How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet | Dan Gibson

74,918 views

2018-08-08 ใƒป TED


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How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet | Dan Gibson

74,918 views ใƒป 2018-08-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Dongeun Shin ๊ฒ€ํ† : ์˜ค ์Šนํ•˜
00:13
Alright, let me tell you about building synthetic cells
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
00:16
and printing life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:18
But first, let me tell you a quick story.
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๊ทธ ์ „์— ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
On March 31, 2013,
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2013๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ์—
00:23
my team and I received an email from an international health organization,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ํ•œ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:27
alerting us that two men died in China
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด
00:30
shortly after contracting the H7N9 bird flu.
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋…๊ฐ H7N9์— ๊ฐ์—ผ ์งํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
There were fears of a global pandemic
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๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:36
as the virus started rapidly moving across China.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:40
Although methods existed to produce a flu vaccine
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰๋Š”
00:42
and stop the disease from spreading,
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
00:44
at best, it would not be available for at least six months.
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋นจ๋ผ๋„ ์ตœ์†Œ 6๊ฐœ์›”์€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
This is because a slow, antiquated flu vaccine manufacturing process
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์ด๋Š” 70๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์‹์ธ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์ด
00:54
developed over 70 years ago was the only option.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:59
The virus would need to be isolated from infected patients,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ 
01:02
packaged up and then sent to a facility
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€๋ด‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด
01:04
where scientists would inject the virus into chicken eggs,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„๋ž€์— ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
and incubate those chicken eggs for several weeks
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๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋ž€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•ด
01:11
in order to prepare the virus for the start of a multistep,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š”
01:15
multimonth flu vaccine manufacturing process.
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
My team and I received this email
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๋‹น์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
01:21
because we had just invented a biological printer,
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๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
01:25
which would allow for the flu vaccine instructions
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๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•ด์„œ
01:27
to be instantly downloaded from the internet and printed.
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Drastically speeding up the way in which flu vaccines are made,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด
01:34
and potentially saving thousands of lives.
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
The biological printer leverages our ability to read and write DNA
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:43
and starts to bring into focus
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
what we like to call biological teleportation.
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01:49
I am a biologist and an engineer who builds stuff out of DNA.
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์ €๋Š” DNA๋กœ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด์ž ๊ณตํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
Believe it or not, one of my favorite things to do
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
01:56
is to take DNA apart and put it back together
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DNA๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:59
so that I can understand better how it works.
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DNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
I can edit and program DNA to do things, just like coders programing a computer.
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์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ DNA๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:07
But my apps are different.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
They create life.
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์ด ์–ดํ”Œ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜์ฃ .
02:10
Self-replicating living cells and things like vaccines and therapeutics
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์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋“ค์€
02:15
that work in ways that were previously impossible.
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๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
Here's National Medal of Science recipient Craig Venter
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ ๋ฒคํ„ฐ์™€
02:22
and Nobel laureate Ham Smith.
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๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ํ–„ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
These two guys shared a similar vision.
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๋‘˜์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:27
That vision was, because all of the functions and characteristics
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ
02:31
of all biological entities, including viruses and living cells,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•์€
02:35
are written into the code of DNA,
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DNA๋ผ๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:38
if one can read and write that code of DNA,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด DNA๋กœ ๋œ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ธ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:41
then they can be reconstructed in a distant location.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
This is what we mean by biological teleportation.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ…”๋ ˆํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
02:50
To prove out this vision,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž
02:51
Craig and Ham set a goal of creating, for the first time,
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ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ์™€ ํ–„์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ DNA๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•ด์„œ
02:54
a synthetic cell, starting from DNA code in the computer.
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์ธ๊ณต ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
I mean, come on, as a scientist looking for a job,
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
03:03
doing cutting-edge research, it doesn't get any better than this.
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์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
03:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:08
OK, a genome is a complete set of DNA within an organism.
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ DNA ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Following the Human Genome Project in 2003,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์„
03:15
which was an international effort to identify
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ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ
03:18
the complete genetic blueprint of a human being,
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2003๋…„๋„์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ดํ›„
03:21
a genomics revolution happened.
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์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Scientists started mastering the techniques for reading DNA.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:27
In order to determine the order of the As, Cs, Ts and Gs
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ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” A, T, G, C์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
within an organism.
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03:32
But my job was far different.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
I needed to master the techniques for writing DNA.
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์ €๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ตํ˜€์•ผํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:37
Like an author of a book,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:38
this started out as writing short sentences,
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์งง์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
03:40
or sequences of DNA code,
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์ฆ‰ DNA ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ˆœ์„œ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
03:43
but this soon turned into writing paragraphs
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์–ผ๋งˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:45
and then full-on novels of DNA code,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค DNA ์•”ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์†Œ์„ค ํ•œ ํŽธ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
to make important biological instructions for proteins and living cells.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:52
Living cells are nature's most efficient machines at making new products,
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
accounting for the production
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๊ทธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€
03:57
of 25 percent of the total pharmaceutical market,
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์ „์ฒด ์ œ์•ฝ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 25%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:01
which is billions of dollars.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
We knew that writing DNA would drive this bioeconomy even more,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:07
once cells could be programmed just like computers.
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DNA๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
We also knew that writing DNA would enable biological teleportation ...
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๋˜ํ•œ DNA ์ž‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:17
the printing of defined, biological material,
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์ฆ‰, DNA ์•”ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„
04:20
starting from DNA code.
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
As a step toward bringing these promises to fruition,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:25
our team set out to create, for the first time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:28
a synthetic bacterial cell,
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
starting from DNA code in the computer.
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04:33
Synthetic DNA is a commodity.
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์ธ๊ณต ํ•ฉ์„ฑ DNA๋Š” ์›์ž์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
You can order very short pieces of DNA from a number of companies,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์งง์€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด
04:39
and they will start from these four bottles of chemicals that make up DNA,
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์ด๋“ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ
04:43
G, A, T and C,
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G, A, T ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  C๋กœ
04:44
and they will build those very short pieces of DNA for you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•œ ์งง์€ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Over the past 15 years or so,
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์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„
04:50
my teams have been developing the technology
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งง์€ ์ ˆํŽธ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด
04:53
for stitching together those short pieces of DNA
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
04:55
into complete bacterial genomes.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
The largest genome that we constructed contained over one million letters.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์ด ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Which is more than twice the size of your average novel,
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์ด ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:06
and we had to put every single one of those letters in the correct order,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์—ด๋“ค์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:10
without a single typo.
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05:11
We were able to accomplish this by developing a procedure
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:15
that I tried to call the "one-step isothermal in vitro recombination method."
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ โ€œ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋“ฑ์˜จ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ณผ์ •โ€์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:22
But, surprisingly, the science community didn't like this technically accurate name
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„
05:27
and decided to call it Gibson Assembly.
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๋Œ€์‹  '๊น์Šจ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ'์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Gibson Assembly is now the gold standard tool,
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๊น์Šจ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ
05:34
used in laboratories around the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
05:36
for building short and long pieces of DNA.
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์งง๊ณ  ๊ธด DNA ์ ˆํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:45
Once we chemically synthesized the complete bacterial genome,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์ด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž
05:48
our next challenge was to find a way
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ DNA๋ฅผ
05:51
to convert it into a free-living, self-replicating cell.
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
Our approach was to think of the genome as the operating system of the cell,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์šด์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ 
05:59
with the cell containing the hardware necessary to boot up the genome.
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Through a lot of trial and error,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค ๋์—
06:06
we developed a procedure where we could reprogram cells
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•˜๊ณ 
06:09
and even convert one bacterial species into another,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
06:12
by replacing the genome of one cell with that of another.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
This genome transplantation technology then paved the way
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์ด์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
๋Œ€์ž์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
for the booting-up of genomes written by scientists
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06:24
and not by Mother Nature.
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06:26
In 2010, all of the technologies
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2010๋…„์—
DNA๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:29
that we had been developing for reading and writing DNA
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06:32
all came together when we announced the creation
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
of the first synthetic cell,
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06:37
which of course, we called Synthia.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ '์‹ ์‹œ์•„'๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
06:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:41
Ever since the first bacterial genome was sequenced, back in 1995,
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1995๋…„ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
06:46
thousands more whole bacterial genomes have been sequenced and stored
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์„œ์—ด์ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:49
in computer databases.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Our synthetic cell work was the proof of concept
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฒ•์€
์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
that we could reverse this process:
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06:56
pull a complete bacterial genome sequence out of the computer
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉด
06:59
and convert that information into a free-living, self-replicating cell,
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๊ทธ DNA์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋ณต์ œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
with all of the expected characteristics of the species that we constructed.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ข…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:10
Now I can understand why there may be concerns
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
07:12
about the safety of this level of genetic manipulation.
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์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
While the technology has the potential for great societal benefit,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด์ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:21
it also has the potential for doing harm.
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ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํž ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
With this in mind, even before carrying out the very first experiment,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ
07:28
our team started to work with the public and the government
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
to find solutions together
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07:33
to responsibly develop and regulate this new technology.
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
07:38
One of the outcomes from those discussions was to screen every customer
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๊ทธ ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
DNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
and every customer's DNA synthesis orders,
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07:44
to make sure that pathogens or toxins are not being made by bad guys,
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๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก
07:49
or accidentally by scientists.
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•ด๋‘๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
07:52
All suspicious orders are reported to the FBI
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด DNA ์„œ์—ด์€ FBI์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋‹น๊ตญ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
and other relevant law-enforcement agencies.
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08:00
Synthetic cell technologies will power the next industrial revolution
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
08:04
and transform industries and economies
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์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด
08:07
in ways that address global sustainability challenges.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
The possibilities are endless.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
I mean, you can think of clothes
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด
08:15
constructed form renewable biobased sources,
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜ท์ด๋‚˜
08:19
cars running on biofuel from engineered microbes,
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์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ
08:23
plastics made from biodegradable polymers
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์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฌผ์งˆ
08:26
and customized therapies, printed at a patient's bedside.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์นจ๋Œ€ ๊ณ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
The massive efforts to create synthetic cells
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์—
08:33
have made us world leaders at writing DNA.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” DNA ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
Throughout the process, we found ways to write DNA faster,
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:40
more accurately and more reliably.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Because of the robustness of these technologies,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋•์—
08:46
we found that we could readily automate the processes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:49
and move the laboratory workflows out of the scientist's hands
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ๋ฆ„์„
๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ ์†์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
and onto a machine.
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08:55
In 2013, we built the first DNA printer.
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2013๋…„๋„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ DNA ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
We call it the BioXp.
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BioXP ๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„์ฃ .
09:00
And it has been absolutely essential in writing DNA
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์ด
09:04
across a number of applications
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DNA ์ž‘์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
09:05
my team and researchers around the world are working on.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‘์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:10
It was shortly after we built the BioXp
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BioXP๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค์—
09:12
that we received that email about the H7N9 bird flu scare in China.
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋…๊ฐ H7N9๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
A team of Chinese scientists had already isolated the virus,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์žํŒ€์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ 
09:20
sequenced its DNA and uploaded the DNA sequence to the internet.
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๊ทธ DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:25
At the request of the US government, we downloaded the DNA sequence
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•ด์„œ
09:29
and in less than 12 hours, we printed it on the BioXp.
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12์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์„œ์—ด์„ BioXP๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
Our collaborators at Novartis
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์—…์ฒด์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์Šค์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:35
then quickly started turning that synthetic DNA into a flu vaccine.
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ DNA๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:39
Meanwhile, the CDC, using technology dating back to the 1940s,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š”
09:44
was still waiting for the virus to arrive from China
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
so that they could begin their egg-based approach.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ๊ณ„๋ž€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:50
For the first time, we had a flu vaccine developed ahead of time
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์˜ˆ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
09:53
for a new and potentially dangerous strain,
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:56
and the US government ordered a stockpile.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ BioXP์˜ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:04
This was when I began to appreciate, more than ever,
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์ด๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
10:07
the power of biological teleportation.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™์˜ ํž˜์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:11
Naturally, with this in mind,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ…”๋ ˆํฌํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
we started to build a biological teleporter.
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10:16
We call it the DBC.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ DBC๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:18
That's short for digital-to-biological converter.
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'๋””์ง€ํ„ธ DNA๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„'์˜ ์ค„์ž„๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
Unlike the BioXp,
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BioXP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
10:23
which starts from pre-manufactured short pieces of DNA,
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๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์งง์€ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:26
the DBC starts from digitized DNA code
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DBC๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋œ DNA ์•”ํ˜ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
10:29
and converts that DNA code into biological entities,
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DNA ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ
10:32
such as DNA, RNA, proteins or even viruses.
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DNA, RNA, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
You can think of the BioXp as a DVD player,
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BioXP๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ DVD๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
10:40
requiring a physical DVD to be inserted,
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DVD ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ผ๋ฉด
10:43
whereas the DBC is Netflix.
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DBC๋Š” ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
To build the DBC,
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DBC๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:49
my team of scientists worked with software and instrumentation engineers
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์™€ ์žฅ์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
10:54
to collapse multiple laboratory workflows,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์žฅ์น˜ ์•ˆ์— ๋‹ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
all in a single box.
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10:58
This included software algorithms to predict what DNA to build,
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DBC๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค DNA๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ• ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ
11:02
chemistry to link the G, A, T and C building blocks of DNA into short pieces,
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์งง์€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ DNA์ œ์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” G, A, T, C๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘
11:07
Gibson Assembly to stitch together those short pieces into much longer ones,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์งง์€ DNA๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊น์Šจ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ
11:11
and biology to convert the DNA into other biological entities,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  DNA๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋Š”
11:14
such as proteins.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
This is the prototype.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Although it wasn't pretty, it was effective.
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์˜ˆ์˜์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ฃ .
11:20
It made therapeutic drugs and vaccines.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
And laboratory workflows that once took weeks or months
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด
11:27
could now be carried out in just one to two days.
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์ด์   ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ์ดํ‹€ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
11:30
And that's all without any human intervention
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ์—†์ด
11:33
and simply activated by the receipt of an email
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ž‘๋™๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
which could be sent from anywhere in the world.
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11:39
We like to compare the DBC to fax machines.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ DBC๋ฅผ ํŒฉ์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
But whereas fax machines received images and documents,
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ํŒฉ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:46
the DBC receives biological materials.
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DBC๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ฃ .
11:50
Now, consider how fax machines have evolved.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํŒฉ์Šค ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:53
The prototype of the 1840s is unrecognizable,
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1840๋…„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ํŒฉ์Šค ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
compared with the fax machines of today.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ํŒฉ์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:59
In the 1980s, most people still didn't know what a fax machine was,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€์—๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํŒฉ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ณ 
12:03
and if they did,
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์„ค๋ น ์•Œ๋”๋ผ๋„
12:05
it was difficult for them to grasp the concept
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์ฃ .
12:07
of instantly reproducing an image on the other side of the world.
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12:11
But nowadays, everything that a fax machine does
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํŒฉ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์ด
12:13
is integrated on our smart phones,
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:15
and of course, we take this rapid exchange of digital information for granted.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Here's what our DBC looks like today.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ DBC ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
We imagine the DBC evolving in similar ways as fax machines have.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํŒฉ์Šค ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋“ฏ์ด DBC๋„ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
We're working to reduce the size of the instrument,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:30
and we're working to make the underlying technology
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
more reliable, cheaper, faster and more accurate.
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๋”์šฑ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  , ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:38
Accuracy is extremely important when synthesizing DNA,
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DNA๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
because a single change to a DNA letter
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DNA์˜ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ž๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด๋„
12:43
could mean the difference between a medicine working or not
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์•ฝ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š๋ƒ ๋งˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ 
12:46
or synthetic cell being alive or dead.
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
The DBC will be useful for the distributed manufacturing
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DBC๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
of medicine starting from DNA.
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12:56
Every hospital in the world could use a DBC
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์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณ์—์„œ
12:59
for printing personalized medicines for a patient at their bedside.
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DBC๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ™˜์ž ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
I can even imagine a day when it's routine for people to have a DBC
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ €๋Š” DBC๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์— ์“ฐ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋‚ ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
to connect to their home computer or smart phone
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DBC์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด๋‘๊ณ 
13:11
as a means to download their prescriptions,
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ฝ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:13
such as insulin or antibody therapies.
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13:15
The DBC will also be valuable when placed in strategic areas around the world,
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๋˜ํ•œ DBC๋ฅผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ์š”์ถฉ์ง€์— ๋‘๋ฉด
13:19
for rapid response to disease outbreaks.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‘์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
For example, the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€์™€ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ
13:26
could send flu vaccine instructions to a DBC on the other side of the world,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” DBC๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด
13:30
where the flu vaccine is manufactured right on the front lines.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ตœ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
That flu vaccine could even be specifically tailored to the flu strain
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ข…์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ
13:40
that's circulating in that local area.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:43
Sending vaccines around in a digital file,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ
13:46
rather than stockpiling those same vaccines and shipping them out,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์— ์‹ค์–ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„
13:49
promises to save thousands of lives.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
Of course, the applications go as far as the imagination goes.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‘์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
It's not hard to imagine placing a DBC on another planet.
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DBC๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
14:03
Scientists on Earth could then send the digital instructions to that DBC
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ DBC์— ๋ณด๋‚ด
14:08
to make new medicines or to make synthetic organisms
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ์Œ์‹, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ž์žฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
14:12
that produce oxygen, food, fuel or building materials,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก
14:16
as a means for making the planet more habitable for humans.
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:24
With digital information traveling at the speed of light,
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:27
it would only take minutes to send those digital instructions
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™”์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋งŒ์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
14:30
from Earth to Mars,
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14:31
but it would take months to physically deliver those same samples
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์†กํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:35
on a spacecraft.
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์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์›”์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
But for now, I would be satisfied beaming new medicines across the globe,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€, ์ €๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
fully automated and on demand,
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ํ•„์š”์‹œ์— ์™„์ „ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋กœ
14:44
saving lives from emerging infectious diseases
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์‹ ์ข… ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:48
and printing personalized cancer medicines for those who don't have time to wait.
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์ง€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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