Charles Elachi: The story of the Mars Rovers

59,329 views ใƒป 2008-11-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yifat Adler
00:16
I thought I'd start with telling you or showing you the people who started [Jet Propulsion Lab].
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™-ืคื™-ืืœ, ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช.
00:20
When they were a bunch of kids,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื™ื,
00:22
they were kind of very imaginative, very adventurous,
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00:25
as they were trying at Caltech to mix chemicals
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘"ืงืืœ ื˜ืง"
00:27
and see which one blows up more.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:29
Well, I don't recommend that you try to do that now.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืฉืชื ืกื• ื–ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:32
Naturally, they blew up a shack, and Caltech, well, then,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื•"ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง" ืืžืจื•:
00:34
hey, you go to the Arroyo and really do all your tests in there.
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"ืฆืื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืชืขืฉื• ืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื."
ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื: "5 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:38
So, that's what we call our first five employees
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"ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื”."
00:41
during the tea break, you know, in here.
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00:44
As I said, they were adventurous people.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืช
00:46
As a matter of fact, one of them, who was, kind of, part of a cult
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00:50
which was not too far from here on Orange Grove,
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ืฉืฉื›ื ื” ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืจื ื’' ื’ืจื•ื‘,
00:54
and unfortunately he blew up himself because he kept mixing chemicals
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืฆืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉืขืจื‘ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:58
and trying to figure out which ones were the best chemicals.
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01:00
So, that gives you a kind of flavor
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื.
01:02
of the kind of people we have there.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
01:03
We try to avoid blowing ourselves up.
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01:05
This one I thought I'd show you.
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื™ ืžื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื’'ื™ื™-ืคื™-ืืœ.
01:07
Guess which one is a JPL employee in the heart of this crowd.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:10
I tried to come like him this morning,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•,
01:13
but as I walked out, then it was too cold,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™,
01:15
and I said, I'd better put my shirt back on.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื”.
01:17
But more importantly, the reason I wanted to show this picture:
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ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื:
ืชืจืื• ืœืืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ.
01:20
look where the other people are looking,
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01:22
and look where he is looking.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืืŸ-ืฉื”ื•ื, ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”
01:25
Wherever anybody else looks, look somewhere else,
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01:27
and go do something different, you know, and doing that.
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ื•ืชืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
ื•ื–ื• ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:30
And that's kind of what has been the spirit of what we are doing.
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01:33
And I want to tell you a quote from Ralph Emerson
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœื›ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืจืืœืฃ ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ,
ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืœื” ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™:
01:36
that one of my colleagues, you know, put on my wall in my office,
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01:39
and it says, "Do not go where the path may lead.
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"ืืœ ืชืœืš ืœืืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ.
01:42
Go instead where there is no path, and leave a trail."
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"ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ืš ืชื•ื•ืื™."
01:44
And that's my recommendation to all of you:
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืœืฆืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื:
01:46
look what everybody is doing, what they are doing;
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœื;
01:48
go do something completely different.
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:50
Don't try to improve a little bit on what somebody else is doing,
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ืืœ ืชื ืกื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืงืฆืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:53
because that doesn't get you very far.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืจื—ื•ืง.
01:55
In our early days we used to work a lot on rockets,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:58
but we also used to have a lot of parties, you know.
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02:00
As you can see, one of our parties, you know, a few years ago.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
02:04
But then a big difference happened about 50 years ago,
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจ ื”ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, ืฉื™ื’ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
02:07
after Sputnik was launched. We launched the first American satellite,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ.
02:11
and that's the one you see on the left in there.
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02:13
And here we made 180 degrees change:
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช:
02:15
we changed from a rocket house to be an exploration house.
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ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ,
02:19
And that was done over a period of a couple of years,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
02:22
and now we are the leading organization, you know,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
02:24
exploring space on all of your behalf.
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ืžื˜ืขื ื›ื•ืœื›ื.
02:27
But even when we did that, we had to remind ourselves,
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ืืš ื’ื ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•,
02:30
sometimes there are setbacks.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช.
02:32
So you see, on the bottom, that rocket was supposed to go upward;
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ื”ืจืงื˜ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”;
02:35
somehow it ended going sideways.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
02:37
So that's what we call the misguided missile.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื ื—ื”".
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื–ื”,
02:40
But then also, just to celebrate that,
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02:42
we started an event at JPL for "Miss Guided Missile."
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข "ืžื™ืก ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื ื—ื”"
02:45
So, we used to have a celebration every year and select --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื—ื’ื’ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื—ืจื ื• -
02:48
there used to be competition and parades and so on.
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ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
02:51
It's not very appropriate to do it now. Some people tell me to do it;
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
02:54
I think, well, that's not really proper, you know, these days.
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ืืš ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืื•ืช.
ืื– ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
02:58
So, we do something a little bit more serious.
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03:00
And that's what you see in the last Rose Bowl, you know,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืฃ ื”ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
03:03
when we entered one of the floats.
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช.
ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืฉืขืฉืข.
03:05
That's more on the play side. And on the right side,
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”'ืจื•ื‘ืจ', ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื•
03:07
that's the Rover just before we finished its testing
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03:10
to take it to the Cape to launch it.
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ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœ'ืงื™ื™ืค' ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
03:12
These are the Rovers up here that you have on Mars now.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื.
03:15
So that kind of tells you about, kind of, the fun things,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื™ื™ื,
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:18
you know, and the serious things that we try to do.
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03:20
But I said I'm going to show you a short clip
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ืืš ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ
03:22
of one of our employees to kind of give you an idea
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ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’
03:25
about some of the talent that we have.
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื•.
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”) [ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจื™]
03:39
Video: Morgan Hendry: Beware of Safety is
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ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจื™: "ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช"
03:41
an instrumental rock band.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงืช ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
03:43
It branches on more the experimental side.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ื’ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™,
03:46
There's the improvisational side of jazz.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืื™ืœืชื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ืื–.
03:49
There's the heavy-hitting sound of rock.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืง.
03:52
Being able to treat sound as an instrument, and be able to dig
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ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื›ืืœ ื›ืœื™,
ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื 'ื—ื™',
03:57
for more abstract sounds and things to play live,
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03:59
mixing electronics and acoustics.
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ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื›ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:01
The music's half of me, but the other half --
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ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื ื™, ืืš ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ -
04:05
I landed probably the best gig of all.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื–ืœื™ ืฉืคืจ ืขืœื™ ืžืื“.
04:08
I work for the Jet Propulsion Lab. I'm building the next Mars Rover.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื’'ื™ื™-ืคื™-ืืœ.
04:11
Some of the most brilliant engineers I know
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ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ
04:14
are the ones who have that sort of artistic quality about them.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช.
04:18
You've got to do what you want to do.
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”.
04:20
And anyone who tells you you can't, you don't listen to them.
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ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืœ ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•.
04:23
Maybe they're right - I doubt it.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื - ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง.
04:26
Tell them where to put it, and then just do what you want to do.
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ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืœืืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืชืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœืš.
04:28
I'm Morgan Hendry. I am NASA.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจื™, ืื ื™ ืžื ืืก"ื.
ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™,
04:34
Charles Elachi: Now, moving from the play stuff to the serious stuff,
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04:37
always people ask, why do we explore?
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
04:39
Why are we doing all of these missions and why are we exploring them?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื”?
04:42
Well, the way I think about it is fairly simple.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื“ื™:
04:44
Somehow, 13 billion years ago there was a Big Bang, and you've heard
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ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”, ืœืคื ื™ 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:47
a little bit about, you know, the origin of the universe.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:50
But somehow what strikes everybody's imagination --
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ืืš ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื,
04:53
or lots of people's imagination -- somehow from that original Big Bang
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ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
04:56
we have this beautiful world that we live in today.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:59
You look outside: you have all that beauty that you see,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
05:02
all that life that you see around you,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื,
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™
05:04
and here we have intelligent people like you and I
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05:06
who are having a conversation here.
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ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
05:08
All that started from that Big Bang. So, the question is:
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05:10
How did that happen? How did that evolve? How did the universe form?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”? ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—? ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื?
05:15
How did the galaxies form? How did the planets form?
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05:17
Why is there a planet on which there is life which have evolved?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื?
05:20
Is that very common?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ื—?
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืช?
05:22
Is there life on every planet that you can see around the stars?
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05:26
So we literally are all made out of stardust.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:28
We started from those stars; we are made of stardust.
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ืžื•ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืง-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:31
So, next time you are really depressed, look in the mirror
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืจืื”,
05:33
and you can look and say, hi, I'm looking at a star here.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘."
05:35
You can skip the dust part.
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ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ืœื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืง.
05:37
But literally, we are all made of stardust.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:39
So, what we are trying to do in our exploration is effectively
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
05:43
write the book of how things have came about as they are today.
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ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืœ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื”ืงืœื™ื
05:48
And one of the first, or the easiest, places we can go
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ื™ื.
05:51
and explore that is to go towards Mars.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
05:53
And the reason Mars takes particular attention:
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื“ ืจื—ื•ืง
05:56
it's not very far from us.
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ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืฉื ืื•ืจื›ืช ืจืง 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
05:58
You know, it'll take us only six months to get there.
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ืื• 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”.
06:00
Six to nine months at the right time of the year.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช ืœืืจืฅ, ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:03
It's a planet somewhat similar to Earth. It's a little bit smaller,
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06:05
but the land mass on Mars is about the same
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืช ืื“ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:08
as the land mass on Earth, you know,
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06:09
if you don't take the oceans into account.
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ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
06:11
It has polar caps. It has an atmosphere somewhat thinner than ours,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘, ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืœื™ืœื”,
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืงืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
06:16
so it has weather. So, it's very similar to some extent,
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06:19
and you can see some of the features on it,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื•:
06:21
like the Grand Canyon on Mars,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
06:22
or what we call the Grand Canyon on Mars.
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ืื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ" ืฉืœื•.
06:24
It is like the Grand Canyon on Earth, except a hell of a lot larger.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:29
So it's about the size, you know, of the United States.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
06:32
It has volcanoes on it. And that's Mount Olympus on Mars,
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06:37
which is a kind of huge volcanic shield on that planet.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
06:41
And if you look at the height of it
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ื•ืื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
06:43
and you compare it to Mount Everest, you see, it'll give you
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื•ื•ืจืกื˜, ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื
06:47
an idea of how large that Mount Olympus, you know, is,
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก,
06:51
relative to Mount Everest.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
06:53
So, it basically dwarfs, you know, Mount Everest here on Earth.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื’ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:56
So, that gives you an idea of the tectonic events or volcanic events
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื
07:00
which have happened on that planet.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”.
07:02
Recently from one of our satellites, this shows that it's Earth-like --
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืจืฅ
07:05
we caught a landslide occurring as it was happening.
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ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”.
07:09
So it is a dynamic planet,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™,
07:11
and activity is going on as we speak today.
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ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข.
07:14
And these Rovers, people wonder now, what are they doing today,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:17
so I thought I would show you a little bit what they are doing.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
07:21
This is one very large crater. Geologists love craters,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืชืฉ ืขื ืงื™. ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื,
07:24
because craters are like digging a big hole in the ground
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
07:26
without really working at it,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื”,
07:28
and you can see what's below the surface.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
07:30
So, this is called Victoria Crater,
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ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื™ ืžื›ืชืฉ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
07:32
which is about a few football fields in size.
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07:34
And if you look at the top left, you see a little teeny dark dot.
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ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”;
07:38
This picture was taken from an orbiting satellite.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืงืคื™,
07:40
If I zoom on it, you can see: that's the Rover on the surface.
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ืื ืืชืงืจื‘, ืชืจืื• ืฉื–ื” ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื.
07:43
So, that was taken from orbit; we had the camera zoom on the surface,
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ. ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
07:46
and we actually saw the Rover on the surface.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘,
07:49
And we actually used the combination of the satellite images
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื™ืœื‘ื ื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘
07:53
and the Rover to actually conduct science,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
07:56
because we can observe large areas
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ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—
07:58
and then you can get those Rovers to move around
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08:00
and basically go to a certain location.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
08:02
So, specifically what we are doing now is
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ืื– ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•:
ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื•ืกืข ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
08:05
that Rover is going down in that crater.
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08:07
As I told you, geologists love craters.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื.
08:09
And the reason is, many of you went to the Grand Canyon,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื... ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ,
08:12
and you see in the wall of the Grand Canyon, you see these layers.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
08:16
And what these layers -- that's what the surface used to be
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
08:19
a million years ago, 10 million years ago,
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ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:22
100 million years ago, and you get deposits on top of them.
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08:24
So if you can read the layers it's like reading your book,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจ,
08:27
and you can learn the history of what happened in the past
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื.
08:30
in that location.
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ,
08:32
So what you are seeing here are the layers on the wall
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08:35
of that crater, and the Rover is going down now, measuring, you know,
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ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื›ืขืช ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื
08:39
the properties and analyzing the rocks
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08:41
as it's going down, you know, that canyon.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:44
Now, it's kind of a little bit of a challenge driving
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื›ื–ื”.
08:46
down a slope like this.
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
08:48
If you were there you wouldn't do it yourself.
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08:50
But we really made sure we tested those Rovers
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื ื• ืฉืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื, ืื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
08:52
before we got them down -- or that Rover --
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08:55
and made sure that it's all working well.
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ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืฉื•ืจื”.
08:57
Now, when I came last time, shortly after the landing --
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” --
09:00
I think it was, like, a hundred days after the landing --
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 100 ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”,
ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:02
I told you I was surprised that those Rovers
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09:04
are lasting even a hundred days.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืืคื™ืœื• 100 ื™ืžื™ื,
ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
09:07
Well, here we are four years later, and they're still working.
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09:09
Now you say, Charles, you are really lying to us, and so on,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืงืจ ืœื›ื,
09:12
but that's not true. We really believed they were going to last
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืืžื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“
09:14
90 days or 100 days, because they are solar powered,
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ืชืฉืขื™ื ืื• ืžืื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ืขื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช,
09:18
and Mars is a dusty planet, so we expected the dust
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ื•ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ืง ืžืื“,
ื›ืš ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืื‘ืง ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื,
09:21
would start accumulating on the surface, and after a while
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื.
09:24
we wouldn't have enough power, you know, to keep them warm.
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09:27
Well, I always say it's important that you are smart,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื,
09:29
but every once in a while it's good to be lucky.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ.
09:32
And that's what we found out. It turned out that every once in a while
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•. ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื,
09:35
there are dust devils which come by on Mars, as you are seeing here,
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ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช-ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
09:39
and when the dust devil comes over the Rover, it just cleans it up.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
09:42
It is like a brand new car that you have,
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ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
09:45
and that's literally why they have lasted so long.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื“ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.
09:48
And now we designed them reasonably well,
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ืืžื ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื ืจืข,
09:50
but that's exactly why they are lasting that long
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืฉืจื“ื•,
09:54
and still providing all the science data.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
09:56
Now, the two Rovers, each one of them is, kind of, getting old.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื.
09:59
You know, one of them, one of the wheels is stuck, is not working,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื’ืœื’ืœ ืชืงื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ,
10:02
one of the front wheels, so what we are doing,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื,
ืื– ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื—ื•ืจื™.
10:04
we are driving it backwards.
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ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืžืคืจืง ื”ื›ืชืฃ,
10:06
And the other one has arthritis of the shoulder joint, you know,
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10:08
it's not working very well, so it's walking like this,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ื›ื”.
10:11
and we can move the arm, you know, that way.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื›ืš.
10:13
But still they are producing a lot of scientific data.
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ืืš ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™.
10:16
Now, during that whole period, a number of people got excited,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•,
10:19
you know, outside the science community about these Rovers,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”,
10:23
so I thought I'd show you a video just to give you a reflection
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ
ืื™ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:26
about how these Rovers are being viewed by people
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10:29
other than the science community.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
10:32
So let me go on the next short video.
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ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื.
10:34
By the way, this video is pretty accurate of how the landing took place, you know,
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ืื’ื‘, ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื.
10:39
about four years ago.
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื.
10:40
Video: Okay, we have parachute aligned.
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10:42
Okay, deploy the airbags. Open.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” -- ืคืชื•ื—.
10:46
Camera. We have a picture right now.
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ืžืฆืœืžื”. ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื”.
10:51
Yeah!
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ื™ืฉ!
10:53
CE: That's about what happened in the Houston operation room. It's exactly like this.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš.
10:58
Video: Now, if there is life, the Dutch will find it.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”"ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™" ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื.
11:09
What is he doing?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”?
11:12
What is that?
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ืžื” ื–ื”?
11:24
CE: Not too bad.
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ืœื ืจืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช
11:34
So anyway, let me continue on showing you a little bit
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11:37
about the beauty of that planet.
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ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
11:38
As I said earlier, it looked very much like Earth,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืืจืฅ,
11:41
so you see sand dunes.
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ืื– ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:43
It looks like I could have told you these are pictures taken
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ืื™ืœื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืกื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™.
11:45
from the Sahara Desert or somewhere, and you'd have believed me,
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ืืš ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:48
but these are pictures taken from Mars.
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11:49
But one area which is particularly intriguing for us
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
11:52
is the northern region, you know, of Mars, close to the North Pole,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
11:55
because we see ice caps, and we see the ice caps shrinking
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื—
ืฉืžืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื”.
11:58
and expanding, so it's very much like you have in northern Canada.
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12:02
And we wanted to find out -- and we see all kinds of glacial features on it.
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
12:05
So, we wanted to find out, actually,
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ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
12:07
what is that ice made of, and could that have embedded in it
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ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื•ื”ืื ื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
12:11
some organic, you know, material.
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12:14
So we have a spacecraft which is heading towards Mars,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืข ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ืฉืžื” "ืคื ื™ืงืก",
12:16
called Phoenix, and that spacecraft will land
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื ื—ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ 17 ื™ื•ื, 7 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-20 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:19
17 days, seven hours and 20 seconds from now,
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12:23
so you can adjust your watch.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื›ื.
12:25
So it's on May 25 around just before five o'clock our time here
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘-25.5, ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
12:29
on the West Coast, actually we will be landing on another planet.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ.
12:32
And as you can see, this is a picture of the spacecraft put on Mars,
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ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
12:36
but I thought that just in case you're going to miss that show, you know,
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ืืš ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ืชื—ืžื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 17 ื™ื•ื,
12:39
in 17 days, I'll show you, kind of,
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
12:41
a little bit of what's going to happen.
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12:43
Video: That's what we call the seven minutes of terror.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช: "7 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื”".
[ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก, ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื]
[ื”ื™ืขื“: ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื]
[ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”: ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื]
[ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื]
13:00
So the plan is to dig in the soil and take samples
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช
13:02
that we put them in an oven and actually heat them
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ืฉื ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื ื•ืจ ื•ื ื—ืžื, ื•ื ืจืื” ืื™ืœื• ื’ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืคืงื™ื.
13:05
and look what gases will come from it.
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13:07
So this was launched about nine months ago.
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ืื– ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
25.5.2008 ื›ื ื™ืกื”-ื”ื ืžื›ื”-ื ื—ื™ืชื” (ื›ื”"ื )
13:13
We'll be coming in at 12,000 miles per hour, and in seven minutes
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ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘-15,000 ืงืž"ืฉ,
ื•ืชื•ืš 7 ื“ืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื™ื˜ ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:17
we have to stop and touch the surface very softly
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘.
13:20
so we don't break that lander.
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[ืฉื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื”]
[ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืคืกื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”]
[ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™-ืคื™-ืืœ]
13:38
Ben Cichy: Phoenix is the first Mars Scout mission.
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ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืฆ'ื™, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช: ืคื ื™ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
13:40
It's the first mission that's going to try to land
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืชื ืกื” ืœื ื—ื•ืช
13:42
near the North Pole of Mars, and it's the first mission
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
13:44
that's actually going to try and reach out and touch water
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžื™ื
ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ.
13:47
on the surface of another planet.
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ืœื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื’, ืžื ืชื—ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ื,
13:49
Lynn Craig: Where there tends to be water, at least on Earth,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ 'ืืจืฅ', ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช,
13:52
there tends to be life, and so it's potentially a place
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ...
13:55
where life could have existed on the planet in the past.
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[ื›ื ื™ืกื”-ื”ื ืžื›ื”-ื ื—ื™ืชื”]
14:03
Erik Bailey: The main purpose of EDL is to take a spacecraft that is traveling
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ืืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช: ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื”"ื 
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ืก ื‘-20,000 ืงืž"ืฉ ืœื—ืจื™ืงืช ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืจื›ื”
14:06
at 12,500 miles an hour and bring it to a screeching halt
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14:12
in a soft way in a very short amount of time.
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“.
14:16
BC: We enter the Martian atmosphere.
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ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
14:18
We're 70 miles above the surface of Mars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 110 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช".
14:20
And our lander is safely tucked inside what we call an aeroshell.
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14:23
EB: Looks kind of like an ice cream cone, more or less.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ื”,
14:25
BC: And on the front of it is this heat shield,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื, ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืฆืœื—ืช,
14:27
this saucer-looking thing that has about a half-inch
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืœืคื ื™ื 12 ืž"ืž ืฉืขื, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
14:30
of essentially what's cork on the front of it,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
14:32
which is our heat shield.
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14:33
Now, this is really special cork,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉืขื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื“,
14:35
and this cork is what's going to protect us
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ื•ื”ืฉืขื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•
14:37
from the violent atmospheric entry that we're about to experience.
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ืžื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”, ื‘ื” ื ืชื ืกื”.
14:41
Rob Grover: Friction really starts to build up on the spacecraft,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื‘ืจ, ืจืืฉ ื›ื”"ื : ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ,
14:44
and we use the friction when it's flying through the atmosphere
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ื•ืื ื• ื ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ื˜.
14:47
to our advantage to slow us down.
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ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ืื™ื˜ ืž-20,000 ืงืž"ืฉ
14:50
BC: From this point, we're going to decelerate from 12,500 miles an hour
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14:55
down to 900 miles an hour.
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ืœ-1400 ืงืž"ืฉ.
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื›ืžื• ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
14:57
EB: The outside can get almost as hot as the surface of the Sun.
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14:59
RG: The temperature of the heat shield can reach 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
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ื˜ืžืค' ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-1400 ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื—ืžื ื”ืจื‘ื”:
15:05
EB: The inside doesn't get very hot.
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15:07
It probably gets about room temperature.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
15:10
Richard Kornfeld: There is this window of opportunity
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงื•ืจื ืคืœื“, ืžื ื”ืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช: ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
15:13
within which we can deploy the parachute.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื ื—.
ืื ื ืงื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืžืฆื ื— ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืงืจืข,
15:16
EB: If you fire the 'chute too early, the parachute itself could fail.
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15:19
The fabric and the stitching could just pull apart.
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ื”ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืชืคืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื;
15:24
And that would be bad.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
15:26
BC: In the first 15 seconds after we deploy the parachute,
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ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื ื—,
ื ืื™ื˜ ืž-1400 ืงืž"ืฉ
15:29
we'll decelerate from 900 miles an hour
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15:31
to a relatively slow 250 miles an hour.
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ืœืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ 400 ืงืž"ืฉ.
15:34
We no longer need the heat shield to protect us
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ืœื ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื.
15:36
from the force of atmospheric entry, so we jettison the heat shield,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื,
ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจืช ืžืื“ื™ื.
15:40
exposing for the first time our lander to the atmosphere of Mars.
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15:43
LC: After the heat shield has been jettisoned and the legs are deployed,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”,
15:47
the next step is to have the radar system begin to detect
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžื›"ื
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืคื ื™ืงืก ืžื”ืงืจืงืข.
15:51
how far Phoenix really is from the ground.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• 99% ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•
15:55
BC: We've lost 99 percent of our entry velocity.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• 99% ืžื”ื“ืจืš.
15:58
So, we're 99 percent of the way to where we want to be.
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ืืš ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ื›ื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉ.
16:01
But that last one percent, as it always seems to be, is the tricky part.
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16:04
EB: Now the spacecraft actually has to decide
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ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
16:07
when it's going to get rid of its parachute.
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ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื ื— ืฉืœื”.
ื ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืจื›ื‘ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉื˜ืก ื‘-200 ืงืž"ืฉ,
16:09
BC: We separate from the lander going 125 miles an hour
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16:11
at roughly a kilometer above the surface of Mars: 3,200 feet.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›-1 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
16:15
That's like taking two Empire State Buildings
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
16:17
and stacking them on top of one another.
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16:18
EB: That's when we separate from the back shell,
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช,
16:20
and we're now in free-fall.
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ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
16:24
It's a very scary moment; a lot has to happen
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืžืื“. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“.
16:26
in a very short amount of time.
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16:30
LC: So it's in a free-fall,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช,
16:32
but it's also trying to use all of its actuators
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ืืš ื’ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
16:36
to make sure that it's in the right position to land.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ืชื”.
16:39
EB: And then it has to light up its engines, right itself,
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ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ื•, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ,
16:43
and then slowly slow itself down and touch down on the ground safely.
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ืœื”ืื™ื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
16:53
BC: Earth and Mars are so far apart that it takes over ten minutes
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช
16:57
for a signal from Mars to get to Earth.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื•ืช ืžืžืื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
16:59
And EDL itself is all over in a matter of seven minutes.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื”"ื  ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš 7 ื“ืงื•ืช.
17:02
So by the time you even hear from the lander that EDL has started
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ืื– ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื”"ื ,
17:05
it'll already be over.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื.
17:06
EB: We have to build large amounts of autonomy into the spacecraft
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
17:09
so that it can land itself safely.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
ื›ื”"ื  ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืื“ื™ืจ
17:12
BC: EDL is this immense, technically challenging problem.
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17:14
It's about getting a spacecraft that's hurtling through deep space
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืช ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื“ื•ื”ืจืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง
17:17
and using all this bag of tricks to somehow figure out
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ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื
17:19
how to get it down to the surface of Mars at zero miles an hour.
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘-0 ืงืž"ืฉ.
17:22
It's this immensely exciting and challenging problem.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืจื ืžืจื’ืฉืช, ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”.
17:33
CE: Hopefully it all will happen the way you saw it in here.
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ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื›ืืŸ.
17:37
So it will be a very tense moment, you know,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืžืื“ ืžืชื•ื—,
17:39
as we are watching that spacecraft landing on another planet.
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ื›ืฉื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ.
17:43
So now let me talk about the next things that we are doing.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื.
17:45
So we are in the process, as we speak, of actually designing
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ืฉื’ืจ ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
17:48
the next Rover that we are going to be sending to Mars.
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17:50
So I thought I would go a little bit and tell you, kind of,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ.
17:52
the steps we go through.
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17:54
It's very similar to what you do when you design your product.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ.
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœ"ืคื ื™ืงืก",
17:57
As you saw a little bit earlier,
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17:59
when we were doing the Phoenix one,
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18:00
we have to take into account the heat that we are going to be facing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
18:03
So we have to study all kinds of different materials,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
18:05
the shape that we want to do.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
18:07
In general we don't try to please the customer here.
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ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ,
18:09
What we want to do is to make sure we have an effective, you know,
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ืืœื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
18:12
an efficient kind of machine.
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18:14
First we start by we want to have our employees
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื,
18:16
to be as imaginative as they can.
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18:18
And we really love being close to the art center, because we have,
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–,
18:22
as a matter of fact, one of the alumni from the art center,
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18:24
Eric Nyquist, had put a series of displays,
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ืืจื™ืง ื ื™ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืกื˜, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžืœืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
18:26
far-out displays, you know,
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18:28
in our what we call mission design or spacecraft design room,
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ื“ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช"
18:31
just to get people to think wildly about things.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืจื•ืขื”.
18:33
We have a bunch of Legos. So, as I said,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
18:36
this is a playground for adults, where they sit down and try to play
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ื–ื” ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
18:39
with different shapes and different designs.
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ืขื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
18:43
Then we get a little bit more serious, so we have
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ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื– ื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘"ืž,
18:46
what we call our CAD/CAMs and all the engineers who are involved,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
18:49
or scientists who are involved, who know about thermal properties,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจืžื™ื™ื,
18:52
know about design, know about atmospheric interaction, parachutes,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™, ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื,
18:55
all of these things, which they work in a team effort
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ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช
18:58
and actually design a spacecraft in a computer to some extent,
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ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช.
19:02
so to see, does that meet the requirement that we need.
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19:05
On the right, also, we have to take into account
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื ื™ืกืข.
19:07
the environment of the planet where we are going.
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ืื ื–ื” ืฆื“ืง, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืงืจื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“,
19:09
If you are going to Jupiter, you have a very high-radiation,
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19:12
you know, environment. It's about the same radiation environment
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœื™ื“ ืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™;
19:14
close by Jupiter as inside a nuclear reactor.
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19:17
So just imagine: you take your P.C. and throw it into a nuclear reactor
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื›ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
19:20
and it still has to work.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
19:22
So these are kind of some of the little challenges, you know,
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ืื– ืืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
19:24
that we have to face.
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ืื ื ื‘ืฆืข ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื.
19:27
If we are doing entry, we have to do tests of parachutes.
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19:29
You saw in the video a parachute breaking. That would be a bad day,
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ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ื— ืฉืžืชืคืจืง. ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
19:32
you know, if that happened, so we have to test,
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช,
19:35
because we are deploying this parachute at supersonic speeds.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ืงื•ืœื™ืช.
19:38
We are coming at extremely high speeds, and we are deploying them
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ื ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“, ื•ืื– ื ืคืชื— ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ื˜,
19:41
to slow us down. So we have to do all kinds of tests.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
19:43
To give you an idea of the size, you know, of that parachute
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฆื ื—
19:46
relative to the people standing there.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื•.
19:48
Next step, we go and actually build some kind of test models
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”,
ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื’'ื™ื™-ืคื™-ืืœ,
19:52
and actually test them, you know, in the lab at JPL,
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19:55
in what we call our Mars Yard.
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ืื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ืฆืจ ืžืื“ื™ื" ืฉืœื ื•,
19:57
We kick them, we hit them, we drop them,
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื
19:59
just to make sure we understand how, where would they break.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจื•,
20:03
And then we back off, you know, from that point.
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ื•ืื ื• ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”,
ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืกื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
20:09
And then we actually do the actual building and the flight.
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20:13
And this next Rover that we're flying is about the size of a car.
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
20:17
That big shield that you see outside,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
20:19
that's a heat shield which is going to protect it.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•,
20:21
And that will be basically built over the next year,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
20:24
and it will be launched June a year from now.
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ื•ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
20:27
Now, in that case, because it was a very big Rover,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“,
20:30
we couldn't use airbags.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
20:32
And I know many of you, kind of, last time afterwards said
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืืžืจื•
20:34
well, that was a cool thing to have -- those airbags.
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ืฉื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
20:37
Unfortunately this Rover is, like, ten times the size of the, you know,
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ืžืกืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 10 ืื• 3 ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื.
20:40
mass-wise, of the other Rover, or three times the mass.
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ืื– ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
20:43
So we can't use airbags. So we have to come up with
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ื•ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•.
20:45
another ingenious idea of how do we land it.
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20:47
And we didn't want to take it propulsively all the way to the surface
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขื” ืขื“ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
20:51
because we didn't want to contaminate the surface;
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—;
20:53
we wanted the Rover to immediately land on its legs.
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื ื—ืช ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื•.
20:56
So we came up with this ingenious idea,
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ืื– ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
20:58
which is used here on Earth for helicopters.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืงื™ื:
21:02
Actually, the lander will come down to about 100 feet and hover
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื ืžื™ืš ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” 30 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื™ืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
21:06
above that surface for 100 feet, and then we have a sky crane
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื’ื•ืจืŸ ืžืขื•ืคืฃ
21:09
which will take that Rover and land it down on the surface.
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ืฉื™ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
21:11
Hopefully it all will work, you know, it will work that way.
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ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคืขืœ ื›ืš.
21:14
And that Rover will be more kind of like a chemist.
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ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ 'ื›ื™ืžืื™'.
21:17
What we are going to be doing with that Rover as it drives around,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื•, ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—
21:20
it's going to go and analyze the chemical composition of rocks.
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ื•ื™ื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื.
21:23
So it will have an arm which will take samples,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืชืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช,
ืชื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื ื•ืจ, ืชืจืกืง ื•ืชื ืชื— ืื•ืชืŸ.
21:26
put them in an oven, crush and analyze them.
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21:28
But also, if there is something that we cannot reach
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•,
21:31
because it is too high on a cliff, we have a little laser system
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืง, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”
21:34
which will actually zap the rock, evaporate some of it,
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ืฉืชืฆืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืœืข, ืชืื™ื™ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•,
21:37
and actually analyze what's coming from that rock.
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ื•ืชื ืชื— ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืกืœืข.
21:39
So it's a little bit like "Star Wars," you know, but it's real.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
21:42
It's real stuff.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
21:44
And also to help you, to help the community
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ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื, ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”,
21:46
so you can do ads on that Rover, we are going to train that Rover
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืจืกื ืข"ื’ ื”ืจื›ื‘,
ื ืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื
21:50
to actually in addition to do this, to actually serve cocktails,
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21:53
you know, also on Mars.
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ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
21:55
So that's kind of giving you an idea of the kind of, you know,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’
ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
21:58
fun things we are doing on Mars.
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21:59
I thought I'd go to "The Lord of the Rings" now
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช
22:02
and show you some of the things we have there.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื.
22:04
Now, "The Lord of the Rings" has two things played through it.
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช
22:07
One, it's a very attractive planet --
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ื”ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืื“ ื™ืคื” --
22:10
it just has the beauty of the rings and so on.
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ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
22:12
But for scientists, also the rings have a special meaning,
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ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช,
22:15
because we believe they represent, on a small scale,
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ
22:18
how the Solar System actually formed.
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
22:21
Some of the scientists believe that the way the Solar System formed,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจื”
22:25
that the Sun when it collapsed and actually created the Sun,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงืจืกื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
22:29
a lot of the dust around it created rings
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช,
22:31
and then the particles in those rings accumulated together,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืกืœืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
22:34
and they formed bigger rocks, and then that's how the planets,
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช
22:37
you know, were formed.
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22:38
So, the idea is, by watching Saturn we're actually watching
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื–ื• ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช
22:41
our solar system in real time being formed on a smaller scale,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
22:44
so it's like a test bed for it.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื• ื–ื”ื• ื›ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
22:46
So, let me show you a little bit
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
22:48
on what that Saturnian system looks like.
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
22:51
First, I'm going to fly you over the rings.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื˜ื™ืก ืืชื›ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช.
22:54
By the way, all of this is real stuff.
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ืื’ื‘, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
22:56
This is not animation or anything like this.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”.
22:58
This is actually taken from the satellite
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ืœื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ื”"ืงืืกื™ื ื™".
23:00
that we have in orbit around Saturn, the Cassini.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื”,
23:03
And you see the amount of detail that is in those rings,
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23:06
which are the particles.
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ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืงื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
23:07
Some of them are agglomerating together to form larger particles.
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23:10
So that's why you have these gaps, is because a small satellite, you know,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ื™ ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
23:14
is being formed in that location.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
23:17
Now, you think that those rings are very large objects.
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23:19
Yes, they are very large in one dimension;
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ืื—ื“,
23:21
in the other dimension they are paper thin. Very, very thin.
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ืืš ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ. ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื“ืงื•ืช.
23:24
What you are seeing here is the shadow of the ring on Saturn itself.
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฆืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
23:28
And that's one of the satellites
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื
23:29
which was actually formed on that one.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื•.
23:32
So, think about it as a paper-thin,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืง ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
23:34
huge area of many hundreds of thousands of miles, which is rotating.
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ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืง"ืž, ื•ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
23:39
And we have a wide variety of kind of satellites which will form,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื.
23:42
each one looking very different and very odd, and that keeps
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขืกื™ืง
23:45
scientists busy for tens of years trying to explain this,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช,
23:48
and telling NASA we need more money so we can explain
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ื•ืฉื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื ืืก"ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืš.
23:51
what these things look like, or why they formed that way.
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23:53
Well, there were two satellites which were particularly interesting.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
23:56
One of them is called Enceladus.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืงืจื•ื™ "ืื ืฆืœืื“ื•ืก".
23:58
It's a satellite which was all made of ice,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืงืจื—.
24:01
and we measured it from orbit. Made of ice.
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ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื–ืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืงืจื—.
24:03
But there was something bizarre about it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ.
24:05
If you look at these stripes in here, what we call tiger stripes,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืคืกื™ ื ืžืจ"
24:09
when we flew over them, all of a sudden we saw
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ื›ืฉื˜ืกื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
24:11
an increase in the temperature, which said that those stripes
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืคืกื™ื ืืœื” ื—ืžื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
24:14
are warmer than the rest of the planet.
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24:16
So as we flew by away from it, we looked back. And guess what?
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืงื ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื” ืจืื™ื ื•?
ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
24:21
We saw geysers coming out.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”"ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
24:23
So this is a Yellowstone, you know, of Saturn.
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24:25
We are seeing geysers of ice which are coming out of that planet,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
24:29
which indicate that most likely there is an ocean, you know,
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24:31
below the surface.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
24:33
And somehow, through some dynamic effect, we're having these geysers
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ื•ืขืงื‘ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
24:36
which are being, you know, emitted from it.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
24:39
And the reason I showed the little arrow there,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื "50 ืง"ืž".
24:41
I think that should say 30 miles,
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24:43
we decided a few months ago to actually fly the spacecraft
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช
24:46
through the plume of that geyser
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ื“ืจืš ืชื™ืžืจืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
24:48
so we can actually measure the material that it is made of.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™.
24:53
That was [unclear] also -- you know, because we were worried
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›-60 ืง"ืž, ื›ื™ ื—ืฉืฉื ื• ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืš,
24:56
about the risk of it, but it worked pretty well.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืขืœื” ื™ืคื”.
24:58
We flew at the top of it, and we found that there is a fair amount of
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ื˜ืกื ื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
25:01
organic material which is being emitted in combination with the ice.
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25:05
And over the next few years, as we keep orbiting, you know, Saturn,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื›ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
25:09
we are planning to get closer and closer down to the surface
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
25:12
and make more accurate measurements.
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25:14
Now, another satellite also attracted a lot of attention,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
25:16
and that's Titan. And the reason Titan is particularly interesting,
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25:19
it's a satellite bigger than our moon, and it has an atmosphere.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”,
25:24
And that atmosphere is very -- as dense as our own atmosphere.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
25:27
So if you were on Titan, you would feel the same pressure
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ืื™ืœื• ื ืžืฆืืชื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ,
25:30
that you feel in here. Except it's a lot colder,
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ืจืง ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจ,
25:34
and that atmosphere is heavily made of methane.
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ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืชืืŸ.
ืžืชืืŸ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
25:37
Now, methane gets people all excited, because it's organic material,
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25:40
so immediately people start thinking,
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื”,
25:42
could life have evolved in that location,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
25:45
when you have a lot of organic material.
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25:47
So people believe now that Titan is most likely what we call
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื
25:51
a pre-biotic planet, because it's so cold organic material did not get
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"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืคืจื”-ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™", ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืงืจ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™
ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
25:57
to the stage of becoming biological material,
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25:59
and therefore life could have evolved on it.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
26:01
So it could be Earth, frozen three billion years ago
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ื›ื“ื”"ื ื”ืงืคื•ื ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
26:05
before life actually started on it.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
26:07
So that's getting a lot of interest, and to show you some example
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘. ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
26:10
of what we did in there, we actually dropped a probe,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื.
ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืฉื ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
26:14
which was developed by our colleagues in Europe, we dropped a probe
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ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
26:16
as we were orbiting Saturn.
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26:19
We dropped a probe in the atmosphere of Titan.
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ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ.
26:21
And this is a picture of an area as we were coming down.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
26:24
Just looked like the coast of California for me.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
26:26
You see the rivers which are coming along the coast,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
26:29
and you see that white area which looks like Catalina Island,
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ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ ืงื˜ืœื™ื ื”,
26:31
and that looks like an ocean.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
26:33
And then with an instrument we have on board, a radar instrument,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช, ืžื›"ื,
26:36
we found there are lakes like the Great Lakes in here,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืื’ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืจืฅ.
26:39
so it looks very much like Earth.
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26:40
It looks like there are rivers on it, there are oceans or lakes,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืื’ืžื™ื,
ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื’ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื.
26:44
we know there are clouds. We think it's raining also on it.
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26:47
So it's very much like the cycle on Earth except
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ืžืื“ ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ืืœื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจ, ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื,
26:49
because it's so cold, it could not be water, you know,
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26:52
because water would have frozen.
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ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืคืื™ื.
26:54
What it turned out, that all that we are seeing, all this liquid,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
26:56
[is made of] hydrocarbon and ethane and methane,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื, ืืชืืŸ ื•ืžืชืืŸ,
26:59
similar to what you put in your car.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
27:01
So here we have a cycle of a planet which is like our Earth,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™-ืืจืฅ,
27:05
but is all made of ethane and methane and organic material.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืืชืืŸ, ืžืชืืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
27:09
So if you were on Mars -- sorry, on Titan,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื - ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ -
27:12
you don't have to worry about four-dollar gasoline.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื“ืœืง.
27:14
You just drive to the nearest lake, stick your hose in it,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืกืขื• ืœืื’ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืชื›ื ื™ืกื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
27:16
and you've got your car filled up.
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ื•ืชื™ื“ืœืงืชื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ืชื“ืœื™ืงื• ื’ืคืจื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
27:19
On the other hand, if you light a match
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27:21
the whole planet will blow up.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช;
27:25
So in closing, I said I want to close by a couple of pictures.
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27:28
And just to kind of put us in perspective,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืžื—ืœืœื™ืช
27:31
this is a picture of Saturn taken with a spacecraft
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27:34
from behind Saturn, looking towards the Sun.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
27:36
The Sun is behind Saturn, so we see what we call "forward scattering,"
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื "ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืงื“ืžื™",
27:40
so it highlights all the rings. And I'm going to zoom.
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ื–ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. ื›ืขืช ืืชืงืจื‘,
27:43
There is a -- I'm not sure you can see it very well,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื... ืื™ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช,
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื‘ืฉืขื” 10 ื‘ืขืจืš,
27:46
but on the top left, around 10 o'clock,
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ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
27:48
there is a little teeny dot, and that's Earth.
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27:51
You barely can see ourselves. So what I did, I thought I'd zoom on it.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื– ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘.
27:55
So as you zoom in, you know, you can see Earth, you know,
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ื›ืฉืืชืงืจื‘ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
27:59
just in the middle here. So we zoomed all the way on the art center.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข. ื”ื ื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืขื“ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
28:06
So thank you very much.
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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