Charles Elachi: The story of the Mars Rovers

59,329 views ใƒป 2008-11-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kee-Yoon Nahm ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyoungjin Lee
00:16
I thought I'd start with telling you or showing you the people who started [Jet Propulsion Lab].
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์ œํŠธ ์ถ”์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(JPL)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
When they were a bunch of kids,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ
00:22
they were kind of very imaginative, very adventurous,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์‹ฌ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ
00:25
as they were trying at Caltech to mix chemicals
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์นผํ…์—์„œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ์„ž์–ด
00:27
and see which one blows up more.
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
Well, I don't recommend that you try to do that now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ถŒํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
00:32
Naturally, they blew up a shack, and Caltech, well, then,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ํ•œ ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋จน๊ณ  ์นผํ…์€
00:34
hey, you go to the Arroyo and really do all your tests in there.
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์•„๋กœ์š” ์„ธ์ฝ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
So, that's what we call our first five employees
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒซ ์‚ฌ์› ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…์ด
00:41
during the tea break, you know, in here.
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ํœด์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
As I said, they were adventurous people.
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๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจํ—˜์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
As a matter of fact, one of them, who was, kind of, part of a cult
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š์€
00:50
which was not too far from here on Orange Grove,
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์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ธŒ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๊ต ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:54
and unfortunately he blew up himself because he kept mixing chemicals
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์„ ์„ž์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€์ง€ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋‹ค
00:58
and trying to figure out which ones were the best chemicals.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ ํญ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
So, that gives you a kind of flavor
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
01:02
of the kind of people we have there.
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์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ง•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
We try to avoid blowing ourselves up.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ํญ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:05
This one I thought I'd show you.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ,
01:07
Guess which one is a JPL employee in the heart of this crowd.
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์ด ์ค‘์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ JPL ์ง์›์ธ์ง€ ๋งž์ถฐ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:10
I tried to come like him this morning,
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์ €๋„ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:13
but as I walked out, then it was too cold,
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๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถ”์›Œ์„œ
01:15
and I said, I'd better put my shirt back on.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์…”์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž…์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:17
But more importantly, the reason I wanted to show this picture:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
look where the other people are looking,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋”œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
01:22
and look where he is looking.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:25
Wherever anybody else looks, look somewhere else,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”œ ๋ณด๋“ ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ 
01:27
and go do something different, you know, and doing that.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:30
And that's kind of what has been the spirit of what we are doing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์— ์ž„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And I want to tell you a quote from Ralph Emerson
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๋ž„ํ”„ ์—๋จธ์Šจ์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:36
that one of my colleagues, you know, put on my wall in my office,
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์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:39
and it says, "Do not go where the path may lead.
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"๊ธธ์ด ๋‚œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ.
01:42
Go instead where there is no path, and leave a trail."
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ธธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์†”๊ธธ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋ผ."
01:44
And that's my recommendation to all of you:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ถŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
look what everybody is doing, what they are doing;
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ 
01:48
go do something completely different.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑธ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
01:50
Don't try to improve a little bit on what somebody else is doing,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
01:53
because that doesn't get you very far.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ ๋ดค์ž ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
In our early days we used to work a lot on rockets,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:58
but we also used to have a lot of parties, you know.
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ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ์—ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:00
As you can see, one of our parties, you know, a few years ago.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
But then a big difference happened about 50 years ago,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 50์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
after Sputnik was launched. We launched the first American satellite,
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์Šคํ‘ธํŠธ๋‹ˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„์—์š”. ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:11
and that's the one you see on the left in there.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And here we made 180 degrees change:
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ 180๋„ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
we changed from a rocket house to be an exploration house.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋กœ์ผ“ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:19
And that was done over a period of a couple of years,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:22
and now we are the leading organization, you know,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜
02:24
exploring space on all of your behalf.
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์„ ๋„ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ์š”.
02:27
But even when we did that, we had to remind ourselves,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์™€์ค‘์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:30
sometimes there are setbacks.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:32
So you see, on the bottom, that rocket was supposed to go upward;
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์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ์ € ๋กœ์ผ“์€ ์œ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:35
somehow it ended going sideways.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
02:37
So that's what we call the misguided missile.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "์˜ค๋ฐœ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(misguided missile)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
But then also, just to celebrate that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:42
we started an event at JPL for "Miss Guided Missile."
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JPL์—์„œ "๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฏธ์ธ๋Œ€ํšŒ(Miss Guided Missile)"๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:45
So, we used to have a celebration every year and select --
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๋งค๋…„ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ์„ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
there used to be competition and parades and so on.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰์ง„๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”.
02:51
It's not very appropriate to do it now. Some people tell me to do it;
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:54
I think, well, that's not really proper, you know, these days.
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๊ณ„์† ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์š”์ฆ˜์—๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
02:58
So, we do something a little bit more serious.
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๋Œ€์‹  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
And that's what you see in the last Rose Bowl, you know,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—
03:03
when we entered one of the floats.
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
That's more on the play side. And on the right side,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์žฅ๋‚œ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ฃ .
03:07
that's the Rover just before we finished its testing
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๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜
03:10
to take it to the Cape to launch it.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
These are the Rovers up here that you have on Mars now.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:15
So that kind of tells you about, kind of, the fun things,
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค๊ณผ
03:18
you know, and the serious things that we try to do.
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์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:20
But I said I'm going to show you a short clip
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง์› ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
03:22
of one of our employees to kind of give you an idea
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์งง์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑด๋ฐ
03:25
about some of the talent that we have.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์žฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Video: Morgan Hendry: Beware of Safety is
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'์•ˆ์ „ ์กฐ์‹ฌ'์€
03:41
an instrumental rock band.
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์ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฃจ๋ฉ˜ํƒˆ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
It branches on more the experimental side.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ .
03:46
There's the improvisational side of jazz.
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์žฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฆ‰ํฅ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:49
There's the heavy-hitting sound of rock.
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๋ก์˜ ๋ฌต์งํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Being able to treat sound as an instrument, and be able to dig
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•…๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ,
03:57
for more abstract sounds and things to play live,
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๋” ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:59
mixing electronics and acoustics.
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์ „์ž ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์Œ์•…์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:01
The music's half of me, but the other half --
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์Œ์•…์€ ์ €์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€โ€ฆ
04:05
I landed probably the best gig of all.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
I work for the Jet Propulsion Lab. I'm building the next Mars Rover.
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์ €๋Š” JPL์—์„œ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™”์„ฑ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:11
Some of the most brilliant engineers I know
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒœ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š”
04:14
are the ones who have that sort of artistic quality about them.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
You've got to do what you want to do.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑธ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And anyone who tells you you can't, you don't listen to them.
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๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ง์€ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
04:23
Maybe they're right - I doubt it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
Tell them where to put it, and then just do what you want to do.
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์ €๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑธ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
04:28
I'm Morgan Hendry. I am NASA.
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์ „ ๋ชจ๊ฑด ํ—จ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” NASA์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Charles Elachi: Now, moving from the play stuff to the serious stuff,
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์ด์ œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์—์„œ ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ์ผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด
04:37
always people ask, why do we explore?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์™œ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Why are we doing all of these missions and why are we exploring them?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:42
Well, the way I think about it is fairly simple.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
Somehow, 13 billion years ago there was a Big Bang, and you've heard
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130์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋น…๋ฑ…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
04:47
a little bit about, you know, the origin of the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
But somehow what strikes everybody's imagination --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“ , ํ˜น์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„
04:53
or lots of people's imagination -- somehow from that original Big Bang
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์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ทธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋น…๋ฑ…์—์„œ
04:56
we have this beautiful world that we live in today.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋กฏ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
You look outside: you have all that beauty that you see,
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๋ฐ–์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
05:02
all that life that you see around you,
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์šฐ๋ฆด ์—์›Œ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ,
05:04
and here we have intelligent people like you and I
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง€์  ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”
05:06
who are having a conversation here.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ € ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๋Šฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„,
05:08
All that started from that Big Bang. So, the question is:
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๋น…๋ฑ…์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„์š”. ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์€
05:10
How did that happen? How did that evolve? How did the universe form?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ? ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋์„๊นŒ?
05:15
How did the galaxies form? How did the planets form?
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์€ํ•˜์™€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋์„๊นŒ?
05:17
Why is there a planet on which there is life which have evolved?
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์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
05:20
Is that very common?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ผ๊นŒ?
05:22
Is there life on every planet that you can see around the stars?
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๋ณ„์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
05:26
So we literally are all made out of stardust.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ„๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋กœ ๋ผ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
We started from those stars; we are made of stardust.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ณ„๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ„๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋กœ ๋ผ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:31
So, next time you are really depressed, look in the mirror
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์šธ์ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
05:33
and you can look and say, hi, I'm looking at a star here.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณ„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:35
You can skip the dust part.
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๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋›ฐ์‹œ๊ณ ์š”.
05:37
But literally, we are all made of stardust.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ„๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋กœ ๋ผ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
So, what we are trying to do in our exploration is effectively
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:43
write the book of how things have came about as they are today.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ผ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
And one of the first, or the easiest, places we can go
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ,
05:51
and explore that is to go towards Mars.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฌ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
And the reason Mars takes particular attention:
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ํ™”์„ฑ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:56
it's not very far from us.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
You know, it'll take us only six months to get there.
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๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ž‘ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Six to nine months at the right time of the year.
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1๋…„ ์ค‘ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 6๊ฐœ์›”์—์„œ 9๊ฐœ์›”์ด์š”.
06:03
It's a planet somewhat similar to Earth. It's a little bit smaller,
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๋˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฝค ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ
06:05
but the land mass on Mars is about the same
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ํ™”์„ฑ ๋Œ€์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ
06:08
as the land mass on Earth, you know,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
if you don't take the oceans into account.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
06:11
It has polar caps. It has an atmosphere somewhat thinner than ours,
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๊ทน๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ํฌ๋ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
06:16
so it has weather. So, it's very similar to some extent,
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๊ธฐ์ƒํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์„ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ฃ .
06:19
and you can see some of the features on it,
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ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„
06:21
like the Grand Canyon on Mars,
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
or what we call the Grand Canyon on Mars.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
06:24
It is like the Grand Canyon on Earth, except a hell of a lot larger.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
So it's about the size, you know, of the United States.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ๋งž๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
It has volcanoes on it. And that's Mount Olympus on Mars,
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๋˜ ํ™”์‚ฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ‘ธ์Šค ์‚ฐ์ธ๋ฐ
06:37
which is a kind of huge volcanic shield on that planet.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํŒจํ˜• ํ™”์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
And if you look at the height of it
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๊ทธ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ
06:43
and you compare it to Mount Everest, you see, it'll give you
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์—๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:47
an idea of how large that Mount Olympus, you know, is,
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์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ‘ธ์Šค ์‚ฐ์ด ์—๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
06:51
relative to Mount Everest.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So, it basically dwarfs, you know, Mount Everest here on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์—๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฐ์„ ์ž‘์•„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:56
So, that gives you an idea of the tectonic events or volcanic events
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์งˆ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:00
which have happened on that planet.
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์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Recently from one of our satellites, this shows that it's Earth-like --
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ„์„ฑ์—์„œ, ์ง€๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
07:05
we caught a landslide occurring as it was happening.
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:09
So it is a dynamic planet,
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์•„์ฃผ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๊ณ 
07:11
and activity is going on as we speak today.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
And these Rovers, people wonder now, what are they doing today,
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
07:17
so I thought I would show you a little bit what they are doing.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
This is one very large crater. Geologists love craters,
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:24
because craters are like digging a big hole in the ground
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ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„
07:26
without really working at it,
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๋•…์— ํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„
07:28
and you can see what's below the surface.
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์ง€ํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:30
So, this is called Victoria Crater,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ
07:32
which is about a few football fields in size.
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์ถ•๊ตฌ์žฅ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
And if you look at the top left, you see a little teeny dark dot.
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์ขŒ์ธก ์ƒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊นŒ๋งŒ ์ ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
This picture was taken from an orbiting satellite.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ด๋™ ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
If I zoom on it, you can see: that's the Rover on the surface.
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ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
So, that was taken from orbit; we had the camera zoom on the surface,
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๊ถค๋„์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
07:46
and we actually saw the Rover on the surface.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:49
And we actually used the combination of the satellite images
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด
07:53
and the Rover to actually conduct science,
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์‹ค์ œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
because we can observe large areas
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๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
07:58
and then you can get those Rovers to move around
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์šด์ „ํ•ด์„œ
08:00
and basically go to a certain location.
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ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:02
So, specifically what we are doing now is
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
08:05
that Rover is going down in that crater.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ € ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
As I told you, geologists love craters.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋Š” ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.
08:09
And the reason is, many of you went to the Grand Canyon,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์…จ์„
08:12
and you see in the wall of the Grand Canyon, you see these layers.
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๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์บ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์ธต๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
08:16
And what these layers -- that's what the surface used to be
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์ด ์ง€์ธต๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
a million years ago, 10 million years ago,
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100๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „, 1000๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „,
08:22
100 million years ago, and you get deposits on top of them.
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1์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์—์š”. ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์Œ“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
So if you can read the layers it's like reading your book,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์ง€์ธต์„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„
08:27
and you can learn the history of what happened in the past
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์ด ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
08:30
in that location.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
So what you are seeing here are the layers on the wall
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์˜ ์ง€์ธต์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
08:35
of that crater, and the Rover is going down now, measuring, you know,
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:39
the properties and analyzing the rocks
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๋Œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
as it's going down, you know, that canyon.
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์ด ํ˜‘๊ณก์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
08:44
Now, it's kind of a little bit of a challenge driving
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:46
down a slope like this.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
08:48
If you were there you wouldn't do it yourself.
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๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•ˆ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
But we really made sure we tested those Rovers
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์ „์—
08:52
before we got them down -- or that Rover --
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ—˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:55
and made sure that it's all working well.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
Now, when I came last time, shortly after the landing --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™”์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์งํ›„,
09:00
I think it was, like, a hundred days after the landing --
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ 100์ผ ํ›„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:02
I told you I was surprised that those Rovers
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์ด 100์ผ๊นŒ์ง€
09:04
are lasting even a hundred days.
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์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ .
09:07
Well, here we are four years later, and they're still working.
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์ด์ œ 4๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ง ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
Now you say, Charles, you are really lying to us, and so on,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
09:12
but that's not true. We really believed they were going to last
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์ด
09:14
90 days or 100 days, because they are solar powered,
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90~100์ผ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ค„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ํƒœ์–‘์ธ๋ฐ
09:18
and Mars is a dusty planet, so we expected the dust
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ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ผ์„œ
09:21
would start accumulating on the surface, and after a while
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๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์Œ“์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
09:24
we wouldn't have enough power, you know, to keep them warm.
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์ž‘๋™ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:27
Well, I always say it's important that you are smart,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด๋„
09:29
but every once in a while it's good to be lucky.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
And that's what we found out. It turned out that every once in a while
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”. ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
09:35
there are dust devils which come by on Mars, as you are seeing here,
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:39
and when the dust devil comes over the Rover, it just cleans it up.
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ํšŒ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์œ„๋กœ ์™€์„œ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
It is like a brand new car that you have,
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์ƒˆ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
09:45
and that's literally why they have lasted so long.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
And now we designed them reasonably well,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:50
but that's exactly why they are lasting that long
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
09:54
and still providing all the science data.
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๊ณผํ•™ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Now, the two Rovers, each one of them is, kind of, getting old.
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๋‘ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
You know, one of them, one of the wheels is stuck, is not working,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์š”.
10:02
one of the front wheels, so what we are doing,
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์•ž ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:04
we are driving it backwards.
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๋’ค๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
And the other one has arthritis of the shoulder joint, you know,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด ์–ด๊นจ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
it's not working very well, so it's walking like this,
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์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:11
and we can move the arm, you know, that way.
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ํŒ”์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
But still they are producing a lot of scientific data.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Now, during that whole period, a number of people got excited,
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์ด๋•Œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:19
you know, outside the science community about these Rovers,
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
10:23
so I thought I'd show you a video just to give you a reflection
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„ ๋ฐ– ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์˜
10:26
about how these Rovers are being viewed by people
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
10:29
other than the science community.
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์งง์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
So let me go on the next short video.
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์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
10:34
By the way, this video is pretty accurate of how the landing took place, you know,
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŽธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
about four years ago.
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4๋…„ ์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
10:40
Video: Okay, we have parachute aligned.
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์ข‹์•„, ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ ์ •๋ ฌ.
10:42
Okay, deploy the airbags. Open.
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์ข‹์•„. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ.
10:46
Camera. We have a picture right now.
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ. ์˜์ƒ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
Yeah!
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์™€์šฐ! ์˜ˆ!
10:53
CE: That's about what happened in the Houston operation room. It's exactly like this.
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์ €๊ฒŒ ํœด์Šคํ„ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์‹ค์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด๋žฌ์–ด์š”.
10:58
Video: Now, if there is life, the Dutch will find it.
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์ž, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋”์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
11:09
What is he doing?
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๋ญ์•ผ?
11:12
What is that?
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์ €๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์ง€?
11:24
CE: Not too bad.
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๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค.
11:34
So anyway, let me continue on showing you a little bit
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„
11:37
about the beauty of that planet.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
As I said earlier, it looked very much like Earth,
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์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฎ์•„์„œ
11:41
so you see sand dunes.
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๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋•์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์š”.
11:43
It looks like I could have told you these are pictures taken
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์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
11:45
from the Sahara Desert or somewhere, and you'd have believed me,
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์ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ •๋„์ง€๋งŒ
11:48
but these are pictures taken from Mars.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
But one area which is particularly intriguing for us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€
11:52
is the northern region, you know, of Mars, close to the North Pole,
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ํ™”์„ฑ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๋ถ๊ทน ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
because we see ice caps, and we see the ice caps shrinking
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ๋…„์„ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ
11:58
and expanding, so it's very much like you have in northern Canada.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ถ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:02
And we wanted to find out -- and we see all kinds of glacial features on it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น™ํ•˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
12:05
So, we wanted to find out, actually,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ผ์Œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋ญ”์ง€
12:07
what is that ice made of, and could that have embedded in it
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
12:11
some organic, you know, material.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
So we have a spacecraft which is heading towards Mars,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
called Phoenix, and that spacecraft will land
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์ด ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:19
17 days, seven hours and 20 seconds from now,
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17์ผ 7์‹œ๊ฐ„ 20์ดˆ ํ›„ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
so you can adjust your watch.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์„ธ์š”.
12:25
So it's on May 25 around just before five o'clock our time here
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5์›” 25์ผ, ์„œ๋ถ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 5์‹œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•ˆ ๋ผ์„œ
12:29
on the West Coast, actually we will be landing on another planet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
And as you can see, this is a picture of the spacecraft put on Mars,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
but I thought that just in case you're going to miss that show, you know,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 17์ผ ํ›„ ๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์„ ๋†“์น˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ
12:39
in 17 days, I'll show you, kind of,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ์ง€
12:41
a little bit of what's going to happen.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Video: That's what we call the seven minutes of terror.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ณตํฌ์˜ 7๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
So the plan is to dig in the soil and take samples
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๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ† ์–‘์„ ํŒŒ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์–ป์–ด
13:02
that we put them in an oven and actually heat them
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๊ฐ€์—ด๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€
13:05
and look what gases will come from it.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
So this was launched about nine months ago.
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์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์€ ์•ฝ ์•„ํ™‰ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
We'll be coming in at 12,000 miles per hour, and in seven minutes
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์‹œ์† 20,000Km๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  7๋ถ„ ์•ˆ์— ์ •์ง€ํ•ด
13:17
we have to stop and touch the surface very softly
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์ง€๋ฉด์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
so we don't break that lander.
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๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:38
Ben Cichy: Phoenix is the first Mars Scout mission.
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ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ ๋ถ๊ทน ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด
13:40
It's the first mission that's going to try to land
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์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”
13:42
near the North Pole of Mars, and it's the first mission
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์ฒซ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
13:44
that's actually going to try and reach out and touch water
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰์„
13:47
on the surface of another planet.
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์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
Lynn Craig: Where there tends to be water, at least on Earth,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—
13:52
there tends to be life, and so it's potentially a place
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋ผ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
13:55
where life could have existed on the planet in the past.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
Erik Bailey: The main purpose of EDL is to take a spacecraft that is traveling
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EDL(์ง„์ž…-ํ•˜๊ฐ•-์ฐฉ๋ฅ™)์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
14:06
at 12,500 miles an hour and bring it to a screeching halt
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์‹œ์† 20,000Km๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ
14:12
in a soft way in a very short amount of time.
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๊ธ‰์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
BC: We enter the Martian atmosphere.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•  ๋•Œ
14:18
We're 70 miles above the surface of Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด 110Km ์ƒ๊ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:20
And our lander is safely tucked inside what we call an aeroshell.
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์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์€ ์—์–ด๋กœ์‰˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•ˆ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:23
EB: Looks kind of like an ice cream cone, more or less.
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๋Œ€๊ฐ• ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ ์ฝ˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
BC: And on the front of it is this heat shield,
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์•ž๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์—ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
this saucer-looking thing that has about a half-inch
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์ ‘์‹œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ 1.3cm ๋‘๊ป˜์˜
14:30
of essentially what's cork on the front of it,
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์ฝ”๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋ผ ์žˆ์–ด
14:32
which is our heat shield.
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์—ด์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
Now, this is really special cork,
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ฅดํฌ๋กœ
14:35
and this cork is what's going to protect us
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๊ณง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ์ง„์ž…์—์„œ
14:37
from the violent atmospheric entry that we're about to experience.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
Rob Grover: Friction really starts to build up on the spacecraft,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์— ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
14:44
and we use the friction when it's flying through the atmosphere
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
14:47
to our advantage to slow us down.
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๊ฐ์†์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
BC: From this point, we're going to decelerate from 12,500 miles an hour
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์† 20,000Km์—์„œ
14:55
down to 900 miles an hour.
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์‹œ์† 1,400Km๋กœ ๊ฐ์†ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
EB: The outside can get almost as hot as the surface of the Sun.
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์™ธ์žฅ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋งŒํผ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:59
RG: The temperature of the heat shield can reach 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit.
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์—ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์„ญ์”จ 1,400๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:05
EB: The inside doesn't get very hot.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
It probably gets about room temperature.
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์•„๋งˆ ์‹ค์˜จ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
Richard Kornfeld: There is this window of opportunity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ํŽผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:13
within which we can deploy the parachute.
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๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
EB: If you fire the 'chute too early, the parachute itself could fail.
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๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ผ์ฐ ํŽด๋ฉด ์ž˜๋ชป๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
The fabric and the stitching could just pull apart.
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์ฒœ๊ณผ ์†”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œฏ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:24
And that would be bad.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํฐ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
15:26
BC: In the first 15 seconds after we deploy the parachute,
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๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ํŽธ ์ง€ 15์ดˆ ์•ˆ์—
15:29
we'll decelerate from 900 miles an hour
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์‹œ์† 1,400Km์—์„œ
15:31
to a relatively slow 250 miles an hour.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์† 400Km๋กœ ๊ฐ์†ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
We no longer need the heat shield to protect us
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ์ง„์ž…์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ์ด์ƒ
15:36
from the force of atmospheric entry, so we jettison the heat shield,
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํˆฌํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
15:40
exposing for the first time our lander to the atmosphere of Mars.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์„ ํ™”์„ฑ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
LC: After the heat shield has been jettisoned and the legs are deployed,
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์—ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŽธ ๋‹ค์Œ
15:47
the next step is to have the radar system begin to detect
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ
15:51
how far Phoenix really is from the ground.
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ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค์™€ ์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
BC: We've lost 99 percent of our entry velocity.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ž… ์†๋„์˜ 99%๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
So, we're 99 percent of the way to where we want to be.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— 99% ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
16:01
But that last one percent, as it always seems to be, is the tricky part.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 1%๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
EB: Now the spacecraft actually has to decide
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ง€
16:07
when it's going to get rid of its parachute.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
BC: We separate from the lander going 125 miles an hour
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์† 200Km๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์„
16:11
at roughly a kilometer above the surface of Mars: 3,200 feet.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ์•ฝ 1Km ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
That's like taking two Empire State Buildings
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์— ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ 2์ฑ„๋ฅผ
16:17
and stacking them on top of one another.
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์Œ“์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†’์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
EB: That's when we separate from the back shell,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์™ธ์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ 
16:20
and we're now in free-fall.
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์ž์œ  ๋‚™ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
It's a very scary moment; a lot has to happen
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ . ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด
16:26
in a very short amount of time.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
LC: So it's in a free-fall,
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์ž์œ  ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ค‘์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
16:32
but it's also trying to use all of its actuators
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๋™์‹œ์— ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
16:36
to make sure that it's in the right position to land.
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์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
EB: And then it has to light up its engines, right itself,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์—”์ง„์„ ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ณ ,
16:43
and then slowly slow itself down and touch down on the ground safely.
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฐ์†ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
BC: Earth and Mars are so far apart that it takes over ten minutes
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊นŒ์ง€
16:57
for a signal from Mars to get to Earth.
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฟ๋Š”๋ฐ 10๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
And EDL itself is all over in a matter of seven minutes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ EDL์€ 7๋ถ„์ด๋ฉด ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
So by the time you even hear from the lander that EDL has started
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ EDL์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋• ์ด๋ฏธ
17:05
it'll already be over.
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๋‹ค ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:06
EB: We have to build large amounts of autonomy into the spacecraft
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
17:09
so that it can land itself safely.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ข… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
BC: EDL is this immense, technically challenging problem.
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EDL์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
It's about getting a spacecraft that's hurtling through deep space
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„
17:17
and using all this bag of tricks to somehow figure out
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด
17:19
how to get it down to the surface of Mars at zero miles an hour.
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์‹œ์† 0Km๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
It's this immensely exciting and challenging problem.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์ „์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
CE: Hopefully it all will happen the way you saw it in here.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ๋ณด์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
So it will be a very tense moment, you know,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด์žฅ๋œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
as we are watching that spacecraft landing on another planet.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์š”.
17:43
So now let me talk about the next things that we are doing.
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์ด์ œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
So we are in the process, as we speak, of actually designing
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋  ๋‹ค์Œ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„
17:48
the next Rover that we are going to be sending to Mars.
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์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
So I thought I would go a little bit and tell you, kind of,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š”์ง€
17:52
the steps we go through.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
It's very similar to what you do when you design your product.
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์ œํ’ˆ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
As you saw a little bit earlier,
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์•ž์„œ ๋ณด์…จ๋˜ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค 1ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ
17:59
when we were doing the Phoenix one,
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์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
18:00
we have to take into account the heat that we are going to be facing.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋  ์—ด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
So we have to study all kinds of different materials,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
18:05
the shape that we want to do.
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๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
18:07
In general we don't try to please the customer here.
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
What we want to do is to make sure we have an effective, you know,
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๋˜๋„๋ก ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋„๋ก
18:12
an efficient kind of machine.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
18:14
First we start by we want to have our employees
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์ผ๋‹จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ
18:16
to be as imaginative as they can.
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์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
And we really love being close to the art center, because we have,
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์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค
18:22
as a matter of fact, one of the alumni from the art center,
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์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์„ผํ„ฐ ์กธ์—…์ƒ์ธ
18:24
Eric Nyquist, had put a series of displays,
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์—๋ฆญ ๋‚˜์ดํ€ด์ŠคํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋ฌด ๊ธฐํš์‹ค, ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ๊ธฐํš์‹ค์ด๋ผ
18:26
far-out displays, you know,
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๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ์—
18:28
in our what we call mission design or spacecraft design room,
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฐธ์‹ ํ•œ ์ „์‹œํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
18:31
just to get people to think wildly about things.
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์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์š”.
18:33
We have a bunch of Legos. So, as I said,
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๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋„ ์ž”๋œฉ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
18:36
this is a playground for adults, where they sit down and try to play
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์ด ๊ณณ์€ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•‰์•„์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ
18:39
with different shapes and different designs.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
Then we get a little bit more serious, so we have
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
18:46
what we call our CAD/CAMs and all the engineers who are involved,
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CAD/CAM ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
18:49
or scientists who are involved, who know about thermal properties,
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์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ด ํŠน์„ฑ,
18:52
know about design, know about atmospheric interaction, parachutes,
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๋””์ž์ธ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ, ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ,
18:55
all of these things, which they work in a team effort
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
18:58
and actually design a spacecraft in a computer to some extent,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด
19:02
so to see, does that meet the requirement that we need.
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์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:05
On the right, also, we have to take into account
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜
19:07
the environment of the planet where we are going.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:09
If you are going to Jupiter, you have a very high-radiation,
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ ..
19:12
you know, environment. It's about the same radiation environment
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์€
19:14
close by Jupiter as inside a nuclear reactor.
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์›์ž๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:17
So just imagine: you take your P.C. and throw it into a nuclear reactor
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. PC๋ฅผ ์›์ž๋กœ ์•ˆ์— ๋˜์ ธ๋„
19:20
and it still has to work.
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์ž‘๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
So these are kind of some of the little challenges, you know,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด์•ผ ํ• 
19:24
that we have to face.
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์ž‘์€ ๋‚œ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
If we are doing entry, we have to do tests of parachutes.
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์ง„์ž…์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:29
You saw in the video a parachute breaking. That would be a bad day,
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๋™์˜์ƒ์— ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์ด ์ฐข์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์…จ์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
19:32
you know, if that happened, so we have to test,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:35
because we are deploying this parachute at supersonic speeds.
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์ดˆ์Œ์† ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ํŽด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
19:38
We are coming at extremely high speeds, and we are deploying them
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ํŽด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:41
to slow us down. So we have to do all kinds of tests.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:43
To give you an idea of the size, you know, of that parachute
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์ €๊ธฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
19:46
relative to the people standing there.
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๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:48
Next step, we go and actually build some kind of test models
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
19:52
and actually test them, you know, in the lab at JPL,
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๋งˆ์Šค ์•ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” JPL ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
19:55
in what we call our Mars Yard.
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:57
We kick them, we hit them, we drop them,
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๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ฐจ๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:59
just to make sure we understand how, where would they break.
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์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์†๋  ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
20:03
And then we back off, you know, from that point.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
20:09
And then we actually do the actual building and the flight.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:13
And this next Rover that we're flying is about the size of a car.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:17
That big shield that you see outside,
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๋ฐ–์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ € ํฐ ๋ฐฉํŒจ๋Š”
20:19
that's a heat shield which is going to protect it.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์—ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:21
And that will be basically built over the next year,
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๋‹ค์Œ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•ด
20:24
and it will be launched June a year from now.
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๋‚ด๋…„ 6์›”์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
Now, in that case, because it was a very big Rover,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด์–ด์„œ
20:30
we couldn't use airbags.
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์—์–ด๋ฐฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:32
And I know many of you, kind of, last time afterwards said
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์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ๋๋‚˜์ž
20:34
well, that was a cool thing to have -- those airbags.
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์—์–ด๋ฐฑ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์ฃ .
20:37
Unfortunately this Rover is, like, ten times the size of the, you know,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ๋ณด๋‹ค
20:40
mass-wise, of the other Rover, or three times the mass.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 10๋ฐฐ, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 3๋ฐฐ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:43
So we can't use airbags. So we have to come up with
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—์–ด๋ฐฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ 
20:45
another ingenious idea of how do we land it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:47
And we didn't want to take it propulsively all the way to the surface
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ ๊นŒ ์ง€์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†
20:51
because we didn't want to contaminate the surface;
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์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
we wanted the Rover to immediately land on its legs.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž์ฃ .
20:56
So we came up with this ingenious idea,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
20:58
which is used here on Earth for helicopters.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:02
Actually, the lander will come down to about 100 feet and hover
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์€ ํ™”์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ณต 30m๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€
21:06
above that surface for 100 feet, and then we have a sky crane
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๋–  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ค‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„
21:09
which will take that Rover and land it down on the surface.
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์ง€์ƒ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:11
Hopefully it all will work, you know, it will work that way.
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์ž˜ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:14
And that Rover will be more kind of like a chemist.
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๊ทธ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:17
What we are going to be doing with that Rover as it drives around,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ข… ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
21:20
it's going to go and analyze the chemical composition of rocks.
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์•”์„์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:23
So it will have an arm which will take samples,
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ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ ,
21:26
put them in an oven, crush and analyze them.
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๋ถ„์‡„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ”์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:28
But also, if there is something that we cannot reach
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด
21:31
because it is too high on a cliff, we have a little laser system
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๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•”์„์— ์ด์„œ
21:34
which will actually zap the rock, evaporate some of it,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€
21:37
and actually analyze what's coming from that rock.
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๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์žฅ์น˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:39
So it's a little bit like "Star Wars," you know, but it's real.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์ฆˆ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:42
It's real stuff.
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์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
21:44
And also to help you, to help the community
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๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
21:46
so you can do ads on that Rover, we are going to train that Rover
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ํƒ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ,
21:50
to actually in addition to do this, to actually serve cocktails,
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์นตํ…Œ์ผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:53
you know, also on Mars.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์—์„œ์š”.
21:55
So that's kind of giving you an idea of the kind of, you know,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„ฑ์— ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
21:58
fun things we are doing on Mars.
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๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:59
I thought I'd go to "The Lord of the Rings" now
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์ด์ œ โ€˜๋ฐ˜์ง€์˜ ์ œ์™•โ€™, ํ† ์„ฑ์—
22:02
and show you some of the things we have there.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:04
Now, "The Lord of the Rings" has two things played through it.
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๋ฐ˜์ง€์˜ ์ œ์™•์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:07
One, it's a very attractive planet --
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์•„์ฃผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด์ฃ .
22:10
it just has the beauty of the rings and so on.
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๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ˆ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:12
But for scientists, also the rings have a special meaning,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:15
because we believe they represent, on a small scale,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„
22:18
how the Solar System actually formed.
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์ถ•์†Œํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
22:21
Some of the scientists believe that the way the Solar System formed,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ด,
22:25
that the Sun when it collapsed and actually created the Sun,
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์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ
22:29
a lot of the dust around it created rings
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
22:31
and then the particles in those rings accumulated together,
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๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋ผ
22:34
and they formed bigger rocks, and then that's how the planets,
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๋” ํฐ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋“ค์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ 
22:37
you know, were formed.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:38
So, the idea is, by watching Saturn we're actually watching
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
22:41
our solar system in real time being formed on a smaller scale,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ•ด์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ
22:44
so it's like a test bed for it.
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์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:46
So, let me show you a little bit
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ํ† ์„ฑ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€
22:48
on what that Saturnian system looks like.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:51
First, I'm going to fly you over the rings.
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์ผ๋‹จ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
22:54
By the way, all of this is real stuff.
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:56
This is not animation or anything like this.
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์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:58
This is actually taken from the satellite
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ† ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
23:00
that we have in orbit around Saturn, the Cassini.
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์นด์‹œ๋‹ˆ ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
23:03
And you see the amount of detail that is in those rings,
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๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
23:06
which are the particles.
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์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
23:07
Some of them are agglomerating together to form larger particles.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ‰์ณ ๋” ํฐ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:10
So that's why you have these gaps, is because a small satellite, you know,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ‹ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—
23:14
is being formed in that location.
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์ž‘์€ ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
23:17
Now, you think that those rings are very large objects.
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์ € ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ปค ๋ณด์ด์ฃ ?
23:19
Yes, they are very large in one dimension;
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๋„ค, ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฌ์ฃ .
23:21
in the other dimension they are paper thin. Very, very thin.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ์–‡์•„์š”.
23:24
What you are seeing here is the shadow of the ring on Saturn itself.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ† ์„ฑ์— ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์›Œ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:28
And that's one of the satellites
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ
23:29
which was actually formed on that one.
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์œ„์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ณ ์š”.
23:32
So, think about it as a paper-thin,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒKm์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”
23:34
huge area of many hundreds of thousands of miles, which is rotating.
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์ข…์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–‡๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
23:39
And we have a wide variety of kind of satellites which will form,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ํฌํ•œํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜
23:42
each one looking very different and very odd, and that keeps
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
23:45
scientists busy for tens of years trying to explain this,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:48
and telling NASA we need more money so we can explain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
23:51
what these things look like, or why they formed that way.
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NASA์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ .
23:53
Well, there were two satellites which were particularly interesting.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:56
One of them is called Enceladus.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์—”์…€๋ผ๋‘์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:58
It's a satellite which was all made of ice,
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์–ผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์œ„์„ฑ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ถค๋„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
24:01
and we measured it from orbit. Made of ice.
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์–ผ์Œ์ด์—์š”.
24:03
But there was something bizarre about it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:05
If you look at these stripes in here, what we call tiger stripes,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ €ํฐ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
24:09
when we flew over them, all of a sudden we saw
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๊ทธ ์œ„๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ž ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
24:11
an increase in the temperature, which said that those stripes
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๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ด ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋“ค์€
24:14
are warmer than the rest of the planet.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:16
So as we flew by away from it, we looked back. And guess what?
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์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”?
24:21
We saw geysers coming out.
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๊ฐ„ํ—์ฒœ์ด ๋ฟœ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:23
So this is a Yellowstone, you know, of Saturn.
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์ด๊ฑด ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋กœ ์Šคํ†ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
24:25
We are seeing geysers of ice which are coming out of that planet,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ์–ผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฐ„ํ—์ฒœ์ด ๋ฟœ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ
24:29
which indicate that most likely there is an ocean, you know,
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์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜
24:31
below the surface.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:33
And somehow, through some dynamic effect, we're having these geysers
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์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ•™ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด ๊ฐ„ํ—์ฒœ๋“ค์ด
24:36
which are being, you know, emitted from it.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
24:39
And the reason I showed the little arrow there,
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์ €๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
24:41
I think that should say 30 miles,
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์ €๊ฒŒ 50Km๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ
24:43
we decided a few months ago to actually fly the spacecraft
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์— ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ € ๊ฐ„ํ—์ฒœ ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„
24:46
through the plume of that geyser
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ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:48
so we can actually measure the material that it is made of.
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๊ทธ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ์š”.
24:53
That was [unclear] also -- you know, because we were worried
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๊ฑด 65Km ์ƒ๊ณต์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
24:56
about the risk of it, but it worked pretty well.
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๊ฝค ์ž˜ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:58
We flew at the top of it, and we found that there is a fair amount of
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๊ทธ ์œ„๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ผ์Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜
25:01
organic material which is being emitted in combination with the ice.
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:05
And over the next few years, as we keep orbiting, you know, Saturn,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์† ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
25:09
we are planning to get closer and closer down to the surface
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์ ์ฐจ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
25:12
and make more accurate measurements.
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๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:14
Now, another satellite also attracted a lot of attention,
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ
25:16
and that's Titan. And the reason Titan is particularly interesting,
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ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์ด ํŠนํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š”
25:19
it's a satellite bigger than our moon, and it has an atmosphere.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์œ„์„ฑ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:24
And that atmosphere is very -- as dense as our own atmosphere.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:27
So if you were on Titan, you would feel the same pressure
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ •๋„์˜
25:30
that you feel in here. Except it's a lot colder,
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์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ถฅ๊ณ 
25:34
and that atmosphere is heavily made of methane.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
25:37
Now, methane gets people all excited, because it's organic material,
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๋ฉ”ํƒ„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํฅ๋ถ„์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ . ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ
25:40
so immediately people start thinking,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ
25:42
could life have evolved in that location,
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์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
25:45
when you have a lot of organic material.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
25:47
So people believe now that Titan is most likely what we call
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์ด "์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด์ „ ํ–‰์„ฑ"์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
25:51
a pre-biotic planet, because it's so cold organic material did not get
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถ”์›Œ์„œ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ
25:57
to the stage of becoming biological material,
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๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
25:59
and therefore life could have evolved on it.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
26:01
So it could be Earth, frozen three billion years ago
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์ƒ๋ช… ํ™œ๋™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ 30์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์˜
26:05
before life actually started on it.
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์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:07
So that's getting a lot of interest, and to show you some example
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
26:10
of what we did in there, we actually dropped a probe,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ผ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด,
26:14
which was developed by our colleagues in Europe, we dropped a probe
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์„
26:16
as we were orbiting Saturn.
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ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:19
We dropped a probe in the atmosphere of Titan.
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ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์— ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์ฃ .
26:21
And this is a picture of an area as we were coming down.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:24
Just looked like the coast of California for me.
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๊ผญ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๊ฐ™์•˜์–ด์š”.
26:26
You see the rivers which are coming along the coast,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
26:29
and you see that white area which looks like Catalina Island,
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์‚ฐํƒ€ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ํ•˜์–€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
26:31
and that looks like an ocean.
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์ €๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
26:33
And then with an instrument we have on board, a radar instrument,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ
26:36
we found there are lakes like the Great Lakes in here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 5๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:39
so it looks very much like Earth.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ฎ์•˜์ฃ .
26:40
It looks like there are rivers on it, there are oceans or lakes,
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๊ฐ•๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
26:44
we know there are clouds. We think it's raining also on it.
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
26:47
So it's very much like the cycle on Earth except
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ๋ฐ
26:49
because it's so cold, it could not be water, you know,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฅ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌผ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
26:52
because water would have frozen.
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๋ฌผ์€ ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์—ˆ์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
26:54
What it turned out, that all that we are seeing, all this liquid,
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ด ์•ก์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
26:56
[is made of] hydrocarbon and ethane and methane,
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ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ์—ํƒ„๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:59
similar to what you put in your car.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
27:01
So here we have a cycle of a planet which is like our Earth,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
27:05
but is all made of ethane and methane and organic material.
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ํƒ„๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:09
So if you were on Mars -- sorry, on Titan,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ™”์„ฑ, ์•„๋‹ˆ ํƒ€์ดํƒ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
27:12
you don't have to worry about four-dollar gasoline.
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๊ธฐ๋ฆ„๊ฐ’์ด 4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜์†Ÿ์•„๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ์—†์ฃ .
27:14
You just drive to the nearest lake, stick your hose in it,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ˜ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฝ‚๊ณ 
27:16
and you've got your car filled up.
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๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
27:19
On the other hand, if you light a match
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์„ฑ๋ƒฅ์„ ์ผœ๋ฉด
27:21
the whole planet will blow up.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ํญ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:25
So in closing, I said I want to close by a couple of pictures.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ช‡ ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:28
And just to kind of put us in perspective,
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์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ์š”.
27:31
this is a picture of Saturn taken with a spacecraft
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์ด๊ฑด ํ† ์„ฑ ๋’ค์—์„œ ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
27:34
from behind Saturn, looking towards the Sun.
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ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:36
The Sun is behind Saturn, so we see what we call "forward scattering,"
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด ํ† ์„ฑ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "์ „๋ฐฉ ์‚ฐ๋ž€"์ด๋ผ๋Š”
27:40
so it highlights all the rings. And I'm going to zoom.
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ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜์ฃ . ์ด์ œ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ํ…๋ฐ
27:43
There is a -- I'm not sure you can see it very well,
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์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
27:46
but on the top left, around 10 o'clock,
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์ขŒ์ธก ์ƒ๋‹จ, 10์‹œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—
27:48
there is a little teeny dot, and that's Earth.
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์ž‘์€ ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ €๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:51
You barely can see ourselves. So what I did, I thought I'd zoom on it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑธ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
27:55
So as you zoom in, you know, you can see Earth, you know,
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ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์•™์—
27:59
just in the middle here. So we zoomed all the way on the art center.
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๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํŠธ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
28:06
So thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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