How to have better political conversations | Robb Willer

248,425 views ใƒป 2017-02-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So you probably have the sense, as most people do,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:15
that polarization is getting worse in our country,
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ืฉื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ,
00:19
that the divide between the left and the right
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ืฉื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ
00:22
is as bad as it's been in really any of our lifetimes.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™-ืคืขื.
00:26
But you might also reasonably wonder if research backs up your intuition.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื•.
00:32
And in a nutshell, the answer is sadly yes.
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:38
In study after study, we find
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
00:40
that liberals and conservatives have grown further apart.
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ืฉื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืืœื• ืžืืœื•.
00:45
They increasingly wall themselves off in these ideological silos,
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ื”ื ื”ืกืชื’ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืฉืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:50
consuming different news, talking only to like-minded others
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืจืง ืขื ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื
00:54
and more and more choosing to live in different parts of the country.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:58
And I think that most alarming of all of it
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืžื›ืœ
01:01
is seeing this rising animosity on both sides.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
01:06
Liberals and conservatives,
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ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื,
01:07
Democrats and Republicans,
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื,
01:09
more and more they just don't like one another.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืืช ืืœื”.
01:14
You see it in many different ways.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:16
They don't want to befriend one another. They don't want to date one another.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“, ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื›ืŸ,
01:19
If they do, if they find out, they find each other less attractive,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
01:23
and they more and more don't want their children to marry someone
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
01:26
who supports the other party,
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ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:28
a particularly shocking statistic.
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ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:31
You know, in my lab, the students that I work with,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
01:34
we're talking about some sort of social pattern --
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื --
01:37
I'm a movie buff, and so I'm often like,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืื– ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ,
01:41
what kind of movie are we in here with this pattern?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืกืจื˜ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”?
01:44
So what kind of movie are we in with political polarization?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืกืจื˜ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™?
01:48
Well, it could be a disaster movie.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
01:52
It certainly seems like a disaster.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืจืื” ืืกื•ืŸ.
01:54
Could be a war movie.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ ืžืœื—ืžืชื™.
01:57
Also fits.
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ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื.
01:59
But what I keep thinking is that we're in a zombie apocalypse movie.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกืช ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
02:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:04
Right? You know the kind.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:06
There's people wandering around in packs,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:09
not thinking for themselves,
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ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
02:11
seized by this mob mentality
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืฃ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ,
02:12
trying to spread their disease and destroy society.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
02:17
And you probably think, as I do,
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ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
02:19
that you're the good guy in the zombie apocalypse movie,
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ืฉืืชื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื,
02:23
and all this hate and polarization, it's being propagated by the other people,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:26
because we're Brad Pitt, right?
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืื“ ืคื™ื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:29
Free-thinking, righteous,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,
02:32
just trying to hold on to what we hold dear,
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•,
02:34
you know, not foot soldiers in the army of the undead.
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ืื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืชื™ื-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:38
Not that.
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ืœื ืื ื•.
02:39
Never that.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
02:41
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื,
02:43
what movie do you suppose they think they're in?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื?
02:47
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:48
Well, they absolutely think that they're the good guys
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกืช ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:51
in the zombie apocalypse movie. Right?
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02:52
And you'd better believe that they think that they're Brad Pitt
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจืื“ ืคื™ื˜
02:55
and that we, we are the zombies.
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
03:00
And who's to say that they're wrong?
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื?
03:04
I think that the truth is that we're all a part of this.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื”.
03:08
And the good side of that is that we can be a part of the solution.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
03:12
So what are we going to do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื ืขืฉื”?
03:15
What can we do to chip away at polarization in everyday life?
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืจืกื ื‘ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื?
03:19
What could we do to connect with and communicate with
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
03:23
our political counterparts?
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ืขื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™?
03:25
Well, these were exactly the questions that I and my colleague, Matt Feinberg,
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ืืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืชืงื• ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™, ืžืื˜ ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’,
03:29
became fascinated with a few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
03:31
and we started doing research on this topic.
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03:34
And one of the first things that we discovered
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
03:37
that I think is really helpful for understanding polarization
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘
03:41
is to understand
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจืข ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•
03:42
that the political divide in our country is undergirded by a deeper moral divide.
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ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืข ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:46
So one of the most robust findings in the history of political psychology
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:51
is this pattern identified by Jon Haidt and Jesse Graham,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื–ื™ื”ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื•ื’'ืกื™ ื’ืจื”ืื,
03:55
psychologists,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
03:56
that liberals and conservatives tend to endorse different values
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ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:00
to different degrees.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:02
So for example, we find that liberals tend to endorse values like equality
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
04:07
and fairness and care and protection from harm
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ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื”
04:11
more than conservatives do.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
04:13
And conservatives tend to endorse values like loyalty, patriotism,
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ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
ื™ื—ืก ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™
04:19
respect for authority and moral purity
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04:22
more than liberals do.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื.
04:25
And Matt and I were thinking that maybe this moral divide
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ื•ืžืื˜ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืจืข ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื–ื”
04:29
might be helpful for understanding how it is
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื”
04:32
that liberals and conservatives talk to one another
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ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื ืืœื•
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ื” ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”
04:35
and why they so often seem to talk past one another
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04:37
when they do.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื.
04:39
So we conducted a study
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ืื– ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
04:41
where we recruited liberals to a study
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ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
ื•ื”ื˜ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืข
04:44
where they were supposed to write a persuasive essay
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04:46
that would be compelling to a conservative in support of same-sex marriage.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืจืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:51
And what we found was that liberals tended to make arguments
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื
04:54
in terms of the liberal moral values of equality and fairness.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช.
ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
04:59
So they said things like,
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05:00
"Everyone should have the right to love whoever they choose,"
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"ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื”,"
05:04
and, "They" -- they being gay Americans --
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ื•ืœื”ื -- ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ื– ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื --
05:06
"deserve the same equal rights as other Americans."
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"ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื."
05:10
Overall, we found that 69 percent of liberals
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉ-69% ืžื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
05:13
invoked one of the more liberal moral values in constructing their essay,
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ื”ื,
05:18
and only nine percent invoked one of the more conservative moral values,
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ื•ืจืง 9% ืžื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
05:22
even though they were supposed to be trying to persuade conservatives.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืฉืžืจื ื™ื.
05:26
And when we studied conservatives and had them make persuasive arguments
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืขืจืš ืขื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
05:30
in support of making English the official language of the US,
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ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:33
a classically conservative political position,
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ืขืžื“ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
05:35
we found that they weren't much better at this.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
59% ืžื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื
05:38
59 percent of them made arguments
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05:39
in terms of one of the more conservative moral values,
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ื‘ืจื•ื— ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื,
05:42
and just eight percent invoked a liberal moral value,
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ื•ืจืง 8% ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™,
05:44
even though they were supposed to be targeting liberals for persuasion.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื.
05:49
Now, you can see right away why we're in trouble here. Right?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:54
People's moral values, they're their most deeply held beliefs.
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ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:57
People are willing to fight and die for their values.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื.
06:01
Why are they going to give that up just to agree with you
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื
ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœื™ื•?
06:04
on something that they don't particularly want to agree with you on anyway?
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06:07
If that persuasive appeal that you're making to your Republican uncle
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ืื ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื•,
06:11
means that he doesn't just have to change his view,
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06:13
he's got to change his underlying values, too,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื•,
06:15
that's not going to go very far.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
06:17
So what would work better?
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ื•ืžื” ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—?
06:20
Well, we believe it's a technique that we call moral reframing,
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืกื’ื•ืจ-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจื™",
06:24
and we've studied it in a series of experiments.
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ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
06:26
In one of these experiments,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:28
we recruited liberals and conservatives to a study
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ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ
06:31
where they read one of three essays
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืจื™ื
06:33
before having their environmental attitudes surveyed.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
06:37
And the first of these essays
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ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
06:38
was a relatively conventional pro-environmental essay
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
06:42
that invoked the liberal values of care and protection from harm.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืง.
06:46
It said things like, "In many important ways
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ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:48
we are causing real harm to the places we live in,"
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"ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื–ืง ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,"
06:51
and, "It is essential that we take steps now
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ื•"ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื ืงื•ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื
06:54
to prevent further destruction from being done to our Earth."
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"ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืจืก ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•."
06:58
Another group of participants
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ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืžืืžืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“
07:00
were assigned to read a really different essay
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07:02
that was designed to tap into the conservative value of moral purity.
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™.
ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื™,
07:08
It was a pro-environmental essay as well,
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ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
07:10
and it said things like,
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07:11
"Keeping our forests, drinking water, and skies pure is of vital importance."
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"ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•."
07:16
"We should regard the pollution
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"ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื."
07:18
of the places we live in to be disgusting."
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07:20
And, "Reducing pollution can help us preserve
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ื•"ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžืจ
07:23
what is pure and beautiful about the places we live."
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"ืืช ืžื” ืฉื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื."
07:27
And then we had a third group
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ื•ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืžืืžืจ ืœื-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
07:29
that were assigned to read just a nonpolitical essay.
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07:31
It was just a comparison group so we could get a baseline.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืงืจื”, ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
07:34
And what we found when we surveyed people
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืกืงืจื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
07:36
about their environmental attitudes afterwards,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžืืžืจ ืงืจืื•,
07:38
we found that liberals, it didn't matter what essay they read.
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ื ื˜ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“.
07:41
They tended to have highly pro-environmental attitudes regardless.
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ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:44
Liberals are on board for environmental protection.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
07:47
Conservatives, however,
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
07:48
were significantly more supportive of progressive environmental policies
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07:52
and environmental protection
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ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
07:54
if they had read the moral purity essay
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™,
07:56
than if they read one of the other two essays.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืงืจืื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:59
We even found that conservatives who read the moral purity essay
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ืžืืžืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
08:03
were significantly more likely to say that they believed in global warming
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08:06
and were concerned about global warming,
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš,
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
08:08
even though this essay didn't even mention global warming.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
08:11
That's just a related environmental issue.
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08:13
But that's how robust this moral reframing effect was.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ื•ืจ-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
08:17
And we've studied this on a whole slew of different political issues.
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:21
So if you want to move conservatives
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืฉืžืจื ื™ื
08:25
on issues like same-sex marriage or national health insurance,
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™,
08:28
it helps to tie these liberal political issues to conservative values
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื
08:31
like patriotism and moral purity.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™.
08:35
And we studied it the other way, too.
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
08:37
If you want to move liberals to the right on conservative policy issues
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช,
08:41
like military spending and making English the official language of the US,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ื ืข
08:46
you're going to be more persuasive
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08:47
if you tie those conservative policy issues to liberal moral values
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ืื ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื
08:51
like equality and fairness.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช.
08:54
All these studies have the same clear message:
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ:
08:57
if you want to persuade someone on some policy,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
09:00
it's helpful to connect that policy to their underlying moral values.
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
09:05
And when you say it like that
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:07
it seems really obvious. Right?
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09:09
Like, why did we come here tonight?
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ื‘ืื ื• ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘?
09:10
Why --
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ืœืžื” --
09:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:13
It's incredibly intuitive.
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ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
09:17
And even though it is, it's something we really struggle to do.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
09:20
You know, it turns out that when we go to persuade somebody on a political issue,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
09:24
we talk like we're speaking into a mirror.
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืœ ื”ืžืจืื”.
09:27
We don't persuade so much as we rehearse our own reasons
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:31
for why we believe some sort of political position.
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ืœืืžื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
09:35
We kept saying when we were designing these reframed moral arguments,
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ืืžืจื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
09:39
"Empathy and respect, empathy and respect."
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"ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“."
09:42
If you can tap into that,
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”
09:44
you can connect
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ
09:46
and you might be able to persuade somebody in this country.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช.
09:49
So thinking again
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ืื ื•,
09:51
about what movie we're in,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื ืกื—ืคืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
09:55
maybe I got carried away before.
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09:56
Maybe it's not a zombie apocalypse movie.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
09:59
Maybe instead it's a buddy cop movie.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืฆืžื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื.
10:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:03
Just roll with it, just go with it please.
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ืชื–ืจืžื• ืื™ืชื™ ืจื’ืข, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
10:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:08
You know the kind: there's a white cop and a black cop,
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”: ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
10:11
or maybe a messy cop and an organized cop.
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ืื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื’ื ื™ืกื˜ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ.
10:13
Whatever it is, they don't get along
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ื ืœื ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื
10:15
because of this difference.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
10:17
But in the end, when they have to come together and they cooperate,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
10:20
the solidarity that they feel,
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ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื,
10:22
it's greater because of that gulf that they had to cross. Right?
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:27
And remember that in these movies,
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ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:29
it's usually worst in the second act
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
10:32
when our leads are further apart than ever before.
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ื›ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื.
10:35
And so maybe that's where we are in this country,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
10:37
late in the second act of a buddy cop movie --
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืฆืžื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื --
10:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:42
torn apart but about to come back together.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืฉืจ.
10:47
It sounds good,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘,
10:48
but if we want it to happen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
10:50
I think the responsibility is going to start with us.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืคืœืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
10:54
So this is my call to you:
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ืื– ื–ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชื™ ืœื›ื:
10:57
let's put this country back together.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช.
11:00
Let's do it despite the politicians
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
11:03
and the media and Facebook and Twitter
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ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง" ื•"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ"
11:06
and Congressional redistricting
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
11:08
and all of it, all the things that divide us.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
11:12
Let's do it because it's right.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:15
And let's do it because this hate and contempt
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื–
11:20
that flows through all of us every day
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ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื
11:23
makes us ugly and it corrupts us,
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ืžื›ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
11:26
and it threatens the very fabric of our society.
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ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžืืจื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:31
We owe it to one another and our country
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืœืืจืฆื ื•
11:34
to reach out and try to connect.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ.
11:37
We can't afford to hate them any longer,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ื ืื•ืชื.
11:42
and we can't afford to let them hate us either.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื ืื• ืื•ืชื ื•.
11:45
Empathy and respect.
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ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
11:47
Empathy and respect.
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ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
11:49
If you think about it, it's the very least that we owe our fellow citizens.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
11:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
11:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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