How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet | Dan Gibson

74,447 views ・ 2018-08-08

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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: 易帆 余
00:13
Alright, let me tell you about building synthetic cells
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好,讓我來跟各位談談建造合成細胞
00:16
and printing life.
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以及列印生命。
00:18
But first, let me tell you a quick story.
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但首先,讓我很快說個故事。
00:21
On March 31, 2013,
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2013 年 3 月 31 日,
00:23
my team and I received an email from an international health organization,
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我的團隊和我收到一封電子郵件, 寄件者是一間國際健康組織,
00:27
alerting us that two men died in China
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內容是警告我們, 在中國有兩個人死亡,
00:30
shortly after contracting the H7N9 bird flu.
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那是他們染上 H7N9 禽流感之後沒多久的事。
00:34
There were fears of a global pandemic
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大家很怕發生全球性的流行,
00:36
as the virus started rapidly moving across China.
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因為病毒開始在中國快速散播。
00:40
Although methods existed to produce a flu vaccine
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雖然的確有方法可以製造流感疫苗
00:42
and stop the disease from spreading,
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並阻止該疾病散播,
00:44
at best, it would not be available for at least six months.
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但最好的情況是要等至少 六個月才有疫苗可用。
00:49
This is because a slow, antiquated flu vaccine manufacturing process
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這是因為流感疫苗的 製造流程很緩慢、很過時,
00:54
developed over 70 years ago was the only option.
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是至少 70 年前發明的, 但它卻是唯一的選擇。
00:59
The virus would need to be isolated from infected patients,
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必須要把病毒和受感染的病人分離,
01:02
packaged up and then sent to a facility
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包裝起來,接著送到機構去,
01:04
where scientists would inject the virus into chicken eggs,
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在機構中,科學家會 把病毒注射到雞蛋中,
01:08
and incubate those chicken eggs for several weeks
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花數週的時間孵那些雞蛋,
01:11
in order to prepare the virus for the start of a multistep,
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這樣才能將病毒準備好, 開始進行這個有很多步驟、
01:15
multimonth flu vaccine manufacturing process.
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要花數個月時間的疫苗製造流程。
01:19
My team and I received this email
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我的團隊和我收到這封電子郵件,
01:21
because we had just invented a biological printer,
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是因為我們剛發明了 一台生物列印機,
01:25
which would allow for the flu vaccine instructions
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有了它,就能夠馬上從網路上
01:27
to be instantly downloaded from the internet and printed.
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下載流感疫苗的說明書, 並將疫苗列印出來。
01:31
Drastically speeding up the way in which flu vaccines are made,
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如此製造流感疫苗就能夠加快許多,
01:34
and potentially saving thousands of lives.
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很可能可以拯救數千條性命。
01:38
The biological printer leverages our ability to read and write DNA
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生物列印機能讓我們 發揮讀寫 DNA 的能力,
01:43
and starts to bring into focus
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並讓我們所謂的
01:45
what we like to call biological teleportation.
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生物電子傳送開始被重視。
01:49
I am a biologist and an engineer who builds stuff out of DNA.
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我是生物學家及工程師, 我用 DNA 來建造東西。
01:54
Believe it or not, one of my favorite things to do
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信不信由你, 我最喜歡做的事情之一,
01:56
is to take DNA apart and put it back together
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就是把 DNA 拆解, 再把它組裝回去,
01:59
so that I can understand better how it works.
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這樣我才能更了解它是怎麼運作的。
02:02
I can edit and program DNA to do things, just like coders programing a computer.
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我可以編輯 DNA、為它寫程式, 就像程式人員為電腦寫程式。
02:07
But my apps are different.
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但我的應用程式不同。
02:09
They create life.
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它們能創造生命。
02:10
Self-replicating living cells and things like vaccines and therapeutics
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自我複製的活細胞, 以及像疫苗及治療法等等,
02:15
that work in ways that were previously impossible.
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都能以過去不可能做到的方式運作。
02:19
Here's National Medal of Science recipient Craig Venter
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這是美國國家科學獎章 得主克萊格凡特,
02:22
and Nobel laureate Ham Smith.
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及諾貝爾得主漢彌爾頓史密斯。
02:25
These two guys shared a similar vision.
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他們兩個人有很相似的遠景。
02:27
That vision was, because all of the functions and characteristics
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這個遠景就是,
因為所有生物實體的功能和特徵,
02:31
of all biological entities, including viruses and living cells,
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包括病毒和活細胞的,
02:35
are written into the code of DNA,
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全都被寫在 DNA 碼當中,
02:38
if one can read and write that code of DNA,
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如果你能夠讀寫 DNA 碼,
02:41
then they can be reconstructed in a distant location.
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就可以從遠端重新建造它們。
02:46
This is what we mean by biological teleportation.
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我們所謂的生物傳送就是這個意思。
02:50
To prove out this vision,
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為了證明這個遠景,
02:51
Craig and Ham set a goal of creating, for the first time,
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克萊格和漢彌爾頓設定了 一個目標,這是第一次
02:54
a synthetic cell, starting from DNA code in the computer.
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合成細胞是從電腦中的 DNA 碼開始創造出來的。
02:58
I mean, come on, as a scientist looking for a job,
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我的意思是,拜託, 對一個正在找工作的科學家,
03:03
doing cutting-edge research, it doesn't get any better than this.
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做最尖端的研究, 沒有什麼比這更好的了。
03:06
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:08
OK, a genome is a complete set of DNA within an organism.
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好,基因組是在有機體當中 完整的一組 DNA。
03:13
Following the Human Genome Project in 2003,
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2003 年有一個人類基因組計劃, 它是一項國際合作,
03:15
which was an international effort to identify
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要找出人類的完整基因藍圖, 而在這計畫之後,
03:18
the complete genetic blueprint of a human being,
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03:21
a genomics revolution happened.
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發生了一次基因組學的革命。
03:23
Scientists started mastering the techniques for reading DNA.
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科學家開始精通讀 DNA 的技巧,
03:27
In order to determine the order of the As, Cs, Ts and Gs
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目的是要判斷一個有機體 當中 A、C、T,
和 G 的順序。
03:30
within an organism.
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03:32
But my job was far different.
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但我的工作非常不同。
03:34
I needed to master the techniques for writing DNA.
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我得要精通寫 DNA 的技巧。
03:37
Like an author of a book,
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就像一本書的作者,
03:38
this started out as writing short sentences,
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一開始是寫簡短的句子,
03:40
or sequences of DNA code,
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或是 DNA 碼的序列,
03:43
but this soon turned into writing paragraphs
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但很快就會變成要寫段落,
03:45
and then full-on novels of DNA code,
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再來就是要寫 DNA 碼的整本書了,
03:47
to make important biological instructions for proteins and living cells.
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也就是要針對蛋白質和活細胞, 編寫出重要的生物說明書。
03:52
Living cells are nature's most efficient machines at making new products,
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就製造新產品來說,活細胞 是大自然中最有效率的機器,
03:55
accounting for the production
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產量就佔了
03:57
of 25 percent of the total pharmaceutical market,
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整個藥品市場的 25%,
04:01
which is billions of dollars.
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也就是數十億美元。
04:03
We knew that writing DNA would drive this bioeconomy even more,
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我們知道一旦寫細胞 DNA 程式 能夠像寫電腦程式一樣,
04:07
once cells could be programmed just like computers.
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就能再進一步推動這種生物經濟。
04:11
We also knew that writing DNA would enable biological teleportation ...
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我們也知道,能寫 DNA 就能讓生物傳送成真……
04:17
the printing of defined, biological material,
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將定義好的生物材料列印出來,
04:20
starting from DNA code.
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從 DNA 碼開始。
04:22
As a step toward bringing these promises to fruition,
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為了朝實現這個夢想踏出一步,
04:25
our team set out to create, for the first time,
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我們的團隊打算 做一件史無前例的事:
04:28
a synthetic bacterial cell,
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從電腦中的 DNA 碼開始,
04:30
starting from DNA code in the computer.
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創造出合成細菌細胞。
04:33
Synthetic DNA is a commodity.
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合成 DNA 是一種商品。
04:36
You can order very short pieces of DNA from a number of companies,
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你可以向好幾間公司 訂購非常短的 DNA,
04:39
and they will start from these four bottles of chemicals that make up DNA,
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它們會從製造 DNA 的 這四瓶化學物質開始:
04:43
G, A, T and C,
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G、A、T,和 C,
04:44
and they will build those very short pieces of DNA for you.
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它們會為你建造出 那些非常短的 DNA。
04:48
Over the past 15 years or so,
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在過去 15 年左右,
04:50
my teams have been developing the technology
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我的團隊一直在開發一項技術,
04:53
for stitching together those short pieces of DNA
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將那些非常短的 DNA 組合在一起,
04:55
into complete bacterial genomes.
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成為完整的細菌基因組。
04:58
The largest genome that we constructed contained over one million letters.
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我們建造出來最大的基因組 內容超過一百萬個字母。
05:03
Which is more than twice the size of your average novel,
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這是一般小說長度的兩倍,
05:06
and we had to put every single one of those letters in the correct order,
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且我們把所有那些字母 通通都排成正確的順序,
沒有任何打字錯誤。
05:10
without a single typo.
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05:11
We were able to accomplish this by developing a procedure
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我們之所以能完成它, 是因為開發出了一種程序,
05:15
that I tried to call the "one-step isothermal in vitro recombination method."
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我想稱它為「一步驟 等溫室管內重新組合法」。
05:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:22
But, surprisingly, the science community didn't like this technically accurate name
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但意外的是,科學界並不喜歡 這種在技術面上很精確的命名,
05:27
and decided to call it Gibson Assembly.
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決定要叫它「吉布森組合」。
05:31
Gibson Assembly is now the gold standard tool,
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吉布森組合現在是黃金標準工具,
05:34
used in laboratories around the world
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全世界的實驗室都在使用它,
05:36
for building short and long pieces of DNA.
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用來建造短的及長的 DNA。
05:40
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:45
Once we chemically synthesized the complete bacterial genome,
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一旦我們以化學方式合成了 完整的細菌基因組,
05:48
our next challenge was to find a way
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我們的下一個挑戰是要想辦法
05:51
to convert it into a free-living, self-replicating cell.
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將它轉換為能獨立生存、 自我複製的細胞。
05:55
Our approach was to think of the genome as the operating system of the cell,
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我們的方法是把基因組 當作細胞的作業系統,
05:59
with the cell containing the hardware necessary to boot up the genome.
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細胞內含有必要的硬體, 可以啟動基因組。
06:04
Through a lot of trial and error,
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經過許多次的反複試驗,
06:06
we developed a procedure where we could reprogram cells
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我們發展出了一種程序, 讓我們能為細胞重新寫程式,
06:09
and even convert one bacterial species into another,
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甚至將一種細菌轉換成另一種,
06:12
by replacing the genome of one cell with that of another.
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做法就是將一個細胞的基因組 置換成另一個細胞的基因組。
06:17
This genome transplantation technology then paved the way
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這種基因組移植技術奠定了基礎,
06:21
for the booting-up of genomes written by scientists
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讓科學家,而非大自然,
所寫的基因組能夠啟動。
06:24
and not by Mother Nature.
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06:26
In 2010, all of the technologies
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2010 年,我們為了
06:29
that we had been developing for reading and writing DNA
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讀寫 DNA 所發展的所有技術
06:32
all came together when we announced the creation
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通通整合在一起, 那時我們宣佈創造出了
06:35
of the first synthetic cell,
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第一個合成細胞,
06:37
which of course, we called Synthia.
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當然,我們稱它為辛西雅。 (註:發音近似「合成」。)
06:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:41
Ever since the first bacterial genome was sequenced, back in 1995,
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從 1995 年成功完成 第一次基因組定序之後,
06:46
thousands more whole bacterial genomes have been sequenced and stored
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有數千組細菌基因組被定序 並儲存在電腦資料庫中。
06:49
in computer databases.
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06:51
Our synthetic cell work was the proof of concept
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我們的合成細胞成果 證明了一個概念,
06:54
that we could reverse this process:
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那就是我們能反轉這個過程:
06:56
pull a complete bacterial genome sequence out of the computer
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從電腦中拉出一組 完整的細菌基因組列,
06:59
and convert that information into a free-living, self-replicating cell,
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將那資訊轉換成為獨立生存、 自我複製的細胞,
07:04
with all of the expected characteristics of the species that we constructed.
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且具有我們所建立之物種 應該要有的所有特徵。
07:10
Now I can understand why there may be concerns
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我可以了解為什麼有人會擔心
07:12
about the safety of this level of genetic manipulation.
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這種程度的基因操控是否安全。
07:16
While the technology has the potential for great societal benefit,
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雖然這項技術可能可以 為社會帶來很大的益處,
07:21
it also has the potential for doing harm.
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它也有可能會造成傷害。
07:24
With this in mind, even before carrying out the very first experiment,
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我們的團隊牢記著這一點, 在開始進行最初一次實驗時,
07:28
our team started to work with the public and the government
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我們就開始和大眾以及政府合作,
07:31
to find solutions together
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一起想辦法以負責的方式
07:33
to responsibly develop and regulate this new technology.
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來發展和規範這項新技術。
07:38
One of the outcomes from those discussions was to screen every customer
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其中一項得出的討論結果 是要審查每一位客戶
07:42
and every customer's DNA synthesis orders,
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和每一位客戶的 DNA 合成順序,
07:44
to make sure that pathogens or toxins are not being made by bad guys,
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以確保不會有病原體 或毒物被壞人製造出來,
07:49
or accidentally by scientists.
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或不小心被科學家製造出來。
07:52
All suspicious orders are reported to the FBI
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所有可疑的順序都要 回報給聯邦調查局
07:56
and other relevant law-enforcement agencies.
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和其他相關的執法機關。
08:00
Synthetic cell technologies will power the next industrial revolution
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合成細胞技術能夠 驅動下一波的工業革命,
08:04
and transform industries and economies
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並讓產業和經濟體轉型,
08:07
in ways that address global sustainability challenges.
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進而解決全球永續性問題的挑戰。
08:12
The possibilities are endless.
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可能性是無盡的。
08:14
I mean, you can think of clothes
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各位可以想想衣服,
08:15
constructed form renewable biobased sources,
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從可再生的生物來源建造出來,
08:19
cars running on biofuel from engineered microbes,
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工程微生物所產生的生物燃料 可以供應給汽車使用,
08:23
plastics made from biodegradable polymers
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用可生物降解的聚合物來製造塑膠,
08:26
and customized therapies, printed at a patient's bedside.
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還有客製化的治療, 直接在病人的病床邊列印出來。
08:31
The massive efforts to create synthetic cells
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我們投入大量心力在創造合成細胞,
08:33
have made us world leaders at writing DNA.
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也因此我們在寫 DNA 這方面領先全世界。
08:37
Throughout the process, we found ways to write DNA faster,
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在這個過程中,我們發現了 可以更快速寫 DNA 的方式,
08:40
more accurately and more reliably.
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這個方式也更正確、可靠。
08:43
Because of the robustness of these technologies,
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因為這些技術很健全,
08:46
we found that we could readily automate the processes
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我們發現,我們已經 可以將過程給自動化,
08:49
and move the laboratory workflows out of the scientist's hands
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科學家不用再處理 實驗室的工作流程,
08:52
and onto a machine.
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交給機器即可。
08:55
In 2013, we built the first DNA printer.
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2013 年,我們打造了 第一台 DNA 列印機。
08:58
We call it the BioXp.
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我們把它取名叫 BioXp。
09:00
And it has been absolutely essential in writing DNA
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它對於寫 DNA 來說非常重要,
09:04
across a number of applications
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我的團隊和世界各地的研究者
09:05
my team and researchers around the world are working on.
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在研究的數種應用都很需要它。
09:10
It was shortly after we built the BioXp
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在我們打造出 BioXp 之後沒多久,
09:12
that we received that email about the H7N9 bird flu scare in China.
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我們就收到了那封關於 中國 H7N9 禽流感的電子郵件。
09:17
A team of Chinese scientists had already isolated the virus,
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中國的一個科學家團隊 已經將病毒分離出來,
09:20
sequenced its DNA and uploaded the DNA sequence to the internet.
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將它的 DNA 定序, 並把該 DNA 序列上傳到網路上。
09:25
At the request of the US government, we downloaded the DNA sequence
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在美國政府的請求下, 我們下載了該 DNA 序列,
09:29
and in less than 12 hours, we printed it on the BioXp.
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不到 12 小時,我們 就用 BioXp 列印了它。
09:33
Our collaborators at Novartis
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我們在諾華的共同研究者
09:35
then quickly started turning that synthetic DNA into a flu vaccine.
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很快就開始將那合成 DNA 轉為流感疫苗。
09:39
Meanwhile, the CDC, using technology dating back to the 1940s,
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同時,疾病防治中心用的是 40 年代發展的技術,
09:44
was still waiting for the virus to arrive from China
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他們還在等待 從中國送過來的病毒,
09:47
so that they could begin their egg-based approach.
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收到之後他們才能開始 採用雞蛋培育的那種方式。
09:50
For the first time, we had a flu vaccine developed ahead of time
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這是第一次,我們針對 一種可能很危險的新菌株
09:53
for a new and potentially dangerous strain,
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提前開發出了流感疫苗,
09:56
and the US government ordered a stockpile.
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且美國政府訂購了一堆來儲備。
09:58
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:04
This was when I began to appreciate, more than ever,
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從這個時候開始,我比以前更加欣賞
10:07
the power of biological teleportation.
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生物電子傳送的力量。
10:09
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:11
Naturally, with this in mind,
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很自然地,因為這一點,
10:13
we started to build a biological teleporter.
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我們便開始建造生物電子傳送機。
10:16
We call it the DBC.
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我們稱它為 DBC,
10:18
That's short for digital-to-biological converter.
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是「數位轉為生物之轉換器」的縮寫。
10:22
Unlike the BioXp,
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它和 BioXp 不同,
10:23
which starts from pre-manufactured short pieces of DNA,
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BioXp 是從預先製造的 短 DNA 開始,
10:26
the DBC starts from digitized DNA code
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而 DBC 是從數位化的 DNA 碼開始,
10:29
and converts that DNA code into biological entities,
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並將該 DNA 碼轉換為生物實體,
10:32
such as DNA, RNA, proteins or even viruses.
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比如 DNA、RNA、 蛋白質,或甚至病毒。
10:37
You can think of the BioXp as a DVD player,
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可以把 BioXp 想成是 一台 DVD 播放機,
10:40
requiring a physical DVD to be inserted,
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需要放入實體的 DVD,
10:43
whereas the DBC is Netflix.
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而 DBC 就是網飛。
10:47
To build the DBC,
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為了打造 DBC,
10:49
my team of scientists worked with software and instrumentation engineers
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我的科學家團隊和 軟體及儀表工程師合作,
10:54
to collapse multiple laboratory workflows,
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將多種實驗室工作流程整合起來,
10:56
all in a single box.
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通通放在單一個盒子中。
10:58
This included software algorithms to predict what DNA to build,
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這內容包括了用來預測要建造 哪種 DNA 的軟體演算法、
11:02
chemistry to link the G, A, T and C building blocks of DNA into short pieces,
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將 DNA 的 G、A、T 及 C 積木 連結起來變成短 DNA 的化學、
11:07
Gibson Assembly to stitch together those short pieces into much longer ones,
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將這些短 DNA 組合成 更長的 DNA 的吉布森組合,
11:11
and biology to convert the DNA into other biological entities,
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及將 DNA 轉換成其他生物實體 (如蛋白質)的生物學。
11:14
such as proteins.
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11:17
This is the prototype.
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這是它的原型。
11:18
Although it wasn't pretty, it was effective.
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雖然它長得不好看,但很有效。
11:20
It made therapeutic drugs and vaccines.
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它能製造出治療用的藥物和疫苗。
11:23
And laboratory workflows that once took weeks or months
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以前要花數個星期 甚至數個月的實驗室工作流程,
11:27
could now be carried out in just one to two days.
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現在只要一到兩天就可以完成。
11:30
And that's all without any human intervention
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且過程是完全不需要人類動手的,
11:33
and simply activated by the receipt of an email
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只要接收到電子郵件就可以啟動,
11:35
which could be sent from anywhere in the world.
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從世界上任何地方發信都可以。
11:39
We like to compare the DBC to fax machines.
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我們會把 DBC 比喻成傳真機。
11:43
But whereas fax machines received images and documents,
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不過傳真機接收的是影像和文件,
11:46
the DBC receives biological materials.
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而 DBC 接收的是生物材料。
11:50
Now, consider how fax machines have evolved.
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想想看傳真機是如何演化的。
11:53
The prototype of the 1840s is unrecognizable,
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和現今的傳真機相比,
1840 年代的原型機大家都不認得了。
11:56
compared with the fax machines of today.
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11:59
In the 1980s, most people still didn't know what a fax machine was,
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八○年代,大部分的人 仍然不知道傳真機是什麼,
12:03
and if they did,
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就算知道,
12:05
it was difficult for them to grasp the concept
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他們也很難理解那個概念,
12:07
of instantly reproducing an image on the other side of the world.
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無法想像如何能從世界的另一端 立即重新製造出一張影像。
12:11
But nowadays, everything that a fax machine does
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但現今,傳真機所有的功能 都被整合到我們的智慧手機中,
12:13
is integrated on our smart phones,
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12:15
and of course, we take this rapid exchange of digital information for granted.
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我們還視快速交換 數位資訊為理所當然。
12:20
Here's what our DBC looks like today.
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現在我們的 DBC 是這樣的。
12:23
We imagine the DBC evolving in similar ways as fax machines have.
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我們想像 DBC 和傳真機 用類似的方式演化。
12:28
We're working to reduce the size of the instrument,
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我們正在努力 把這台儀器的尺寸縮減,
12:30
and we're working to make the underlying technology
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我們也在努力讓背後要用到的技術
12:33
more reliable, cheaper, faster and more accurate.
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更可靠、更便宜、更快速且更精確。
12:38
Accuracy is extremely important when synthesizing DNA,
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在合成 DNA 時, 精確性是極度重要的,
12:41
because a single change to a DNA letter
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因為只要有一個 DNA 字母不一樣,
12:43
could mean the difference between a medicine working or not
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可能就是藥品是否有效的差別,
12:46
or synthetic cell being alive or dead.
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或合成細胞是生是死的差別。
12:50
The DBC will be useful for the distributed manufacturing
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若要針對從 DNA 開始的藥品 進行分散製造,
12:53
of medicine starting from DNA.
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DBC 是很有用的。
12:56
Every hospital in the world could use a DBC
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世界上的每一間醫院 都能用一台 DBC
12:59
for printing personalized medicines for a patient at their bedside.
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直接在病人的病床邊為他們 列印出個人化的藥品。
13:03
I can even imagine a day when it's routine for people to have a DBC
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我甚至可以想像有一天, 人類的日常會變成是
每個人的家中電腦或智慧手機 都和一台 DBC 連結在一起,
13:08
to connect to their home computer or smart phone
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13:11
as a means to download their prescriptions,
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可以直接下載他們的處方,
13:13
such as insulin or antibody therapies.
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比如胰島素或抗生素治療。
13:15
The DBC will also be valuable when placed in strategic areas around the world,
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DBC 還有一個很大的價值, 就是放在世界各地的戰略地區,
13:19
for rapid response to disease outbreaks.
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對疾病的爆發能做出快速應變。
13:22
For example, the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia
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比如,喬治亞州 亞特蘭大的疾病防治中心
13:26
could send flu vaccine instructions to a DBC on the other side of the world,
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就可以把流感疫苗指示 發送給世界另一端的 DBC,
13:30
where the flu vaccine is manufactured right on the front lines.
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在另一端,就可以直接在最前線 把流感疫苗製造出來。
13:35
That flu vaccine could even be specifically tailored to the flu strain
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甚至可以針對當地流行的流感菌株
13:40
that's circulating in that local area.
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來量身打造流感疫苗。
13:43
Sending vaccines around in a digital file,
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以數位檔案的形式把疫苗送到各地,
13:46
rather than stockpiling those same vaccines and shipping them out,
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而不是貯存一堆同樣的疫苗 再將它們運送出去,
13:49
promises to save thousands of lives.
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這種新方式有望拯救許多條人命。
13:53
Of course, the applications go as far as the imagination goes.
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當然,想像有多廣,應用就有多廣。
13:58
It's not hard to imagine placing a DBC on another planet.
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不難想像將 DBC 放到另一個星球上。
14:03
Scientists on Earth could then send the digital instructions to that DBC
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地球上的科學家可以將 數位指示發送到那台 DBC,
14:08
to make new medicines or to make synthetic organisms
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製造新的藥物 或製造合成有機物體,
14:12
that produce oxygen, food, fuel or building materials,
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來產生氧氣、食物、 燃料,或建造出材料,
14:16
as a means for making the planet more habitable for humans.
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用這種方式,讓該星球 更適合人類居住。
14:20
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
14:24
With digital information traveling at the speed of light,
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如果用光速來傳送數位資訊,
14:27
it would only take minutes to send those digital instructions
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只要花幾分鐘, 就能把數位指示從地球
14:30
from Earth to Mars,
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發送到火星,
14:31
but it would take months to physically deliver those same samples
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但如果要用太空船 來實際遞送同樣的樣本,
14:35
on a spacecraft.
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會花數個月。
14:37
But for now, I would be satisfied beaming new medicines across the globe,
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但目前,我已經很滿足,我們 可以向全球各地發送新的藥品,
14:42
fully automated and on demand,
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過程完全自動化,有求必應,
14:44
saving lives from emerging infectious diseases
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拯救人命,對抗新興的感染性疾病,
14:48
and printing personalized cancer medicines for those who don't have time to wait.
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並為沒有時間等待的人, 列印出個人化的癌症藥物。
14:53
Thank you.
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謝謝。
14:54
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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