:12
Crime went up at 8:30. I have read a Reuters dispatch --
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ืขื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘-8:30. ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ --
09:15
so this is not Indian propaganda, a British news agency --
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ื–ื• ืœื ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื–ื• ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช --
09:18
about how robbers in the town of Musarri Sharif*
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืกืืจื™ ืฉืืจื™ืฃ,
09:21
stripped a vehicle of its windshield wipers,
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ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื›ื‘,
09:24
its hubcaps, its sideview mirrors,
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ืืช ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืฆื“,
09:27
any moving part they could find, at 8:30,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื, ื‘-8:30,
09:30
because the watchmen were busy watching the T.V. rather than minding the store.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื—ื ื•ืช.
09:33
And they scrawled on the windshield in a reference to the show's heroine,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื‘ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืจื”,
09:37
"Tulsi Zindabad": "Long live Tulsi."
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"ื˜ื•ืœืกื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ืื‘ืื“": "ืชื—ื™ ื˜ื•ืœืกื™."
09:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:41
That's soft power. And that is what India is developing
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื›ื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืžืคืชื—ืช
09:45
through the "E" part of TED:
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”-E (ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ) ืฉืœ TED:
09:47
its own entertainment industry.
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื”.
09:49
The same is true, of course -- we don't have time for too many more examples --
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช --
09:52
but it's true of our music, of our dance,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื,
09:55
of our art, yoga, ayurveda, even Indian cuisine.
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ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื’ื”, ืื™ื•ืจื•ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
09:59
I mean, the proliferation of Indian restaurants
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ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
10:02
since I first went abroad as a student, in the mid '70s,
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ืžืื– ืฉื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
10:05
and what I see today, you can't go to a mid-size town in Europe or North America
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”
10:09
and not find an Indian restaurant. It may not be a very good one.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:12
But, today in Britain, for example,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
10:14
Indian restaurants in Britain
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ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžืขืกื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:17
employ more people than the coal mining,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืคื—ื,
10:19
ship building and iron and steel industries combined.
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืœื“ื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
10:22
So the empire can strike back.
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ืื– ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
10:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:31
But, with this increasing awareness of India,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
10:33
with yoga and ayurveda, and so on,
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ืืœื™ื›ื, ืืœื™ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”,
10:35
with tales like Afghanistan,
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ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
10:37
comes something vital in the information era,
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
10:40
the sense that in today's world
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
10:43
it's not the side of the bigger army that wins,
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ืœื ืžื ืฆื— ื”ืฆื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆื‘ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
10:46
it's the country that tells a better story that prevails.
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ืืœื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืจืช.
10:49
And India is, and must remain, in my view, the land of the better story.
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:54
Stereotypes are changing. I mean, again, having gone to the U.S.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจื”"ื‘
10:57
as a student in the mid '70s,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
10:59
I knew what the image of India was then, if there was an image at all.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
11:02
Today, people in Silicon Valley and elsewhere
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
11:05
speak of the IITs, the Indian Institutes of Technology
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”-ืื™ื™.ืื™ื™.ื˜ื™., ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
11:08
with the same reverence they used to accord to MIT.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืž.ืื™ื™.ื˜ื™..
11:12
This can sometimes have unintended consequences. OK.
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ืœื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช.
11:14
I had a friend, a history major like me,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœืžื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
11:17
who was accosted at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam,
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ืฉื‘ื ืžืœ-ืชืขื•ืคื” ืกื—ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื•
11:20
by an anxiously perspiring European saying,
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ืื“ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืืžืจ,
11:22
"You're Indian, you're Indian! Can you help me fix my laptop?"
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"ืืชื” ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืชื” ื”ื•ื“ื™! ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ืฉื ืฉืœื™?"
11:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:27
We've gone from the image of India as
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
11:30
land of fakirs lying on beds of nails,
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ื›ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืคืืงื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืžืจื™ื,
11:33
and snake charmers with the Indian rope trick,
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
11:36
to the image of India as a land of mathematical geniuses,
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ืœืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
11:39
computer wizards, software gurus.
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ืืฉืคื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
11:41
But that too is transforming the Indian story around the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:46
But, there is something more substantive to that.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื”.
11:48
The story rests on a fundamental platform
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก
11:50
of political pluralism.
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ืฉืœ ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
11:52
It's a civilizational story to begin with.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:54
Because India has been an open society for millennia.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:59
India gave refuge to the Jews, fleeing the destruction of the first temple
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ืชื ื” ืžื—ืกื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
12:04
by the Babylonians, and said thereafter by the Romans.
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืžื™ื.
12:07
In fact, legend has is that when Doubting Thomas, the Apostle, Saint Thomas,
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื—ืฉื“ืŸ, ื”ืฉืœื™ื—, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืชื•ืžืืก
12:12
landed on the shores of Kerala, my home state,
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ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงืจืืœื”, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื™,
12:14
somewhere around 52 A.D.,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘-52 ืื—ื”"ืก,
12:16
he was welcomed on shore by a flute-playing Jewish girl.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ืžื ื’ื ืช ื‘ื—ืœื™ืœ.
12:19
And to this day remains the only Jewish diaspora
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื• ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
12:23
in the history of the Jewish people, which has never encountered
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืชืงืœื”
12:25
a single incident of anti-semitism.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
12:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:34
That's the Indian story.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
12:36
Islam came peacefully to the south,
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ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื•ื,
12:38
slightly more differently complicated history in the north.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
12:40
But all of these religions have found a place and a welcome home in India.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืื™ืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
12:45
You know, we just celebrated, this year, our general elections,
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ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช,
12:48
the biggest exercise in democratic franchise in human history.
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ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
12:51
And the next one will be even bigger, because our voting population
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื
12:53
keeps growing by 20 million a year.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘-20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
12:56
But, the fact is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
12:58
that the last elections, five years ago,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:00
gave the world extraordinary phenomenon
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ
13:02
of an election being won by a woman political leader
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
13:06
of Italian origin and Roman Catholic faith, Sonia Gandhi,
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ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืืžื•ื ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ืกื•ื ื™ื” ื’ื ื“ื™,
13:09
who then made way for a Sikh, Mohan Singh,
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ืืฉืจ ืคื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืื“ื ืกื™ืงื™, ืžื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื™ื ื’,
13:12
to be sworn in as Prime Minister
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
13:14
by a Muslim, President Abdul Kalam,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ืงืืœืื,
13:17
in a country 81 percent Hindu.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” 81 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื.
13:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:28
This is India, and of course it's all the more striking
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
13:31
because it was four years later that we all applauded
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืจืขื ื•
13:33
the U.S., the oldest democracy in the modern world,
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ืœืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
13:37
more than 220 years of free and fair elections,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-220 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช,
13:40
which took till last year to elect a president or a vice president
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืกื’ืŸ-ื ืฉื™ื,
13:44
who wasn't white, male or Christian.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ, ื’ื‘ืจ ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™.
13:46
So, maybe -- oh sorry, he is Christian, I beg your pardon --
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ืื–, ืื•ืœื™ -- ืื” ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœ --
13:49
and he is male, but he isn't white.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ.
13:51
All the others have been all those three.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
13:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:55
All his predecessors have been all those three,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
13:57
and that's the point I was trying to make.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ.
13:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:00
But, the issue is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
14:02
that when I talked about that example,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื”ื™ื,
14:04
it's not just about talking about India, it's not propaganda.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื–ื• ืœื ืชืขืžื•ืœื”.
14:09
Because ultimately, that electoral outcome
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ
14:12
had nothing to do with the rest of the world.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:14
It was essentially India being itself.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
14:16
And ultimately, it seems to me,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™,
14:18
that always works better than propaganda.
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ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืชืขืžื•ืœื”.
14:20
Governments aren't very good at telling stories.
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
14:23
But people see a society for what it is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื,
14:25
and that, it seems to me, is what ultimately
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ื•ื–ื”, ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™, ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
14:27
will make a difference in today's information era,
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:31
in today's TED age.
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”-TED ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:33
So India now is no longer
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ืื– ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:36
the nationalism of ethnicity or language or religion,
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ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืคื•ืช ืื• ื“ืชื•ืช,
14:40
because we have every ethnicity known to mankind, practically,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
14:42
we've every religion know to mankind,
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ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
14:44
with the possible exception of Shintoism,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื–ื.
14:46
though that has some Hindu elements somewhere.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื.
14:49
We have 23 official languages that are recognized in our Constitution.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 23 ืฉืคื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
14:54
And those of you who cashed your money here
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ื•ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืคื“ื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื›ืกืคื
14:56
might be surprised to see how many scripts there are
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื™,
14:59
on the rupee note, spelling out the denominations.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื.
15:01
We've got all of that.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
15:03
We don't even have geography uniting us,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืชืื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
15:05
because the natural geography of the subcontinent
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
15:08
framed by the mountains and the sea was hacked
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ื”ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื, ื ื—ืชื›ื”
15:10
by the partition with Pakistan in 1947.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืขื ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘-1947.
15:13
In fact, you can't even take the name of the country for granted,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
15:16
because the name "India" comes from the river Indus,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื "India" ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก,
15:18
which flows in Pakistan.
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ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
15:20
But, the whole point is that India
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื•
15:23
is the nationalism of an idea.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
15:25
It's the idea of an ever-ever-land,
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื ื™ืฆื—ื™ืช,
15:28
emerging from an ancient civilization,
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
15:30
united by a shared history,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
15:32
but sustained, above all, by pluralist democracy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
15:35
That is a 21st-century story as well as an ancient one.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืื” ื”-21 ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
15:39
And it's the nationalism of an idea that
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
15:42
essentially says you can endure differences of caste, creed,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ืืžื•ื ื•ืช,
15:46
color, culture, cuisine, custom and costume, consonant, for that matter,
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ืฆื‘ืข, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:51
and still rally around a consensus.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก.
15:54
And the consensus is of a very simple principle,
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
15:56
that in a diverse plural democracy like India
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ืฉื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•
16:00
you don't really have to agree on everything all the time,
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
16:04
so long as you agree on the ground rules
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
16:06
of how you will disagree.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื.
16:08
The great success story of India,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
16:10
a country that so many learned scholars and journalists
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืขืชื•ื ืื™ื
16:13
assumed would disintegrate, in the '50s and '60s,
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ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืคืจืง, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”-60,
16:16
is that it managed to maintain consensus on how to survive without consensus.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก.
16:21
Now, that is the India that is emerging into the 21st century.
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื• ื”ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื ื›ื ืกืช ืืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
16:25
And I do want to make the point
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ
16:27
that if there is anything worth celebrating about India,
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ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
16:30
it isn't military muscle, economic power.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
16:32
All of that is necessary,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™,
16:34
but we still have huge amounts of problems to overcome.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
16:37
Somebody said we are super poor, and we are also super power.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™-ืขืœ ื•ื’ื ืžืขืฆืžืช-ืขืœ.
16:40
We can't really be both of those.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“.
16:42
We have to overcome our poverty. We have to deal with the
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:44
hardware of development,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”"ื—ื•ืžืจื”",
16:46
the ports, the roads, the airports,
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ื”ื ืžืœื™ื, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื ืžืœื™-ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”,
16:48
all the infrastructural things we need to do,
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ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข,
16:50
and the software of development,
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ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”"ืชื•ื›ื ื”",
16:52
the human capital, the need for the ordinary person in India
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ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
16:56
to be able to have a couple of square meals a day,
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ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
16:59
to be able to send his or her children
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•
17:01
to a decent school,
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ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
17:03
and to aspire to work a job
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ื•ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
17:05
that will give them opportunities in their lives
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ืฉืชืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
17:08
that can transform themselves.
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจื ื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
17:10
But, it's all taking place, this great adventure of conquering those challenges,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
17:14
those real challenges which none of us can pretend don't exist.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื.
17:17
But, it's all taking place in an open society,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
17:20
in a rich and diverse and plural civilization,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™,
17:23
in one that is determined to liberate and fulfill
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื
17:26
the creative energies of its people.
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ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื”.
17:28
That's why India belongs at TED,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœ-TED,
17:31
and that's why TED belongs in India.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉ-TED ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
17:33
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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