Why your doctor should care about social justice | Mary Bassett

76,837 views ใƒป 2016-03-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yaffa Kurzweil ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
When I moved to Harare in 1985,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื”ืจืืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985
00:16
social justice was at the core of Zimbabwe's national health policy.
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ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื”
00:20
The new government emerged from a long war of independence
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืงืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”
00:24
and immediately proclaimed a socialist agenda:
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื’'ื ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช:
00:27
health care services, primary education
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
00:30
became essentially free.
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ื ื™ืชื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
00:32
A massive expansion of rural health centers
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ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื
00:36
placed roughly 80 percent of the population
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ืžื™ืงืžื” ื›- 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
00:39
less than a two-hour walk from these facilities,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืืœื”.
00:42
a truly remarkable accomplishment.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืžืื“.
00:45
In 1980, the year of independence,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980, ืฉื ืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
00:48
25 percent of Zimbabwean children were fully immunized.
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25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ืœื“ื™ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื.
00:52
By 1990, a mere decade later,
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ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1990, ืจืง ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:55
this proportion stood at 80 percent.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืขืœื” ืœ - 80 ืื—ื•ื–!
00:58
I felt tremendously privileged to be part of this transformation,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”.
01:04
a revolution.
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ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
01:05
The excitement, the camaraderie, was palpable.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช.
01:10
Working side by side with brilliant Zimbabweans --
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื
01:13
scientists, doctors, activists --
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
01:16
I felt connected not only to an African independence movement,
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ื—ืฉืชื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช
01:21
but to a global progressive public health movement.
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ืืœื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:26
But there were daunting challenges.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืจืชื™ืขื™ื.
01:30
Zimbabwe reported its first AIDS case in 1985, the year I arrived.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื”, ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื“ื”
01:35
I had taken care of a few patients with AIDS in the early 1980s,
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ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
01:39
when I did my medical training at Harlem Hospital, but --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืœืื,
01:44
we had no idea what lay in store for Africa.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:49
Infection rate stood at about two percent in my early days there.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-2 ืื—ื•ื–
01:53
These would soar
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ืืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืจืงื™ืขื•
01:55
to one out of every four adults
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ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
01:58
by the time I left Harare 17 years later.
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ืขื“ ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืืจื”, 17 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
02:02
By the mid-1990s,
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ืขื“ ืœืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90,
02:04
I'd told hundreds of people in the prime of life
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ื‘ื™ืฉืจืชื™ ืœืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
02:08
that they were HIV-positive.
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ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืื™ HIV.
02:10
I saw colleagues and friends die,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:13
my students, hospital patients, die.
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืชื•.
02:18
In response, my colleagues and I set up a clinic.
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ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืงืžื ื• ืžืจืคืื”.
02:22
We did condom demonstrations.
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ื”ื“ื’ืžื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
02:24
We launched school education and workplace interventions.
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ื”ืฉืงื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:30
We did research. We counseled the partners of infected men
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื. ื™ื™ืขืฆื ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฉืื™ื,
02:34
about how to protect themselves.
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ืขืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”.
02:36
We worked hard, and at the time, I believed that I was doing my best.
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืงืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:41
I was providing excellent treatment,
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ื ืชืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ
02:44
such as it was.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”.
02:45
But I was not talking about structural change.
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ืืš ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™.
02:51
Former UN Secretary Kofi Annan has spoken candidly
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ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ืขื ืืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช
02:55
about his personal failure
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•
02:57
leading to the Rwandan genocide.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”.
02:59
In 1994, he was head of the UN peacekeeping department.
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ื‘-1994, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืื•"ื,
03:03
At a 10-year memorial for the genocide,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”-10 ืœืจืฆื— ื”ืขื,
03:06
he reflected, "I believed at the time I was doing my best,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:10
but I realized after the genocide
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื
03:12
that there was more I could and should have done
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:16
to sound the alarm and rally support."
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ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืžื™ื›ื”".
03:22
The AIDS epidemic caught the health community unprepared,
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
03:27
and today, when the World Health Organization estimates
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš
03:30
that 39 million people have lost their lives to this disease,
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ืฉ- 39 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืชื• ืžื”ืžื—ืœื”,
03:35
I'm not alone in feeling remorse and regret
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื—ืฉื” ืฆืขืจ ื•ื—ืจื˜ื”
03:40
at not having done more earlier.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:43
But while living in Zimbabwe,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื”
03:46
I didn't see my role as an advocacy or a political one.
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ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืกื ื’ื•ืจ ืื• ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
03:50
I was there for my technical skills,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื,
03:52
both my clinical and my research epidemiology skills.
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ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™.
03:57
And in my mind, my job was to take care of patients
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
04:02
and to do research to better understand the population patterns of transmission,
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
04:07
and I hoped that we'd slow the spread of the virus.
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ื•ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
04:11
I was aware that socially marginalized populations were at disproportionate risk
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจ,
04:16
of getting and dying of AIDS.
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ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก.
04:18
And on the sugar plantations,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ,
04:20
which really more closely resembled feudal fiefdoms
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ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื•ืช
04:24
than any modern enterprise,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืคืขืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
04:26
60 percent of pregnant women
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ืœ- 60 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
04:29
tested HIV-positive.
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ื ืžืฆื ืชื‘ื—ื™ืŸ HIV ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
04:32
I worked to show how getting infected was not a moral failure
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ืขืžืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™
04:36
but instead related to a culture of male superiority,
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ืืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช,
04:40
to forced migrant labor and to colonialism.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื.
04:43
Whites were largely unscathed.
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ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื•.
04:46
As health professionals,
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ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
04:48
our tools were pitifully weak:
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
04:52
imploring people to change their individual behaviors,
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ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:56
use condoms, reduce number of partners.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’.
04:58
Infection rates climbed,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื˜ื™ืคืกื•,
05:02
and when treatment became available in the West,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™,
05:06
treatment that remains our most potent weapon
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ื“ื ื• ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:08
against this virus,
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ,
05:10
it was unaffordable to the public sector across Africa.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
05:14
I didn't speak out
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ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™
05:16
about the unequal access to these life-saving drugs
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ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื•
05:21
or about the underlying economic and political systems
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
05:24
that were driving infection rates
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”
05:27
in such huge swaths of the population.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
05:33
I rationalized my silence
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ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ืš
05:35
by reminding myself that I was a guest in the country,
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ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:38
that sounding the alarm could even get me kicked out,
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื™ ืื ืืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”,
05:41
keep me from doing good work,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
05:43
taking care of my patients,
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™,
05:45
doing much-needed research.
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ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
05:48
So I didn't speak out
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ืื– ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™
05:49
about the government's early stance on AIDS.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
05:53
I didn't voice my concerns loudly enough.
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ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ืืช ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื“ื™ื•.
05:57
Many doctors, health professionals,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
06:00
may think I did nothing wrong.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืจืข.
06:03
Our pact with our patients,
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ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
06:05
the Hippocratic Oath and its variants,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”,
06:08
is about the sanctity of the patient-doctor relationship.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืจื•ืคื-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
06:13
And I did everything I could
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ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™
06:17
for each and every patient of mine.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
06:22
But I knew
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ืืš ื™ื“ืขืชื™
06:24
that epidemics emerge along the fissures of our society,
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ืฉืžื’ืคื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืกืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
06:28
reflecting not only biology,
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ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:30
but more importantly patterns of marginalization, exclusion,
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ืืœื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื”,
06:35
discrimination related to race, gender, sexuality, class and more.
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ืืคืœื™ื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช, ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.
06:42
It was true of AIDS.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
06:44
It was true just recently of Ebola.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
06:48
Medical anthropologists such as Paul Farmer,
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ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืื•ืœ ืคืจืžืจ
06:51
who worked on AIDS in Haiti,
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ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
06:53
call this structural violence:
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ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ืช:
06:56
structural because inequities are embedded
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ืžื‘ื ื™ืช - ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข
07:00
in the political and economic organization of our social world,
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ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:05
often in ways that are invisible to those with privilege and power;
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื— ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช:
07:11
and violence because its impact --
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ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื•:
07:14
premature deaths, suffering, illness -- is violent.
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ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืกื‘ืœ, ืชื—ืœื•ืื”, ื”ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื”.
07:21
We do little for our patients
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ืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:24
if we fail to recognize
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื“ืขืชื™ื ื•
07:26
these social injustices.
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ืœืื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:28
Sounding the alarm is the first step towards doing public health right,
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ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ื”ื ื• ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฆื“ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
07:35
and it's how we may rally support
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืžื™ื›ื”
07:38
to break through and create real change together.
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ืœืคืœืก ื“ืจืš ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
07:43
So these days, I'm not staying quiet.
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืงืช.
07:46
I'm speaking up about a lot of things,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
07:50
even when it makes listeners uncomfortable,
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
07:53
even when it makes me uncomfortable.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
07:57
And a lot of this is about racial disparities
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื™,
08:00
and institutionalized racism,
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ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช,
08:03
things that we're not supposed to have in this country anymore,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•,
08:06
certainly not in the practice of medicine
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
08:10
or public health.
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ืื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
08:11
But we have them,
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ืืš ื”ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื,
08:13
and we pay for them in lives cut short.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ื.
08:18
That's why sounding the alarm
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”
08:21
about the impact of racism on health in the United States,
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
08:25
the ongoing institutional and interpersonal violence
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ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
08:30
that people of color face,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื,
08:32
compounded by our tragic legacy
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:36
of 250 years of slavery,
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ืฉืœ 250 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
08:40
90 years of Jim Crow
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90 ืฉื ื•ืช ื’'ื™ื ืงืจื•
08:42
and 60 years of imperfect equality,
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ื•-60 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื,
08:46
sounding the alarm about this
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ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•
08:49
is central to doing my job right
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืœืื›ืชื™ ื ืืžื ื”
08:52
as New York City's Health Commissioner.
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ื›ืžืคืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
08:55
In New York City, premature mortality -- that's death before the age of 65 --
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช (ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ 65)
09:00
is 50 percent higher for black men than white ones.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘-50% ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
09:04
A black woman in 2012
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012, ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
09:07
faced more than 10 times the risk of dying related to childbirth
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืคื™ 10
09:11
as a white woman.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื”.
09:13
And though we've made enormous strides
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ ืขื ืง
09:16
in reducing infant mortality rates,
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ื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
09:20
a black baby still faces
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื
09:22
nearly three times the risk of death in its first year of life
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ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืคื™ 3 ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
09:27
as compared to a white baby.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
09:31
New York City's not exceptional.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
09:33
These statistics are paralleled
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
09:37
by statistics found across the United States.
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ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
09:42
A recent New York Times analysis
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ื‘ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก
09:45
reported that there are 1.5 million missing black men across the country.
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ื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ืขื“ืจื™ื.
09:53
They noted that more than one
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“
09:56
out of every six black men
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ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
09:58
who today should be between the ages of 25 and 54 years
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 25 ืขื“ 54
10:04
have disappeared from daily life,
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ื ืขืœืžื• ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื,
10:07
lost either to prison or premature death.
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ืื‘ื“ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื ืื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื.
10:12
There is great injustice
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ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ ืฆื“ืง ืขืฆื•ื
10:15
in the daily and disproportionate violence faced by young black men,
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ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื”,
10:19
the focus of recent protests under the banner #BlackLivesMatter.
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ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ BlackLivesMatter# (ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื).
10:25
But we have to remember
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
10:26
that enduring and disparate rates
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
10:30
and the occurrence and outcome of common medical conditions --
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ื•ื”ื”ืืจืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื -
10:34
heart disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV --
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืกื•ื›ืจืช, HIV -
10:37
diseases that may kill slowly and quietly
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ืฉืงื˜
10:41
and take even more black lives prematurely.
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ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื.
10:46
As the #BlackLivesMatter movement unfolded,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื ื•ืขืช BlackLivesMatter# ื”ืชืคืจืกื”,
10:50
I felt frustrated and angry
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ื—ืฉืชื™ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื–ืขื
10:54
that the medical community
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ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
10:55
has been reluctant to even use the word "racism"
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ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช"
11:00
in our research and our work.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:02
You've probably felt something every time I've said it.
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืฉืชื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
11:06
Our medical students held die-ins in their white coats,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ื• ื›"ืžืชื™ื" ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื”ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
11:09
but the medical community has largely stood by passively
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ืืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืื“ื™ืฉื”.
11:13
as ongoing discrimination continues to affect
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืคืœื™ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข
11:17
the disease profile and mortality.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”.
11:20
And I worry
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืื’ืช
11:21
that the trend towards personalized and precision medicine,
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ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช,
11:26
looking for biological or genetic targets to better tailor treatment,
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
11:31
may inadvertently cause us to lose sight of the big picture,
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:36
that it is the daily context,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™,
11:39
where a person lives, grows,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื“ื ื—ื™, ื’ื“ืœ,
11:42
works, loves,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื•ื”ื‘,
11:45
that most importantly determines population health,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
11:50
and for too many of us, poor health.
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ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
11:54
As health professionals in our daily work,
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ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
11:58
whether in the clinic or doing research,
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ืื ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
12:01
we are witness to great injustice:
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื™ ืฆื“ืง ืขืฆื•ื:
12:05
the homeless person who is unable to follow medical advice
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ื—ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
12:08
because he has more pressing priorities;
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:11
the transgender youth who is contemplating suicide
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ืฆืขื™ืจ ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืงืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช
12:16
because our society is just so harsh;
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
12:18
the single mother who has been made to feel that she is responsible
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช
12:23
for the poor health of her child.
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ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื”.
12:26
Our role as health professionals
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:29
is not just to treat our patients
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ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•
12:33
but to sound the alarm
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ืืœื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”
12:35
and advocate for change.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
12:39
Rightfully or not,
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ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืง,
12:41
our societal position gives our voices great credibility,
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ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช,
12:45
and we shouldn't waste that.
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ื•ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืืช.
12:48
I regret not speaking up in Zimbabwe,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ืจื˜ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื”,
12:52
and I've promised myself
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™
12:54
that as New York City's Health Commissioner,
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ืฉื›ืžืคืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
12:57
I will use every opportunity I have
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ืื ืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™
13:01
to sound the alarm
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”
13:03
and rally support for health equity.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
13:06
I will speak out against racism,
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
13:09
and I hope you will join me,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™,
13:11
and I will join you when you speak out against sexism
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื›ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื“ื‘ืจื• ื ื’ื“ ืกืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
13:14
or any other form of inequality.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
13:17
It's time for us to rise up
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงื•ื
13:21
and collectively speak up
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ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช
13:24
about structural inequality.
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ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”.
13:27
We don't have to have all the answers
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:30
to call for change.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
13:33
We just need courage.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืžืฅ.
13:36
The health of our patients,
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•,
13:39
the health of us all, depends on it.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
13:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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