How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet | Dan Gibson

74,590 views ใƒป 2018-08-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Alright, let me tell you about building synthetic cells
0
13388
3175
ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
00:16
and printing life.
1
16587
1945
ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:18
But first, let me tell you a quick story.
2
18556
2483
ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
ื‘-31 ืœืžืจืฅ 2013,
00:21
On March 31, 2013,
3
21063
2506
00:23
my team and I received an email from an international health organization,
4
23593
4183
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
00:27
alerting us that two men died in China
5
27800
2833
ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืžืชื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
00:30
shortly after contracting the H7N9 bird flu.
6
30657
3055
ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืื™ื™ืฅ'-7-ืืŸ-9.
ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:34
There were fears of a global pandemic
7
34149
1857
ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
00:36
as the virus started rapidly moving across China.
8
36030
3333
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜,
00:40
Although methods existed to produce a flu vaccine
9
40004
2782
00:42
and stop the disease from spreading,
10
42810
1972
00:44
at best, it would not be available for at least six months.
11
44806
3844
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ,
00:49
This is because a slow, antiquated flu vaccine manufacturing process
12
49474
4730
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช
ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขืœ 70 ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
00:54
developed over 70 years ago was the only option.
13
54228
3958
ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื•,
00:59
The virus would need to be isolated from infected patients,
14
59140
3452
01:02
packaged up and then sent to a facility
15
62616
2294
ืœืืจื•ื– ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืชืงืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
01:04
where scientists would inject the virus into chicken eggs,
16
64934
4016
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื–ืจื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:08
and incubate those chicken eggs for several weeks
17
68974
2571
ื•ื™ื“ื’ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื
01:11
in order to prepare the virus for the start of a multistep,
18
71569
3722
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื‘-ืฉืœื‘ื™
01:15
multimonth flu vaccine manufacturing process.
19
75315
3282
ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
01:19
My team and I received this email
20
79363
1994
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ื”ื–ื”
01:21
because we had just invented a biological printer,
21
81381
3886
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื“ืคืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
01:25
which would allow for the flu vaccine instructions
22
85291
2421
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช
01:27
to be instantly downloaded from the internet and printed.
23
87736
3321
ื•ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“.
01:31
Drastically speeding up the way in which flu vaccines are made,
24
91633
3286
ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช
01:34
and potentially saving thousands of lives.
25
94943
2800
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช.
01:38
The biological printer leverages our ability to read and write DNA
26
98776
4974
ื”ืžื“ืกืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืžื ืคืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื "ื
01:43
and starts to bring into focus
27
103774
1970
ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•
01:45
what we like to call biological teleportation.
28
105768
3133
ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช".
01:49
I am a biologist and an engineer who builds stuff out of DNA.
29
109704
4200
ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื "ื.
01:54
Believe it or not, one of my favorite things to do
30
114577
2349
ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™
01:56
is to take DNA apart and put it back together
31
116950
2377
ื”ื•ื ืœืคืจืง ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื "ื
01:59
so that I can understand better how it works.
32
119351
2758
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:02
I can edit and program DNA to do things, just like coders programing a computer.
33
122442
4659
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื•ืœืชื›ื ืช ื“ื "ื ื›ืžื• ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:07
But my apps are different.
34
127797
1801
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:09
They create life.
35
129622
1246
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:10
Self-replicating living cells and things like vaccines and therapeutics
36
130892
4272
ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืœื.
02:15
that work in ways that were previously impossible.
37
135188
3107
ื”ื ื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื ื˜ืจ
02:19
Here's National Medal of Science recipient Craig Venter
38
139141
3301
02:22
and Nobel laureate Ham Smith.
39
142466
2135
ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืกืžื™ืช'.
ืœืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:25
These two guys shared a similar vision.
40
145038
2309
02:27
That vision was, because all of the functions and characteristics
41
147371
4397
ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
02:31
of all biological entities, including viruses and living cells,
42
151792
4157
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:35
are written into the code of DNA,
43
155973
2430
ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื "ื,
02:38
if one can read and write that code of DNA,
44
158427
3396
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ื–ื”,
02:41
then they can be reconstructed in a distant location.
45
161847
3263
ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื•ื—ืง.
ื–ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘"ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช".
02:46
This is what we mean by biological teleportation.
46
166043
3334
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:50
To prove out this vision,
47
170210
1342
02:51
Craig and Ham set a goal of creating, for the first time,
48
171576
2993
ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื”ืื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืžื˜ืจื”, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:54
a synthetic cell, starting from DNA code in the computer.
49
174593
3153
ืชื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™, ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื, ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:58
I mean, come on, as a scientist looking for a job,
50
178284
4857
ื•ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
03:03
doing cutting-edge research, it doesn't get any better than this.
51
183165
3063
03:06
(Laughter)
52
186252
1759
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจืš ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
03:08
OK, a genome is a complete set of DNA within an organism.
53
188035
4527
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ 2003,
03:13
Following the Human Genome Project in 2003,
54
193138
2709
03:15
which was an international effort to identify
55
195871
2199
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:18
the complete genetic blueprint of a human being,
56
198094
3158
03:21
a genomics revolution happened.
57
201276
2253
ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื.
03:23
Scientists started mastering the techniques for reading DNA.
58
203553
3692
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื“ื "ื
03:27
In order to determine the order of the As, Cs, Ts and Gs
59
207269
3294
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื "ื
03:30
within an organism.
60
210587
1266
ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžืกื•ื™ื.
03:32
But my job was far different.
61
212475
1556
ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:34
I needed to master the techniques for writing DNA.
62
214412
3006
ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื "ื,
03:37
Like an author of a book,
63
217442
1270
ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืกื•ืคืจ,
03:38
this started out as writing short sentences,
64
218736
2182
ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืื• ืจืฆืคื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื“ื "ื,
03:40
or sequences of DNA code,
65
220942
2103
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคืกืงืื•ืช
03:43
but this soon turned into writing paragraphs
66
223069
2278
03:45
and then full-on novels of DNA code,
67
225371
2365
ื•ืื– ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื“ื "ื,
03:47
to make important biological instructions for proteins and living cells.
68
227760
4229
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:52
Living cells are nature's most efficient machines at making new products,
69
232466
3500
ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:55
accounting for the production
70
235990
1659
ื•ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ 25% ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
03:57
of 25 percent of the total pharmaceutical market,
71
237673
3571
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
04:01
which is billions of dollars.
72
241268
1933
04:03
We knew that writing DNA would drive this bioeconomy even more,
73
243823
3881
ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื "ื ืชื™ืชืŸ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:07
once cells could be programmed just like computers.
74
247728
3166
ื›ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื ืช ืชืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:11
We also knew that writing DNA would enable biological teleportation ...
75
251339
4651
ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื’ื ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื "ื ืชืืคืฉืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช:
ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื•ื“ ื“ื "ื.
04:17
the printing of defined, biological material,
76
257186
2908
04:20
starting from DNA code.
77
260118
1695
04:22
As a step toward bringing these promises to fruition,
78
262575
2962
ื›ืฆืขื“ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:25
our team set out to create, for the first time,
79
265561
2722
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:28
a synthetic bacterial cell,
80
268307
2238
ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ ื”ื“"ื ื ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘.
04:30
starting from DNA code in the computer.
81
270569
2599
04:33
Synthetic DNA is a commodity.
82
273918
2127
ื“ื "ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื "ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
04:36
You can order very short pieces of DNA from a number of companies,
83
276069
3611
04:39
and they will start from these four bottles of chemicals that make up DNA,
84
279704
3667
ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื“ื "ื,
04:43
G, A, T and C,
85
283395
1445
ื’'ื™, ืื™ื™, ื˜ื™ ื•-ืกื™,
04:44
and they will build those very short pieces of DNA for you.
86
284864
3256
ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื‘ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื“ื "ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžืื“.
04:48
Over the past 15 years or so,
87
288986
1833
ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš,
04:50
my teams have been developing the technology
88
290843
2323
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืชืคื™ืจืช ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื“ื "ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ืœื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
04:53
for stitching together those short pieces of DNA
89
293190
2756
04:55
into complete bacterial genomes.
90
295970
2190
04:58
The largest genome that we constructed contained over one million letters.
91
298871
4333
ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
05:03
Which is more than twice the size of your average novel,
92
303942
2660
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
05:06
and we had to put every single one of those letters in the correct order,
93
306626
3443
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืงื ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
ืœืœื ืฉื’ื™ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
05:10
without a single typo.
94
310093
1269
05:11
We were able to accomplish this by developing a procedure
95
311386
4293
ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื•ืช,
05:15
that I tried to call the "one-step isothermal in vitro recombination method."
96
315703
5047
"ืจืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืชืจืžื™ืช ื—ื“-ืฉืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื”."
05:20
(Laughter)
97
320774
2089
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:22
But, surprisingly, the science community didn't like this technically accurate name
98
322887
4992
ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”,
05:27
and decided to call it Gibson Assembly.
99
327903
2600
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื–ืืช "ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืกื•ืŸ".
05:31
Gibson Assembly is now the gold standard tool,
100
331625
2857
ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
05:34
used in laboratories around the world
101
334506
2468
ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:36
for building short and long pieces of DNA.
102
336998
2800
ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื“ื "ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:40
(Applause)
103
340236
5333
05:45
Once we chemically synthesized the complete bacterial genome,
104
345593
3325
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื ืชื–ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื’ื ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืžืœื,
05:48
our next challenge was to find a way
105
348942
2310
ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
05:51
to convert it into a free-living, self-replicating cell.
106
351276
3468
ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžืื™.
05:55
Our approach was to think of the genome as the operating system of the cell,
107
355427
3825
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื ื•ื ื›ืืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื,
05:59
with the cell containing the hardware necessary to boot up the genome.
108
359276
4495
ื›ืฉื”ืชื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืื™ืชื—ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื.
06:04
Through a lot of trial and error,
109
364553
1619
ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื,
ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืช ืชืื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
06:06
we developed a procedure where we could reprogram cells
110
366196
3135
06:09
and even convert one bacterial species into another,
111
369355
3349
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ
06:12
by replacing the genome of one cell with that of another.
112
372728
3524
ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ืื—ืจ.
06:17
This genome transplantation technology then paved the way
113
377363
4064
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื’ื ื•ื ืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
06:21
for the booting-up of genomes written by scientists
114
381451
3229
ืœืื™ืชื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
06:24
and not by Mother Nature.
115
384704
1667
ื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
06:26
In 2010, all of the technologies
116
386768
2619
ื‘-2010, ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื "ื
06:29
that we had been developing for reading and writing DNA
117
389411
2785
ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
06:32
all came together when we announced the creation
118
392220
2921
06:35
of the first synthetic cell,
119
395165
2214
06:37
which of course, we called Synthia.
120
397403
2158
ืฉืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, "ืกื™ื ืชื™ื”".
06:39
(Laughter)
121
399585
2001
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:41
Ever since the first bacterial genome was sequenced, back in 1995,
122
401610
4580
ืžืื– ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืชื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-1995,
ืจื•ืฆืคื• ื•ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœืคื™ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืœืื™ื.
06:46
thousands more whole bacterial genomes have been sequenced and stored
123
406214
3459
06:49
in computer databases.
124
409697
1406
06:51
Our synthetic cell work was the proof of concept
125
411601
2387
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช
ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”:
06:54
that we could reverse this process:
126
414012
2010
ืœืงื—ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืฉืœื
06:56
pull a complete bacterial genome sequence out of the computer
127
416046
3595
06:59
and convert that information into a free-living, self-replicating cell,
128
419665
4761
ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืœืชื ื—ื™, ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœ,
07:04
with all of the expected characteristics of the species that we constructed.
129
424450
4338
ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื•.
07:10
Now I can understand why there may be concerns
130
430409
2549
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช
07:12
about the safety of this level of genetic manipulation.
131
432982
3194
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื›ื–ืืช.
07:16
While the technology has the potential for great societal benefit,
132
436918
4151
ื”ื’ื ืฉืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืจื‘ื”,
ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง.
07:21
it also has the potential for doing harm.
133
441093
2440
07:24
With this in mind, even before carrying out the very first experiment,
134
444355
4063
ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
07:28
our team started to work with the public and the government
135
448442
2865
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
07:31
to find solutions together
136
451331
2603
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
07:33
to responsibly develop and regulate this new technology.
137
453958
3800
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœืคืงื— ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจืื™.
07:38
One of the outcomes from those discussions was to screen every customer
138
458331
3802
ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื—
ื•ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื—,
07:42
and every customer's DNA synthesis orders,
139
462157
2595
07:44
to make sure that pathogens or toxins are not being made by bad guys,
140
464776
4896
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื,
07:49
or accidentally by scientists.
141
469696
1934
ืื• ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
07:52
All suspicious orders are reported to the FBI
142
472974
3388
ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช
07:56
and other relevant law-enforcement agencies.
143
476386
2770
ื•ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
08:00
Synthetic cell technologies will power the next industrial revolution
144
480641
4270
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ื ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”
08:04
and transform industries and economies
145
484935
2864
ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช
08:07
in ways that address global sustainability challenges.
146
487823
3667
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื.
ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
08:12
The possibilities are endless.
147
492006
2206
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื
08:14
I mean, you can think of clothes
148
494236
1588
08:15
constructed form renewable biobased sources,
149
495848
3697
ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
08:19
cars running on biofuel from engineered microbes,
150
499569
3651
ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื,
ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื
08:23
plastics made from biodegradable polymers
151
503244
3579
08:26
and customized therapies, printed at a patient's bedside.
152
506847
3719
ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ื“ืคืกื• ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
08:31
The massive efforts to create synthetic cells
153
511196
2587
08:33
have made us world leaders at writing DNA.
154
513807
2800
ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื "ื.
ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื
08:37
Throughout the process, we found ways to write DNA faster,
155
517149
3722
ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืžื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื "ื,
08:40
more accurately and more reliably.
156
520895
2200
08:43
Because of the robustness of these technologies,
157
523688
2294
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืžื™ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”,
ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
08:46
we found that we could readily automate the processes
158
526006
3000
ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
08:49
and move the laboratory workflows out of the scientist's hands
159
529030
3666
08:52
and onto a machine.
160
532720
1266
ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื”.
ื‘-2013 ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื“ืคืกืช ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
08:55
In 2013, we built the first DNA printer.
161
535004
3000
08:58
We call it the BioXp.
162
538631
2309
ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” "ื‘ื™ื• ืืงืก-ืคื™".
09:00
And it has been absolutely essential in writing DNA
163
540964
3196
ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื "ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื
09:04
across a number of applications
164
544184
1615
09:05
my team and researchers around the world are working on.
165
545823
3800
ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช "ื‘ื™ื• ืืงืก ืคื™",
09:10
It was shortly after we built the BioXp
166
550077
2017
ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
09:12
that we received that email about the H7N9 bird flu scare in China.
167
552118
4886
09:17
A team of Chinese scientists had already isolated the virus,
168
557498
3421
ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ,
09:20
sequenced its DNA and uploaded the DNA sequence to the internet.
169
560943
3516
ืจื™ืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
09:25
At the request of the US government, we downloaded the DNA sequence
170
565616
3515
ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ื "ื,
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-12 ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืคืกื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘"ื‘ื™ื• ืืงืก ืคื™".
09:29
and in less than 12 hours, we printed it on the BioXp.
171
569155
3565
09:33
Our collaborators at Novartis
172
573529
1578
ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื• ื‘"ื ื•ื‘ืืจื˜ื™ืก"
ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืช.
09:35
then quickly started turning that synthetic DNA into a flu vaccine.
173
575131
4015
09:39
Meanwhile, the CDC, using technology dating back to the 1940s,
174
579497
4530
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40,
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืžืกื™ืŸ
09:44
was still waiting for the virus to arrive from China
175
584051
2930
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื”ื, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
09:47
so that they could begin their egg-based approach.
176
587005
2740
ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“
09:50
For the first time, we had a flu vaccine developed ahead of time
177
590234
3549
09:53
for a new and potentially dangerous strain,
178
593807
2469
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”,
09:56
and the US government ordered a stockpile.
179
596300
2641
ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืฆืœื ื• ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœื•.
09:58
(Applause)
180
598965
5628
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:04
This was when I began to appreciate, more than ever,
181
604617
2468
ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
10:07
the power of biological teleportation.
182
607109
2754
10:09
(Laughter)
183
609887
1150
ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื•ื›ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
10:11
Naturally, with this in mind,
184
611061
2088
10:13
we started to build a biological teleporter.
185
613173
2206
10:16
We call it the DBC.
186
616402
2189
ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• "ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™",
10:18
That's short for digital-to-biological converter.
187
618615
3132
ืจืืฉื™-ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืžื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™".
10:22
Unlike the BioXp,
188
622267
1334
ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”"ื‘ื™ื• ืืงืก ืคื™",
10:23
which starts from pre-manufactured short pieces of DNA,
189
623625
3079
ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื "ื,
10:26
the DBC starts from digitized DNA code
190
626728
3103
ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืงื•ื“ ื“ื "ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”
10:29
and converts that DNA code into biological entities,
191
629855
3055
ื•ืžืžื™ืจ ืืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ื "ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
10:32
such as DNA, RNA, proteins or even viruses.
192
632934
3533
ื›ืžื• ื“ื "ื, ืจื "ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”"ื‘ื™ื• ืืงืก ืคื™" ื›ืขืœ ื ื’ืŸ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื
10:37
You can think of the BioXp as a DVD player,
193
637188
2873
ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื• ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
10:40
requiring a physical DVD to be inserted,
194
640085
3048
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• "ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก".
10:43
whereas the DBC is Netflix.
195
643157
2333
10:47
To build the DBC,
196
647974
1232
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ
10:49
my team of scientists worked with software and instrumentation engineers
197
649230
4849
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืฉื’ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช
10:54
to collapse multiple laboratory workflows,
198
654103
2768
10:56
all in a single box.
199
656895
1468
ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”.
10:58
This included software algorithms to predict what DNA to build,
200
658696
3881
ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื "ื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
11:02
chemistry to link the G, A, T and C building blocks of DNA into short pieces,
201
662601
4452
ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื "ื ืœื›ืœืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช,
"ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืกื•ืŸ" ืœืชืคื™ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:07
Gibson Assembly to stitch together those short pieces into much longer ones,
202
667077
4278
11:11
and biology to convert the DNA into other biological entities,
203
671379
3559
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื "ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
11:14
such as proteins.
204
674962
1182
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
ื–ื”ื• ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
11:17
This is the prototype.
205
677089
1627
11:18
Although it wasn't pretty, it was effective.
206
678740
2190
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืคื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื•.
11:20
It made therapeutic drugs and vaccines.
207
680954
2293
ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
11:23
And laboratory workflows that once took weeks or months
208
683271
3774
ื•ืฉื’ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืคืขื ืืจื›ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
ื™ื›ืœื• ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
11:27
could now be carried out in just one to two days.
209
687069
3548
11:30
And that's all without any human intervention
210
690641
2587
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” - ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
11:33
and simply activated by the receipt of an email
211
693252
2591
ื›ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:35
which could be sent from anywhere in the world.
212
695867
2543
ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืงืก.
11:39
We like to compare the DBC to fax machines.
213
699069
3119
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืงืก ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื,
11:43
But whereas fax machines received images and documents,
214
703016
3365
11:46
the DBC receives biological materials.
215
706405
2738
ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืงืก.
11:50
Now, consider how fax machines have evolved.
216
710024
2682
11:53
The prototype of the 1840s is unrecognizable,
217
713553
3183
ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
11:56
compared with the fax machines of today.
218
716760
2518
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืงืก ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
11:59
In the 1980s, most people still didn't know what a fax machine was,
219
719958
3810
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื”ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืงืก,
12:03
and if they did,
220
723792
1396
ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
12:05
it was difficult for them to grasp the concept
221
725212
2359
12:07
of instantly reproducing an image on the other side of the world.
222
727595
3621
ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžื•ืขืชืงืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:11
But nowadays, everything that a fax machine does
223
731672
2294
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืงืก ืขื•ืฉื”,
12:13
is integrated on our smart phones,
224
733990
1675
ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
12:15
and of course, we take this rapid exchange of digital information for granted.
225
735689
4418
ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื.
12:20
Here's what our DBC looks like today.
226
740831
2452
ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™.
12:23
We imagine the DBC evolving in similar ways as fax machines have.
227
743307
4387
ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ื™ืชืคืชื— ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืงืก.
ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ,
12:28
We're working to reduce the size of the instrument,
228
748212
2627
12:30
and we're working to make the underlying technology
229
750863
2619
ื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•.
12:33
more reliable, cheaper, faster and more accurate.
230
753506
3754
ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ืชื•ื– ื“ื "ื,
12:38
Accuracy is extremely important when synthesizing DNA,
231
758061
3762
12:41
because a single change to a DNA letter
232
761847
2016
ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืคืช ืื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ื“"ื ื
12:43
could mean the difference between a medicine working or not
233
763887
3024
ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื
12:46
or synthetic cell being alive or dead.
234
766935
2533
ืื• ืื ืชื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืื• ืžืช.
12:50
The DBC will be useful for the distributed manufacturing
235
770292
3460
ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื“ื "ื.
12:53
of medicine starting from DNA.
236
773776
2000
12:56
Every hospital in the world could use a DBC
237
776649
2763
ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™
12:59
for printing personalized medicines for a patient at their bedside.
238
779436
3731
ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืชื.
13:03
I can even imagine a day when it's routine for people to have a DBC
239
783846
5010
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™
13:08
to connect to their home computer or smart phone
240
788880
2269
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื.
13:11
as a means to download their prescriptions,
241
791173
2015
13:13
such as insulin or antibody therapies.
242
793212
2119
13:15
The DBC will also be valuable when placed in strategic areas around the world,
243
795355
4453
ื”ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
13:19
for rapid response to disease outbreaks.
244
799832
2667
ื›ืžืขื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช.
13:22
For example, the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia
245
802879
3103
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”
ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืขืช ืœื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:26
could send flu vaccine instructions to a DBC on the other side of the world,
246
806006
4793
13:30
where the flu vaccine is manufactured right on the front lines.
247
810823
3944
ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื”.
ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช
13:35
That flu vaccine could even be specifically tailored to the flu strain
248
815085
5230
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ.
13:40
that's circulating in that local area.
249
820339
3222
13:43
Sending vaccines around in a digital file,
250
823585
2492
ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื,
13:46
rather than stockpiling those same vaccines and shipping them out,
251
826101
3817
13:49
promises to save thousands of lives.
252
829942
2631
ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ืข"ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
13:53
Of course, the applications go as far as the imagination goes.
253
833212
4200
ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ.
13:58
It's not hard to imagine placing a DBC on another planet.
254
838164
3995
14:03
Scientists on Earth could then send the digital instructions to that DBC
255
843315
5104
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืื•ืชื• ื“ื™-ื‘ื™-ืกื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
14:08
to make new medicines or to make synthetic organisms
256
848443
4007
ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
14:12
that produce oxygen, food, fuel or building materials,
257
852474
3667
ืฉื™ืคื™ืงื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืœืง ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ,
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
14:16
as a means for making the planet more habitable for humans.
258
856165
3174
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:20
(Applause)
259
860002
4440
14:24
With digital information traveling at the speed of light,
260
864466
3341
ื›ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
14:27
it would only take minutes to send those digital instructions
261
867831
2897
ืชื™ื“ืจืฉื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
14:30
from Earth to Mars,
262
870752
1190
ืžื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
14:31
but it would take months to physically deliver those same samples
263
871966
3849
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
14:35
on a spacecraft.
264
875839
1150
14:37
But for now, I would be satisfied beaming new medicines across the globe,
265
877821
4603
ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืช-ืขืชื” ืืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืขื•ืœื,
14:42
fully automated and on demand,
266
882448
2190
ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”,
14:44
saving lives from emerging infectious diseases
267
884662
3598
ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
14:48
and printing personalized cancer medicines for those who don't have time to wait.
268
888284
4752
ื•ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:53
Thank you.
269
893060
1175
14:54
(Applause)
270
894259
7000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7