Didier Sornette: How we can predict the next financial crisis

158,500 views ใƒป 2013-06-17

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Once upon a time
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ืคืขื
00:14
we lived in an economy of financial growth and prosperity.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’.
00:20
This was called the Great Moderation,
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ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื”ื”ืชืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” "ื”ื”ืชืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”",
00:24
the misguided belief by most economists,
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื,
00:28
policymakers and central banks
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ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
00:31
that we have transformed into a new world
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ
00:34
of never-ending growth and prosperity.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.
00:38
This was seen by robust and steady GDP growth,
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ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™,
00:43
by low and controlled inflation,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช,
00:46
by low unemployment,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื,
00:48
and controlled and low financial volatility.
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ื•ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช .
00:52
But the Great Recession in 2007 and 2008,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2007 ื•-2008,
00:59
the great crash, broke this illusion.
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ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืฉืœื™ื” ื–ื•.
01:02
A few hundred billion dollars of losses in the financial sector
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™
01:07
cascaded into five trillion dollars
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ืฉื–ืจืžื•ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
01:11
of losses in world GDP
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
01:13
and almost $30 trillion losses
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื
01:17
in the global stock market.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
01:21
So the understanding of this Great Recession
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ืื– ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
01:26
was that this was completely surprising,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:31
this came out of the blue,
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืจืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
01:33
this was like the wrath of the gods.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื–ืขืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื.
01:36
There was no responsibility.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:37
So, as a reflection of this,
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ืื–, ื›ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
01:39
we started the Financial Crisis Observatory.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช "ืžืฆืคื” ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™."
01:43
We had the goal to diagnose in real time
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช
01:47
financial bubbles
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช
01:49
and identify in advance their critical time.
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ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:55
What is the underpinning, scientifically, of this financial observatory?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”?
01:58
We developed a theory called "dragon-kings."
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ืก" (ืžืœื›ื™ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื)
02:03
Dragon-kings represent extreme events
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"ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื’ืก" ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
02:06
which are of a class of their own.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ ืžืฉืœื”ื.
02:10
They are special. They are outliers.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื.
02:12
They are generated by specific mechanisms
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
02:16
that may make them predictable,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื,
02:19
perhaps controllable.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
02:22
Consider the financial price time series,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช.
02:25
a given stock, your perfect stock,
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ืžื ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœื›ื,
02:28
or a global index.
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ืื• ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื›ืœืœื™.
02:30
You have these up-and-downs.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื•.
02:32
A very good measure of the risk of this financial market
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ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื–ื”
02:36
is the peaks-to-valleys that represent
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฉื™ื ืขื“-ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
02:38
a worst case scenario
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ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:40
when you bought at the top and sold at the bottom.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื ื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจืชื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
02:44
You can look at the statistics, the frequency of the occurrence
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืข
02:48
of peak-to-valleys of different sizes,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื-ืืœ-ืฉืคืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:50
which is represented in this graph.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื–ื”.
02:53
Now, interestingly, 99 percent
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, 99 ืื—ื•ื–
02:56
of the peak-to-valleys of different amplitudes
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื-ืืœ-ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:59
can be represented by a universal power law
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืง ื›ื•ื— ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™
03:03
represented by this red line here.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื• ืื“ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
03:06
More interestingly, there are outliers, there are exceptions
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื”, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ
03:11
which are above this red line,
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ืฉื”ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
03:12
occur 100 times more frequently, at least,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ 100, ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
03:16
than the extrapolation would predict them to occur
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืืงืกื˜ืจืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” (ื—ื™ื•ืฅ) ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื
03:20
based on the calibration of the 99 percent remaining
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 99 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื
03:24
peak-to-valleys.
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ืžืฉื™ื-ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช.
03:27
They are due to trenchant dependancies
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ื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชืœื•ืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช
03:31
such that a loss is followed by a loss
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืกื“ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื“
03:35
which is followed by a loss which is followed by a loss.
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ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื“.
03:38
These kinds of dependencies
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช
03:41
are largely missed by standard risk management tools,
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ืžื•ื—ืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
03:46
which ignore them and see lizards
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื, ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืœื˜ืื•ืช
03:49
when they should see dragon-kings.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช "ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ืก".
03:53
The root mechanism of a dragon-king
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ "ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’"
03:57
is a slow maturation towards instability,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืฉืœื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช,
04:00
which is the bubble,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”,
04:02
and the climax of the bubble is often the crash.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช.
04:04
This is similar to the slow heating of water
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
04:08
in this test tube reaching the boiling point,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืชื™ื—ื”,
04:11
where the instability of the water occurs
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื
04:13
and you have the phase transition to vapor.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื™ื.
04:17
And this process, which is absolutely non-linear --
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ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืœื™ื ืืจื™-
04:20
cannot be predicted by standard techniques --
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช-
04:23
is the reflection of a collective emergent behavior
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ืช
04:27
which is fundamentally endogenous.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื ื“ื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”.
04:29
So the cause of the crash, the cause of the crisis
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ืื– ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ
04:32
has to be found in an inner instability of the system,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
04:36
and any tiny perturbation will make this instability occur.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœืงืจื•ืช.
04:42
Now, some of you may have come to the mind
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช
04:45
that is this not related to the black swan concept
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ืฉืžื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
04:48
you have heard about frequently?
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ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช?
04:51
Remember, black swan is this rare bird
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจื”
04:53
that you see once and suddenly shattered your belief
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืœืคืชืข ืžื ืคืฆืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš
04:57
that all swans should be white,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
04:59
so it has captured the idea of unpredictability,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ,
05:03
unknowability, that the extreme events
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
05:04
are fundamentally unknowable.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื.
05:07
Nothing can be further
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:09
from the dragon-king concept I propose,
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ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข,
05:11
which is exactly the opposite, that most extreme events
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
05:15
are actually knowable and predictable.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื™-ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
05:18
So we can be empowered and take responsibility
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
05:22
and make predictions about them.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช .
05:24
So let's have my dragon-king burn this black swan concept.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืจืฉื” ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
05:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:29
There are many early warning signals
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
05:32
that are predicted by this theory.
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ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•.
05:34
Let me just focus on one of them:
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืจืง ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื:
05:36
the super-exponential growth with positive feedback.
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช ืขื ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
05:39
What does it mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
05:40
Imagine you have an investment
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉืงืขื”
05:43
that returns the first year five percent,
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ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” 5%,
05:46
the second year 10 percent, the third year 20 percent,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” 10% , ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช 20% ,
05:49
the next year 40 percent. Is that not marvelous?
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ 40%. ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืคืœื?
05:52
This is a super-exponential growth.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช
05:55
A standard exponential growth corresponds
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ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”
05:57
to a constant growth rate, let's say, of 10 percent
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ืœืงืฆื‘ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืชืžื™ื“, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืฉืœ 10%
06:01
The point is that, many times during bubbles,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
06:04
there are positive feedbacks which can be of many times,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืคื™ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
06:08
such that previous growths enhance,
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ื›ืืœื” ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
06:11
push forward, increase the next growth
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื‘ื
06:15
through this kind of super-exponential growth,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช,
06:17
which is very trenchant, not sustainable.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื ื•ืงื‘ืช , ืœื ื‘ืจืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
06:20
And the key idea is that the mathematical solution
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ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™
06:24
of this class of models exhibit finite-time singularities,
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ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
06:27
which means that there is a critical time
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
06:31
where the system will break, will change regime.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืงืจื•ืก, ืชืฉื ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
06:34
It may be a crash. It may be just a plateau, something else.
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ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกื”. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
06:37
And the key idea is that the critical time,
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ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
06:39
the information about the critical time is contained
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ื›ืœืœ
06:42
in the early development of this super-exponential growth.
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช ื–ื•.
06:47
We have applied this theory early on, that was our first success,
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ื™ื™ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
06:52
to the diagnostic of the rupture of key elements
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ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืคืชื—
06:55
on the iron rocket.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
06:58
Using acoustic emission, you know, this little noise
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:01
that you hear a structure emit, sing to you
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ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ืคื•ืœื˜, ืฉืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื
07:03
when they are stressed, and reveal the damage going on,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ, ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
07:07
there's a collective phenomenon of positive feedback,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
07:09
the more damage gives the more damage,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ืง ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ืง,
07:11
so you can actually predict,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
07:13
within, of course, a probability band,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช,
07:15
when the rupture will occur.
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ืžืชื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ.
07:17
So this is now so successful that it is used
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ
07:20
in the initial phase of [unclear] the flight.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”.
07:24
Perhaps more surprisingly, the same type of theory
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
07:27
applies to biology and medicine,
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ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื”,
07:30
parturition, the act of giving birth, epileptic seizures.
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ืœื™ื“ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ืืคื™ืœืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
07:33
From seven months of pregnancy, a mother
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื
07:37
starts to feel episodic precursory contractions of the uterus
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื
07:43
that are the sign of these maturations
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ืืœื•
07:47
toward the instability, giving birth to the baby,
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
07:50
the dragon-king.
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ื”ื“ื“ื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ .
07:52
So if you measure the precursor signal,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ,
07:55
you can actually identify pre- and post-maturity problems
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื‘ืฉืœื”
08:01
in advance.
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ืžืจืืฉ.
08:03
Epileptic seizures also come in a large variety of size,
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ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ืืคื™ืœืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช,
08:06
and when the brain goes to a super-critical state,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
08:10
you have dragon-kings which have a degree of predictability
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ืก ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
08:13
and this can help the patient to deal with this illness.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
08:19
We have applied this theory to many systems,
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ืื ื• ื™ื™ืฉืžื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:21
landslides, glacier collapse,
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ืœืžืคื•ืœื•ืช, ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื,
08:24
even to the dynamics of prediction of success:
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”:
08:27
blockbusters, YouTube videos, movies, and so on.
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ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืคื•ืช, ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ , ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
08:32
But perhaps the most important application
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:35
is for finance, and this theory
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•
08:37
illuminates, I believe, the deep reason
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ืžืื™ืจื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”
08:41
for the financial crisis that we have gone through.
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ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื•.
08:43
This is rooted in 30 years of history of bubbles,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช ื‘-30 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
08:48
starting in 1980, with the global bubble
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1980, ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
08:51
crashing in 1987,
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ืฉื”ืชื ืคืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987,
08:53
followed by many other bubbles.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:56
The biggest one was the "new economy" Internet bubble
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ืชื” "ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:58
in 2000, crashing in 2000,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ืฉื”ืชืจืกืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000,
09:00
the real estate bubbles in many countries,
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:02
financial derivative bubbles everywhere,
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
09:05
stock market bubbles also everywhere,
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
09:07
commodity and all bubbles, debt and credit bubbles --
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืืฉืจืื™-
09:11
bubbles, bubbles, bubbles.
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
09:14
We had a global bubble.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื•ืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
09:17
This is a measure of global overvaluation
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ืชืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
09:21
of all markets, expressing what I call
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื”
09:25
an illusion of a perpetual money machine
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ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช
09:28
that suddenly broke in 2007.
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ืฉืคืชืื•ื ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007.
09:32
The problem is that we see the same process,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
09:36
in particular through quantitative easing,
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช,
09:39
of a thinking of a perpetual money machine nowadays
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
09:42
to tackle the crisis since 2008 in the U.S., in Europe,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžืื– 2008 ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
09:47
in Japan.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ.
09:49
This has very important implications
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
09:51
to understand the failure of quantitative easing
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช
09:55
as well as austerity measures
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฆืขื“ื™ ืฆื ืข
09:57
as long as we don't attack the core,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”,
10:00
the structural cause of this perpetual money machine thinking.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช.
10:05
Now, these are big claims.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
10:08
Why would you believe me?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™?
10:11
Well, perhaps because, in the last 15 years
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืฉื‘- 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:14
we have come out of our ivory tower,
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:17
and started to publish ex ante --
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืคืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืข --
10:20
and I stress the term ex ante, it means "in advance" โ€”
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข", ืžืฉืžืขื• "ืžืจืืฉ" โ€”
10:23
before the crash confirmed
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืžืื•ืžืชืช
10:25
the existence of the bubble or the financial excesses.
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ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืื• ื”ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช.
10:28
These are a few of the major bubbles
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
10:31
that we have lived through in recent history.
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
10:36
Again, many interesting stories for each of them.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
10:39
Let me tell you just one or two stories
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื
10:42
that deal with massive bubbles.
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ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
10:44
We all know the Chinese miracle.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
10:46
This is the expression of the stock market
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช
10:49
of a massive bubble, a factor of three,
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ืœื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 3,
10:52
300 percent in just a few years.
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300 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช.
10:54
In September 2007,
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ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2007,
10:57
I was invited as a keynote speaker of a macro hedge fund
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ื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™ ื›ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ืœื™ื
11:01
management conference,
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ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื• ืงืจืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ,
11:03
and I showed to the conference a prediction
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ื•ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
11:07
that by the end of 2007, this bubble
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ืฉืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2007, ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช
11:12
would change regime.
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ืชืฉื ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
11:14
There might be a crash. Certainly not sustainable.
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกื”. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื‘ืจืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
11:17
Now, how do you believe the very smart,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ ืงืจืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื•
11:22
very motivated, very informed macro hedge fund managers
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ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“
11:27
reacted to this prediction?
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื–ื”?
11:29
You know, they had made billions
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื
11:31
just surfing this bubble until now.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:34
They told me, "Didier,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™, "ื“ื™ื“ื™ื™ื”,
11:36
yeah, the market might be overvalued,
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช,
11:39
but you forget something.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื— ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:41
There is the Beijing Olympic Games coming
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
11:43
in August 2008, and it's very clear that
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008, ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
11:45
the Chinese government is controlling the economy
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ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
11:48
and doing what it takes
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
11:50
to also avoid any wave and control the stock market."
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ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื’ืœ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช."
11:54
Three weeks after my presentation,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื–ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
11:57
the markets lost 20 percent
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• 20 ืื—ื•ื–
11:59
and went through a phase of volatility,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื‘ ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช,
12:01
upheaval, and a total market loss of
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ืžื”ืคืš, ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ืง ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ
12:04
70 percent until the end of the year.
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”.
12:06
So how can we be so collectively wrong
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื’ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
12:09
by misreading or ignoring the science
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืื• ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ
12:13
of the fact that when an instability has developed,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”,
12:16
and the system is ripe, any perturbation
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืฉืœื”, ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื”
12:18
makes it essentially impossible to control?
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜?
12:22
The Chinese market collapsed, but it rebounded.
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
12:27
In 2009, we also identified that this new bubble,
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ื‘-2009, ื’ื ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช,
12:31
a smaller one, was unsustainable,
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ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
12:34
so we published again a prediction, in advance,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™, ืžืจืืฉ,
12:38
stating that by August 2009, the market will correct,
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ืœืคื™ื• ืขื“ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2009, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ืชืงืŸ,
12:42
will not continue on this track.
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ื•ืœื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
12:45
Our critics, reading the prediction,
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™,
12:48
said, "No, it's not possible.
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ืืžืจื•, "ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™.
12:52
The Chinese government is there.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื.
12:53
They have learned their lesson. They will control.
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ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืœืงื— ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ื™ืคืงื—ื•.
12:56
They want to benefit from the growth."
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”".
12:58
Perhaps these critics have not learned their lesson previously.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืœืงื— ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ.
13:01
So the crisis did occur. The market corrected.
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ืื– ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงืจื”. ื”ืฉื•ืง ืชื•ืงืŸ.
13:05
The same critics then said, "Ah, yes,
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ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืื–, "ืื”, ื›ืŸ,
13:08
but you published your prediction.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจืกืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืš.
13:09
You influenced the market.
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
13:11
It was not a prediction."
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
13:14
Maybe I am very powerful then.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืื ื›ืŸ.
13:18
Now, this is interesting.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:20
It shows that it's essentially impossible until now
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:23
to develop a science of economics
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ืœืคืชื— ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”
13:25
because we are sentient beings who anticipate
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ
13:28
and there is a problem of self-fulfilling prophesies.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืžื’ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
13:32
So we invented a new way of doing science.
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ืข.
13:36
We created the Financial Bubble Experiment.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
13:38
The idea is the following. We monitor the markets.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”. ืื ื• ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.
13:41
We identify excesses, bubbles.
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ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
13:45
We do our work. We write a report
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื—
13:48
in which we put our prediction of the critical time.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
13:53
We don't release the report. It's kept secret.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“.
13:55
But with modern encrypting techniques,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
13:58
we have a hash, we publish a public key,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ, ืื ื• ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืžืคืชื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
14:02
and six months later, we release the report,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—,
14:06
and there is authentication.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžื•ืช.
14:09
And all this is done on an international archive
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
14:13
so that we cannot be accused of just releasing the successes.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช.
14:18
Let me tease you with a very recent analysis.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืงื ื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื›ื ืขื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
14:21
17th of May, 2013, just two weeks ago,
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17 ื‘ืžืื™, 2013, ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
14:24
we identified that the U.S. stock market
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ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
14:26
was on an unsustainable path
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื
14:28
and we released this on our website on the 21st of May
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ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™
14:32
that there will be a change of regime.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
14:34
The next day, the market started to change regime, course.
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ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
14:39
This is not a crash.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืงืจื™ืกื”.
14:40
This is just the third or fourth act
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช
14:43
of a massive bubble in the making.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช.
14:46
Scaling up the discussion at the size of the planet,
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ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
14:49
we see the same thing.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
14:50
Wherever we look, it's observable:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื, ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื”:
14:53
in the biosphere, in the atmosphere, in the ocean,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื”, ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
14:56
showing these super-exponential trajectories
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
15:00
characterizing an unsustainable path
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ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื
15:03
and announcing a phase transition.
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ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืื–ื”.
15:05
This diagram on the right
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ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
15:07
shows a very beautiful compilation of studies
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ืžืฆื™ื’ ืงื•ืžืคื™ืœืฆื™ื” ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
15:10
suggesting indeed that there is a nonlinear -- possibility
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ืฉืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช -
15:14
for a nonlinear transition just in the next few decades.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื-ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
15:18
So there are bubbles everywhere.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
15:21
From one side, this is exciting
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ
15:23
for me, as a professor who chases bubbles
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
15:26
and slays dragons, as the media has sometimes called me.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื™.
15:31
But can we really slay the dragons?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื?
15:34
Very recently, with collaborators,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:36
we studied a dynamical system
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช
15:39
where you see the dragon-king as these big loops
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ืก ื›ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•
15:42
and we were able to apply tiny perturbations at the right times
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
15:46
that removed, when control is on, these dragons.
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ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
15:51
"Gouverner, c'est prรฉvoir."
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"ืœืคืงื— ื–ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช." (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช)
15:54
Governing is the art of planning and predicting.
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ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™.
15:59
But is it not the case that this is probably
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื”
16:02
one of the biggest gaps of mankind,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
16:06
which has the responsibility to steer
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜
16:09
our societies and our planet toward sustainability
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ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
16:12
in the face of growing challenges and crises?
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ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื?
16:17
But the dragon-king theory gives hope.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
16:21
We learn that most systems have pockets of predictability.
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
16:25
It is possible to develop advance diagnostics of crises
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื— ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื
16:30
so that we can be prepared, we can take measures,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื,
16:33
we can take responsibility,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช,
16:36
and so that never again will
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืงืจื”
16:39
extremes and crises like the Great Recession
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ืฉืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
16:43
or the European crisis take us by surprise.
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ืื• ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื™ืคืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื•.
16:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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