The paradox of efficiency | Edward Tenner

257,512 views ใƒป 2020-01-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:12
Who doesn't love efficiency?
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ืžื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช?
00:14
I do.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘.
00:16
Efficiency means more for less.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช.
00:19
More miles per gallon, more light per watt,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืงื™ืœื•-ื•ื•ืื˜,
00:23
more words per minute.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ืงื”.
00:25
More for less is the next best thing
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™
00:28
to something for nothing.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื•ื.
00:31
Algorithms, big data, the cloud are giving us more for less.
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ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืื˜ื”, ื”ืขื ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช.
00:36
Are we heading toward a friction-free utopia
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื
00:39
or toward a nightmare of surveillance?
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ืื• ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื—?
00:42
I don't know.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
00:43
My interest is in the present.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
00:46
And I'd like to show you
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
00:48
how the past can help us understand the present.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
00:52
There's nothing that summarizes
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืกื›ื
00:55
both the promise and the danger of efficiency
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ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
00:57
like the humble potato.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืข.
00:59
The potato originated in the Andes
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื
01:02
and it spread to Europe from the ancient Inca.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”.
01:07
The potato is a masterpiece of balanced nutrition.
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ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืืจ ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช.
01:13
And it had some very powerful friends.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
01:16
King Frederick the Great of Prussia
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ื”ืžืœืš ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืคืจื•ืกื™ื”,
01:19
was the first enthusiast.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:22
He believed that the potato could help
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
01:25
increase the population of healthy Prussians.
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
01:28
And the more healthy Prussians,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
01:31
the more healthy Prussian soldiers.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
01:34
And some of those healthy Prussian soldiers
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
01:36
captured a French military pharmacist named Parmentier.
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ืชืคืกื• ืจื•ืงื— ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืคืจืžื ื˜ื™ื”.
01:41
Parmentier, at first, was appalled
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ืคืจืžื ื˜ื™ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืข
01:43
by the morning, noon and night diet
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ืžื”ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘
01:47
fed to POWs of potatoes,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
01:51
but he came to enjoy it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื’ืœ ื•ืืฃ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืš.
01:53
He thought they were making him a healthier person.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:56
And so, when he was released,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ,
01:58
he took it on himself to spread the potato to France.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืฆืจืคืช.
02:03
And he had some powerful friends.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
02:05
Benjamin Franklin advised him to hold a banquet,
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ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ืฉืฃ,
02:10
at which every dish included potatoes.
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ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”.
02:15
And Franklin was a guest of honor.
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ื•ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื— ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
02:18
Even the king and queen of France
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœืš ื•ืžืœื›ืช ืฆืจืคืช
02:20
were persuaded to wear potatoes,
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ืฉื•ื›ื ืขื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”,
02:24
potato flowers, pardon me.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืคืจื—ื™ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”.
02:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:27
The king wore a potato flower in his lapel,
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ื”ืžืœืš ืขื ื“ ืคืจื— ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื’ื“,
02:31
and the queen wore a potato flower in her hair.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืขื ื“ื” ืคืจื— ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื”.
02:35
That was a truly great public relations idea.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื ืคืœื.
02:39
But there was a catch.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
02:41
The potato was too efficient for Europe's good.
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ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:45
In Ireland, it seemed a miracle.
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ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื ืก,
02:47
Potatoes flourished, the population grew.
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ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืคืจื—ื• ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”.
02:50
But there was a hidden risk.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื™.
02:52
Ireland's potatoes were genetically identical.
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ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:55
They were a very efficient breed, called the Lumper.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืœื•ืžืคืจ".
02:59
And the problem with the Lumper
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:02
was that a blight from South America
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ึดึผืžึธึผืฉืื•ึนืŸ (ืžื—ืœืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื) ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”
03:05
that affected one potato
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ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื” ืื—ื“
03:07
would affect them all.
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ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœื.
03:09
Britain's exploitation and callousness played a role,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืชืจืžื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:13
but it was because of this monoculture
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• (ืžืฉืง ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“)
03:16
that a million people died
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•
03:19
and another two million were forced to emigrate.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื’ืจ.
03:23
A plant that was supposed to end famine
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ืฆืžื— ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื‘
03:26
created one of the most tragic ones.
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ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืžื’ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:29
The problems of efficiency today
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
03:31
are less drastic but more chronic.
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ื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:34
They can also prolong the evils
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช
03:36
that they were intended to solve.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
03:38
Take the electronic medical records.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™.
03:40
It seemed to be the answer to the problem of doctors' handwriting,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
03:44
and it had the benefit
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
03:45
of providing much better data for treatments.
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.
03:49
In practice, instead, it has meant
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
03:51
much more electronic paperwork
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
03:53
and physicians are now complaining that they have less,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
03:56
rather than more time to see patients individually.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
04:01
The obsession with efficiency can actually make us less efficient.
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ื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
04:06
Efficiency also bites back with false positives.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืžื›ื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช.
04:09
Hospitals have hundreds of devices registering alarms.
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืื–ืขืงื•ืช.
04:13
Too often, they're crying wolf.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื•ืช "ื–ืื‘!"
04:15
It takes time to rule those out.
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ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ,
04:17
And that time results in fatigue, stress and, once more,
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ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ืžืชื— ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
04:22
the neglect of the problems of real patients.
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ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
04:26
There are also false positives in pattern recognition.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
04:30
A school bus, viewed from the wrong angle,
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
04:32
can resemble a punching bag.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ืฉืง ืื™ื’ืจื•ืฃ.
04:35
So precious time is required
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ืื– ื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืงืจ
04:37
to eliminate misidentification.
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:40
False negatives are a problem, too.
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:42
Algorithms can learn a lot -- fast.
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ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” - ื•ืžื”ืจ.
04:45
But they can tell us only about the past.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
04:48
So many future classics get bad reviews, like "Moby Dick,"
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• "ืžื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืง",
04:53
or are turned down by multiple publishers,
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ืื• ืฉื ื“ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ,
04:55
like the "Harry Potter" series.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ".
04:57
It can be wasteful to try to avoid all waste.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–.
05:02
Efficiency is also a trap when the opposition copies it.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื›ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงื” ืื•ืชื”.
05:05
Take the late 19th-century
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™
05:07
French 75-millimeter artillery piece.
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 75 ืž"ืž ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
05:11
It was a masterpiece of lethal design.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
05:13
This piece could fire a shell every four seconds.
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ื”ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืคื’ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
05:18
But that wasn't so unusual.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
05:19
What was really brilliant was that because of the recoil mechanism,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ,
05:23
it could return to the exact same position
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
05:26
without having to be reaimed.
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ืœืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
05:28
So the effective rate of firing was drastically increased.
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ื›ืš ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
05:32
Now, this seemed to be a way for France
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ื–ื• ื ืจืืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืฆืจืคืช ืชื•ื›ืœ
05:34
to defeat Germany the next time they fought.
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื™ืœื—ืžื•.
05:39
But, predictably, the Germans were working
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื•
05:42
on something very similar.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”.
05:44
So when the First World War broke out,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคืจืฆื”,
05:46
the result was the trench warfare
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช
05:49
that lasted longer than anybody had expected.
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ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืคื•.
05:52
A technology that was designed to shorten the war, prolonged it.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื”.
05:58
The biggest cost of all may be missed opportunities.
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืžืฆื•ืช.
06:01
The platform economy connecting buyers and sellers
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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื
06:05
can be a great investment,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
06:06
and we have seen that in the last few weeks.
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
06:09
Companies that are still losing hundreds of millions of dollars
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
06:13
may be creating billionaires with initial public offerings.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืคืงื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:18
But the really difficult inventions
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืŸ
06:22
are the physical and chemical ones.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:24
They mean bigger risks.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:27
They may be losing out, because hardware is hard.
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ื”ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืคืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ, ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื”.
06:30
It's much harder to scale up a physical or chemical invention
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื— ื”ืžืฆืื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ืื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
06:34
than it is a software-based invention.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
06:38
Think of batteries.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
06:39
Lithium-ion batteries in portable devices and electric cars
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ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช
06:43
are based on a 30-year-old principle.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 30 ืฉื ื”.
06:47
How many smartphone batteries today
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ื›ืžื” ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœืืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
06:49
will last a full day on a single charge?
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ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
06:53
Yes, hardware is hard.
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ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
06:56
It took over 20 years for the patent
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ืœืงื— ืžืขืœ 20 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคื˜ื ื˜
06:59
on the principle of dry photocopying,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ
07:01
by Chester Carlson in 1938,
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ืฉืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ืงืจืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘1938,
07:05
to result in the Xerox 914 copier introduced in 1959.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื "ื–ื™ืจื•ืงืก 914" ื‘-1959.
07:12
The small, brave company, Haloid in Rochester, NY
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ืืžื™ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืœื•ื™ื“" ื‘ืจื•ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
07:17
had to go through what most corporations would never have tolerated.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
07:22
There was one failure after another,
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ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืจื“ืฃ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
07:24
and one of the special problems was fire.
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฉ.
07:28
In fact, when the 914 was finally released,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”-914 ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืื” ืœืฉื•ืง,
07:31
it still had a device that was called a scorch eliminator
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืืœื™ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ืจื™ื›ื”"
07:36
but actually it was a small fire extinguisher built in.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:42
My answer to all these questions is: inspired inefficiency.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื: ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื ื”ืฉืจืื”.
07:46
Data and measurement are essential, but they're not enough.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื.
07:50
Let's leave room for human intuition and human skills.
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ื”ื‘ื ื ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
07:54
There are seven facets of inspired inefficiency.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื”.
07:58
First, take the scenic route, say yes to serendipity.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื—ื• ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
08:02
Wrong turns can be productive.
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ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:05
Once, when I was exploring the east bank of the Mississippi,
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ืคืขื ื›ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
08:08
I took the wrong turn.
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ื˜ืขื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”.
08:10
I was approaching a toll bridge crossing the great river,
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ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ืื’ืจื” ืฉื—ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
08:13
and the toll collector said I could not turn back.
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ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื’ืจื” ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
08:17
So I paid my 50 cents -- that's all it was at the time --
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ืื– ืฉื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช 50 ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ื -- ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื– --
08:20
and I was in Muscatine, Iowa.
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื•ื•ื”.
08:24
I had barely heard of Muscatine,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืงื˜ื™ืŸ,
08:26
but it proved to be a fascinating place.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืจืชืง.
08:29
Muscatine had some of the world's richest mussel beds.
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ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื.
08:33
A century ago, a third of the world's buttons
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
08:36
were produced in Muscatine,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื˜ื™ืŸ,
08:38
1.5 billion a year.
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1.5 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
08:41
The last plants have closed now,
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ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืกื’ืจื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
08:43
but there is still a museum of the pearl button industry
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”
08:47
that's one of the most unusual in the world.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:50
But buttons were only the beginning.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
08:51
This is the house in Muscatine
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื˜ื™ืŸ
08:53
where China's future president stayed in 1986,
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื” ื‘-1986,
08:56
as a member of an agricultural delegation.
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช.
08:59
It is now the Sino-US Friendship House,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื™ืŸ-ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:02
and it's a pilgrimage site for Chinese tourists.
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ื•ืืชืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืœืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื.
09:05
How could I have foreseen that?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
09:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:09
Second, get up from the couch.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืงื•ืžื• ืžื”ืกืคื”.
09:13
Sometimes it can be more efficient
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ
09:15
to do things the hard way.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”.
09:17
Consider the internet of things.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•.
09:19
It's wonderful to be able to control lights,
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืœื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช,
09:22
set the thermostat, even vacuum the room
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ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื‘ืง
09:25
without leaving one's seat.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ื›ืกื.
09:26
But medical research has shown
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื•
09:29
that actually fidgeting, getting up, walking around
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื–ื•ื–, ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืœื›ืช
09:32
is one of the best things you can do for your heart.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœืš.
09:35
It's good for the heart and the waistline.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœืงื• ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื.
09:38
Third, monetize your mistakes.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืขืจืš ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
09:41
Great forms can be created
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช
09:43
by imaginative development of accidents.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืœื ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช.
09:46
Tad Leski, an architect of the Metropolitan Opera
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ื˜ื“ ืœืกืงื™, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ืช
09:49
at Lincoln Center,
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ื‘ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืกื ื˜ืจ,
09:51
was working on a sketch and some white ink fell on the drawing.
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ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืชืจืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื™ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ.
09:56
Other people might just have thrown it away,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื—,
09:59
but Leski was inspired to produce a starburst chandelier
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืกืงื™ ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™,
10:03
that was probably the most notable of its kind of the 20th century.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
10:09
Fourth, sometimes try the hard way.
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ืืจื‘ืข, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”.
10:12
It can be more efficient to be less fluent.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื.
10:15
Psychologists call this desirable difficulty.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจืฆื•ื™.
10:18
Taking detailed notes with a keyboard
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ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืงืœื“ืช
10:20
would seem to be the best way to grasp what a lecturer is saying,
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืฆื”,
10:24
to be able to review it verbatim.
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”.
10:27
However, studies have shown that when we have to abbreviate,
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ืืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืฆืจ,
10:31
when we have to summarize what a speaker is saying,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืจืฆื”,
10:34
when we're taking notes with a pen or a pencil on paper,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขื˜ ืื• ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
10:39
we're processing that information.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
10:41
We're making that our own,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื ื•,
10:42
and we are learning much more actively
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื”
10:45
than when we were just transcribing
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉืขืชื•ืง
10:48
what was being said.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ.
10:50
Fifth, get security through diversity.
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ื—ืžืฉ, ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
10:53
Monoculture can be deadly.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
10:55
Remember the potato?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”?
10:56
It was efficient until it wasn't.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื”.
10:58
Diversity applies to organizations, too.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื’ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
11:02
Software can tell what has made people in an organization succeed in the past.
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ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
11:07
And it's useful, sometimes, in screening employees.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
11:10
But remember, the environment is constantly changing,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื›ืจื•, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช.
11:15
and software, screening software, has no way to tell,
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ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช,
11:19
and we have no way to tell,
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ื•ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช,
11:20
who is going to be useful in the future.
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ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
11:23
So, we need to supplement whatever the algorithm tells us
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื
11:28
by an intuition and by looking for people
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:31
with various backgrounds and various outlooks.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:35
Sixth, achieve safety through redundancy and human skills.
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ืฉืฉ, ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:39
Why did two 737 Max aircraft crash?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืžืงืก 737 ื”ืชืจืกืงื•?
11:43
We still don't know the full story,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
11:45
but we know how to prevent future tragedies.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
11:48
We need multiple independent systems.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช,
11:50
If one fails, then the others can override it.
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ืื ืื—ืช ื ื›ืฉืœืช, ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”.
11:54
We also need skilled operators to come to the rescue
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืขื–ืจื”
11:58
and that means constant training.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
12:00
Seventh, be rationally extravagant.
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ืฉื‘ืข, ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
12:04
Thomas Edison was a pioneer of the film industry,
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ืชื•ืžืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื,
12:06
as well as of camera technology.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื.
12:09
Nobody has done more for efficiency than Thomas Edison.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืชืจื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืžืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
12:13
But his cost cutting broke down.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื›ืฉืœื”.
12:15
His manager hired a so-called efficiency engineer,
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื• ืฉื›ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”
12:18
who advised him to save money
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ืฉื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ
12:21
by using more of the film stock that he'd shot,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืœื,
12:24
having fewer retakes.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
12:26
Well, Edison was a genius,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ,
12:27
but he didn't understand the new rules of feature films
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื,
12:31
and the fact that failure was becoming the price of success.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
12:36
On the other hand, some great directors, like Erich Von Stroheim,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืจื™ืง ื•ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ,
12:40
were the opposite.
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ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš.
12:41
They were superb dramatists,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื–ืื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื,
12:42
and Stroheim was also a memorable actor.
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ื•ืฉื˜ืจื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
12:46
But they couldn't live within their budgets.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:48
So that was not sustainable.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื.
12:51
It was Irving Thalberg, a former secretary with intuitive genius,
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ืจืง ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืืœื‘ืจื’, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
12:55
who achieved rational extravagance.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
12:57
First at Universal, and then at MGM,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœ ื•ืื– ื‘"MGM",
13:00
becoming the ideal of the Hollywood producer.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžืคื™ืง ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™.
13:04
Summing up, to be truly efficient,
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืขื™ืœ,
13:08
we need optimal inefficiency.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™.
13:10
The shortest path may be a curve
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื• ืžืขื•ื’ืœ
13:13
rather than a straight line.
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ื•ืœื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
13:15
Charles Darwin understood that.
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
13:17
When he encountered a tough problem,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”,
13:19
he made a circuit of a trail,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™,
13:21
the sandwalk that he'd built behind his house.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•.
13:24
A productive path can be physical, like Darwin's,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
13:28
or a virtual one, or an unforeseen detour
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ืื• ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืื• ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™
13:31
from a path we had laid out.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืฆืื ื•.
13:34
Too much efficiency can weaken itself.
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ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
13:36
But a bit of inspired inefficiency can strengthen it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื ื”ืฉืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื”.
13:41
Sometimes, the best way to move forward
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
13:45
is to follow a circle.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ.
13:46
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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