Why your doctor should care about social justice | Mary Bassett

76,599 views ・ 2016-03-17

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譯者: Melody Tang 審譯者: May Cheung
00:12
When I moved to Harare in 1985,
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我於1985年搬到哈拉雷,
社會公義是津巴布韋的醫療核心政策。
00:16
social justice was at the core of Zimbabwe's national health policy.
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00:20
The new government emerged from a long war of independence
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長期爭取獨立戰爭而湧現的新政府
00:24
and immediately proclaimed a socialist agenda:
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立即宣布社會主義議程:
00:27
health care services, primary education
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醫療保健服務,小學敎育,
00:30
became essentially free.
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大體上都成為免費的。
00:32
A massive expansion of rural health centers
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農村醫療中心大規模的擴充。
00:36
placed roughly 80 percent of the population
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地方約人口80%
00:39
less than a two-hour walk from these facilities,
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能在兩小時內走到一個醫療中心。
00:42
a truly remarkable accomplishment.
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那是一個真正了不起的成就。
00:45
In 1980, the year of independence,
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在1980年獨立的那一年,
00:48
25 percent of Zimbabwean children were fully immunized.
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津巴布韋只有25%兒童有接種全套兒童疫苗。
00:52
By 1990, a mere decade later,
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到了1990年,僅僅10年後,
00:55
this proportion stood at 80 percent.
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兒童接種比率達到80%。
00:58
I felt tremendously privileged to be part of this transformation,
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我感到十分榮幸參與了這個大轉變,
01:04
a revolution.
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一個革命。
01:05
The excitement, the camaraderie, was palpable.
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這種興奮,那種同志友情,無可言喻。
01:10
Working side by side with brilliant Zimbabweans --
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能與優秀的津巴布韋市民並肩作戰 --
01:13
scientists, doctors, activists --
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當中包括科學家,醫生,運動家等等--
01:16
I felt connected not only to an African independence movement,
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我覺得不單只是與非洲獨立運動連結,
01:21
but to a global progressive public health movement.
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也與全球公共醫療運動的進步連繫。
01:26
But there were daunting challenges.
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但我們曾有嚴峻的挑戰。
01:30
Zimbabwe reported its first AIDS case in 1985, the year I arrived.
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1985年,我初到津巴布韋的那年, 那裡出現首宗愛滋病病例。
01:35
I had taken care of a few patients with AIDS in the early 1980s,
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80年代初我就照顧過一些患有愛滋病的病人。
01:39
when I did my medical training at Harlem Hospital, but --
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當時我到哈萊姆醫院接受醫療訓練, 但是 --
01:44
we had no idea what lay in store for Africa.
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那時我們無法想像非洲今日會有這樣的情況。
01:49
Infection rate stood at about two percent in my early days there.
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早期我在這裡時,感染率只有2%。
01:53
These would soar
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這個數字不斷飊升,
01:55
to one out of every four adults
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直到每4個成年人當中有一個愛滋病患者。
01:58
by the time I left Harare 17 years later.
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那是我17年後離開哈拉雷時的感染率,
02:02
By the mid-1990s,
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在1990年代中期,
02:04
I'd told hundreds of people in the prime of life
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我告訴過數百位在他們生命最高峰的人,
02:08
that they were HIV-positive.
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他們患上愛滋病。
02:10
I saw colleagues and friends die,
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我看著同事及朋友死去,
02:13
my students, hospital patients, die.
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看著我的學生,醫院內的病人離世。
02:18
In response, my colleagues and I set up a clinic.
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因此,我與我的一些同事成立一了間診所。
02:22
We did condom demonstrations.
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我們示範避孕套用法。
02:24
We launched school education and workplace interventions.
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我們在學校和工作場所 提供預防的資訊。
02:30
We did research. We counseled the partners of infected men
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我們做研究。 我們為被感染的男性夥伴做諮詢。
02:34
about how to protect themselves.
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告訴他們如何保護自己。
02:36
We worked hard, and at the time, I believed that I was doing my best.
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我們非常努力工作。 在那時,我相信我已竭盡所能。
02:41
I was providing excellent treatment,
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我提供了,就當時而言,最好的治療。
02:44
such as it was.
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我提供最好的治療。
02:45
But I was not talking about structural change.
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但我沒有談到有關架構的改變,
02:51
Former UN Secretary Kofi Annan has spoken candidly
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前聯合國秘書長-科菲·安南
他坦誠因自己個人的失誤,
02:55
about his personal failure
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02:57
leading to the Rwandan genocide.
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而導致盧旺達種族滅絕。
02:59
In 1994, he was head of the UN peacekeeping department.
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在1994年, 他是聯合國維和部的負責人。
03:03
At a 10-year memorial for the genocide,
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在這個種族滅絕的10週年,
03:06
he reflected, "I believed at the time I was doing my best,
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他說, "當時我以為已經竭盡所能了,
03:10
but I realized after the genocide
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但在種族滅絕之後,我才瞭解到
03:12
that there was more I could and should have done
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原來我是可以,也應該可以做更多。
03:16
to sound the alarm and rally support."
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就是發出警報並爭取支援。“
03:22
The AIDS epidemic caught the health community unprepared,
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愛滋病的流行讓衛生界猝不及防。
03:27
and today, when the World Health Organization estimates
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今天,世界衛生組織估算
03:30
that 39 million people have lost their lives to this disease,
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約有3900萬人,因為愛滋病喪失生命。
03:35
I'm not alone in feeling remorse and regret
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不只是我一個人感到自責和後悔
沒有在早期採取更多行動。
03:40
at not having done more earlier.
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03:43
But while living in Zimbabwe,
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但是,當我住在津巴布韋時,
03:46
I didn't see my role as an advocacy or a political one.
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我不覺得我的角色是提倡鼓吹, 或是政治性的角色。
03:50
I was there for my technical skills,
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我是以我的專業技能在參與,
03:52
both my clinical and my research epidemiology skills.
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我的臨床及研究流行病學兩方面的技能。
03:57
And in my mind, my job was to take care of patients
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我那時認為我的工作就是照顧病人,
04:02
and to do research to better understand the population patterns of transmission,
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以及從研究中去了解 傳染病在人口中的分佈模式。
04:07
and I hoped that we'd slow the spread of the virus.
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我希望我們會減慢病毒傳播。
04:11
I was aware that socially marginalized populations were at disproportionate risk
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我知道社會邊緣化人群 對患愛滋病風險或
04:16
of getting and dying of AIDS.
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死於此病的比率特別高。
04:18
And on the sugar plantations,
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在甘蔗種植園區,
04:20
which really more closely resembled feudal fiefdoms
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那裡其實比想像更是封建領地,
04:24
than any modern enterprise,
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比起現代任何企業,
04:26
60 percent of pregnant women
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百分之60的懷孕婦女
04:29
tested HIV-positive.
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在愛滋病測試中呈陽性反應。
04:32
I worked to show how getting infected was not a moral failure
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我致力於宣導愛滋病 並不是表示道德敗壞。
04:36
but instead related to a culture of male superiority,
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而是與男尊女卑的文化有關,
04:40
to forced migrant labor and to colonialism.
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與被迫害的農民工,和與殖民主義有關。
04:43
Whites were largely unscathed.
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白種人幾乎沒受到影響。
04:46
As health professionals,
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身為醫療專業人員,
04:48
our tools were pitifully weak:
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我們的工具非常薄弱:
04:52
imploring people to change their individual behaviors,
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我們懇請人們改變他們的個人行為,
04:56
use condoms, reduce number of partners.
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使用安全套,和減少性伴侶。
04:58
Infection rates climbed,
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可惜感染率仍不斷上升。
05:02
and when treatment became available in the West,
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當西方國家有愛滋病的治療方法時,
05:06
treatment that remains our most potent weapon
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那治療是我們對抗這種病毒 最有力的武器。
05:08
against this virus,
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對抗這種病毒
05:10
it was unaffordable to the public sector across Africa.
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在整個非洲的一般大眾無法負擔得起。
05:14
I didn't speak out
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我對於
05:16
about the unequal access to these life-saving drugs
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無法公平取得這些救命藥品,
05:21
or about the underlying economic and political systems
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或引起高傳染率的基本經濟和政治體制
05:24
that were driving infection rates
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沒有大聲疾呼。
05:27
in such huge swaths of the population.
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在如此龐大人口的區域,
05:33
I rationalized my silence
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我對我的沈默自我合理化。
05:35
by reminding myself that I was a guest in the country,
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我提醒自己我只是這國土的一位客人,
05:38
that sounding the alarm could even get me kicked out,
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我若發出警報,可能會被驅逐出境,
05:41
keep me from doing good work,
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讓我無法做好我的工作,
05:43
taking care of my patients,
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不能照顧好我的病人,
05:45
doing much-needed research.
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以及做急需的研究工作。
05:48
So I didn't speak out
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所以我沒說出
05:49
about the government's early stance on AIDS.
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有關政府早期對愛滋病的態度。
05:53
I didn't voice my concerns loudly enough.
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我沒大聲提出我的擔憂。
05:57
Many doctors, health professionals,
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許多醫生,專業醫療人員,
06:00
may think I did nothing wrong.
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可能覺得我沒有做錯。
06:03
Our pact with our patients,
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我們和病人的協議,
06:05
the Hippocratic Oath and its variants,
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我們虛偽(成為醫師時)的宣誓,
06:08
is about the sanctity of the patient-doctor relationship.
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是關於醫患之間神聖關係。
06:13
And I did everything I could
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對於我的每位病人,
06:17
for each and every patient of mine.
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我都做了我所能做到的。
06:22
But I knew
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但我那時就知道
06:24
that epidemics emerge along the fissures of our society,
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該疫情沿著我們的社會裂隙出現,
06:28
reflecting not only biology,
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不只反映在生理上,
06:30
but more importantly patterns of marginalization, exclusion,
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更重要的是,他們被邊緣化,排斥,
06:35
discrimination related to race, gender, sexuality, class and more.
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以及由於種族,性別,性取向,階級和 更多方面被歧視的模式。
06:42
It was true of AIDS.
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對愛滋病而言是如此。
06:44
It was true just recently of Ebola.
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對最近發生的埃博拉病毒亦然。
06:48
Medical anthropologists such as Paul Farmer,
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醫療人類學者如保羅·法瑪爾博士
06:51
who worked on AIDS in Haiti,
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他在海地致力於愛滋病工作,
06:53
call this structural violence:
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稱之為架構性的暴力:
06:56
structural because inequities are embedded
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它是架構性的,因為深植於不平等
07:00
in the political and economic organization of our social world,
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我們社會的政治和經濟組織內。
07:05
often in ways that are invisible to those with privilege and power;
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那些有特權和權力的人通常是看不到的;
07:11
and violence because its impact --
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它是暴力的,因為它所造成的影響 --
07:14
premature deaths, suffering, illness -- is violent.
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過早死亡,痛苦,疾病 -- 這就是暴力。
07:21
We do little for our patients
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我們為病人做得很少,
07:24
if we fail to recognize
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如果我們沒有意識到
07:26
these social injustices.
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這些社會的不公平。
07:28
Sounding the alarm is the first step towards doing public health right,
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發警報是走向正確的公共醫療的第一步,
07:35
and it's how we may rally support
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我們也才得到支援,
07:38
to break through and create real change together.
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去突破及共同創造真正的改變。
07:43
So these days, I'm not staying quiet.
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因此現在,我不會再保持沉默。
07:46
I'm speaking up about a lot of things,
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我會講出很多事情,
07:50
even when it makes listeners uncomfortable,
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即使聽眾聽起來不舒服,
07:53
even when it makes me uncomfortable.
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即使連自己也不舒服。
07:57
And a lot of this is about racial disparities
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許多是有關種族差異對待,
08:00
and institutionalized racism,
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及制度化的種族主義。
08:03
things that we're not supposed to have in this country anymore,
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這些其實不應該還存在於我們的國家,
08:06
certainly not in the practice of medicine
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特別不應該在醫療,
08:10
or public health.
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或公共衛生。
08:11
But we have them,
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但我們都還有這些問題,
08:13
and we pay for them in lives cut short.
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我們以許多的早夭的生命付出代價。
08:18
That's why sounding the alarm
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這就是為什麼要响起警報
08:21
about the impact of racism on health in the United States,
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在美國種族主義對醫療的影響,
08:25
the ongoing institutional and interpersonal violence
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繼續在發生的對有色人種的 機構性和人際的暴力,
08:30
that people of color face,
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發出警報。
08:32
compounded by our tragic legacy
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這些加上我們的悲劇性的遺產更為嚴重:
08:36
of 250 years of slavery,
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250年的奴隸制度,
08:40
90 years of Jim Crow
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90多年的種族隔離,
08:42
and 60 years of imperfect equality,
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以及60多年來的不平等。
08:46
sounding the alarm about this
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對這些問題拉警報,
08:49
is central to doing my job right
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是我做為紐約市衛生專員
08:52
as New York City's Health Commissioner.
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的工作核心。
08:55
In New York City, premature mortality -- that's death before the age of 65 --
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在紐約市,市民過早死亡 - 即65歲之前去逝 -
09:00
is 50 percent higher for black men than white ones.
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黑人男性比白人高出50%。
09:04
A black woman in 2012
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在 2012 年的黑人女性,
09:07
faced more than 10 times the risk of dying related to childbirth
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在分娩時死亡的機率
09:11
as a white woman.
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是白人婦女的十倍。
09:13
And though we've made enormous strides
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儘管我們在
降低嬰兒死亡率已有長足的進步,
09:16
in reducing infant mortality rates,
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09:20
a black baby still faces
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黑人嬰兒
在出生後第一年內死亡風險是
09:22
nearly three times the risk of death in its first year of life
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白人嬰兒的三倍左右。
09:27
as compared to a white baby.
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09:31
New York City's not exceptional.
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紐約市也不例外。
09:33
These statistics are paralleled
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這些統計數字
和整個美國地區的統計數據相似。
09:37
by statistics found across the United States.
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09:42
A recent New York Times analysis
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最近紐約時報的一個分析,
09:45
reported that there are 1.5 million missing black men across the country.
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報導說全國各地有150萬黑人男性失蹤。
09:53
They noted that more than one
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他們指出在
每六名黑人男性中至少有一位,
09:56
out of every six black men
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09:58
who today should be between the ages of 25 and 54 years
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他們現在的年齡應該是在25至54歲之間,
10:04
have disappeared from daily life,
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從日常生活中消失。
10:07
lost either to prison or premature death.
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他們正被監禁或過早死亡。
10:12
There is great injustice
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對於
面對日常和過份暴力的年輕黑人男性很不公平。
10:15
in the daily and disproportionate violence faced by young black men,
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10:19
the focus of recent protests under the banner #BlackLivesMatter.
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聚焦於最近舉著”黑人生命可貴“標語抗議活動。
10:25
But we have to remember
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但是我們必須記著
10:26
that enduring and disparate rates
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那忍耐能力和截然不同進度
10:30
and the occurrence and outcome of common medical conditions --
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常見疾病的發生率和結果 --
10:34
heart disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV --
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心臟病,癌症,糖尿病,愛滋病等 --
10:37
diseases that may kill slowly and quietly
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那些慢慢地安靜地殺死我們的疾病,
10:41
and take even more black lives prematurely.
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讓更多黑人更早逝。
10:46
As the #BlackLivesMatter movement unfolded,
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由於”黑人生命可貴“運動展開,
10:50
I felt frustrated and angry
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我感到沮喪和憤怒,
10:54
that the medical community
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因為醫學界,
10:55
has been reluctant to even use the word "racism"
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在我們的研究和工作中發現,
甚至不願意用“種族主義”這字眼。
11:00
in our research and our work.
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11:02
You've probably felt something every time I've said it.
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每次我講到這裡可能你們已經感受到
11:06
Our medical students held die-ins in their white coats,
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我們的醫學學生穿著白色外套舉行裝死示威,
11:09
but the medical community has largely stood by passively
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但是醫學界基本上是袖手旁觀著
11:13
as ongoing discrimination continues to affect
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持續的歧視繼續影響著
11:17
the disease profile and mortality.
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疾病的資料和死亡率.
11:20
And I worry
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我擔心
11:21
that the trend towards personalized and precision medicine,
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這個朝向個人化及精密醫療的趨勢,
11:26
looking for biological or genetic targets to better tailor treatment,
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為創造出更好治療, 尋找生物學的或遺傳學的目標,
11:31
may inadvertently cause us to lose sight of the big picture,
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可能反而讓我們失焦於大局,
11:36
that it is the daily context,
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這是每日的景況,
11:39
where a person lives, grows,
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一個人活著,成長,
11:42
works, loves,
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工作及愛,
11:45
that most importantly determines population health,
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重度影響人群的健康,
11:50
and for too many of us, poor health.
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對我們多數而言,是不健康。
11:54
As health professionals in our daily work,
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身為醫療專業人員的日常工作,
11:58
whether in the clinic or doing research,
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無論是在門診或做研究,
12:01
we are witness to great injustice:
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我們見證了極不正義:
12:05
the homeless person who is unable to follow medical advice
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無家可歸的人實在無法遵從醫囑,
12:08
because he has more pressing priorities;
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因為他有更急迫的困境;
12:11
the transgender youth who is contemplating suicide
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一位變性青年正在考慮自殺,
12:16
because our society is just so harsh;
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因為我們的社會對他們如此苛刻;
12:18
the single mother who has been made to feel that she is responsible
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社會讓單身媽媽感覺她們不負責任,
12:23
for the poor health of her child.
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因為她們的孩子健康很差。
12:26
Our role as health professionals
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我們作為醫療專業人員的角色,
12:29
is not just to treat our patients
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不只是治療我們的病人,
12:33
but to sound the alarm
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還要發出警報,
12:35
and advocate for change.
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並倡導改革。
12:39
Rightfully or not,
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理所當然與否,
12:41
our societal position gives our voices great credibility,
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我們的社會地位 使我們的聲音的可信程度變得很大,
12:45
and we shouldn't waste that.
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我們不應該浪費這個優勢。
12:48
I regret not speaking up in Zimbabwe,
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我很後悔沒有在津巴布韋大聲疾呼,
12:52
and I've promised myself
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我對自己發誓,
12:54
that as New York City's Health Commissioner,
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做為紐約市衛生專員,
12:57
I will use every opportunity I have
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我將利用每一個機會,
13:01
to sound the alarm
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去發警報,
13:03
and rally support for health equity.
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以及爭取對醫療平等的支持。
13:06
I will speak out against racism,
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我會站出來反對種族主義,
13:09
and I hope you will join me,
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我希望你們會和我一起。
13:11
and I will join you when you speak out against sexism
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當你站出來反對性別歧視時, 我會支持你,
13:14
or any other form of inequality.
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包括任何其他形式的不平等。
13:17
It's time for us to rise up
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現在是我們奮起的時候,
13:21
and collectively speak up
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我們要集體聲討
13:24
about structural inequality.
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有關架構性的不平等。
13:27
We don't have to have all the answers
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我們不必知道所有的答案,
13:30
to call for change.
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才呼籲改革。
13:33
We just need courage.
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我們只需要勇氣。
13:36
The health of our patients,
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為了我們病人的健康,
13:39
the health of us all, depends on it.
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我們所有人的健康,全有賴於它。
13:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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