The paradox of efficiency | Edward Tenner

255,389 views ・ 2020-01-09

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 원 예 κ²€ν† : Anna Ryu
00:12
Who doesn't love efficiency?
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νš¨μœ¨μ„ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:14
I do.
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저도 μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Efficiency means more for less.
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νš¨μœ¨μ΄λž€ 더 적은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 더 λ§Žμ€ κ±Έ μ–»λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
00:19
More miles per gallon, more light per watt,
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가런 λ‹Ή 더 κΈ΄ μ£Όν–‰ 거리, μ™€νŠΈ λ‹Ή 더 밝은 λΉ›,
00:23
more words per minute.
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λΆ„ λ‹Ή 더 λ§Žμ€ 단어.
00:25
More for less is the next best thing
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더 적은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 더 많이 μ–»λŠ” 것보닀 쒋은 건
00:28
to something for nothing.
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무(η„‘)μ—μ„œ 무언가λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” κ²ƒλΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
Algorithms, big data, the cloud are giving us more for less.
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μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜, 빅데이터, ν΄λΌμš°λ“œλŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ νš¨μœ¨μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
Are we heading toward a friction-free utopia
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°ˆλ“±μ—†λŠ” μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:39
or toward a nightmare of surveillance?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ•…λͺ½ 같은 κ°μ‹œμ˜ μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:42
I don't know.
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저도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
My interest is in the present.
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μ œκ°€ κ΄€μ‹¬μžˆλŠ” 건 ν˜„μž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
And I'd like to show you
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그리고 μ œκ°€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄ 것은
00:48
how the past can help us understand the present.
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ν˜„μž¬λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 κ³Όκ±°κ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 도움이 λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
There's nothing that summarizes
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νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ˜ 전망과 μœ„ν—˜ 두 가지λ₯Ό
00:55
both the promise and the danger of efficiency
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κ°€μž₯ 잘 μš”μ•½ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
00:57
like the humble potato.
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λ°”λ‘œ 보잘 것 μ—†μ–΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ°μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
The potato originated in the Andes
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κ°μžλŠ” μ•ˆλ°μŠ€μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•΄
01:02
and it spread to Europe from the ancient Inca.
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κ³ λŒ€ μž‰μΉ΄ μ œκ΅­μ„ 거쳐 μœ λŸ½μ— μ „ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
The potato is a masterpiece of balanced nutrition.
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κ°μžλŠ” μ˜μ–‘ κ· ν˜•μ΄ 잘 작힌 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ‹ν’ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
And it had some very powerful friends.
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그리고 λ˜ν•œ μ•„μ£Ό κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 지원ꡰ듀이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:16
King Frederick the Great of Prussia
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ν”„λ‘œμ΄μ„Ό μ™•κ΅­μ˜ ν”„λ¦¬λ“œλ¦¬νžˆ 왕은
01:19
was the first enthusiast.
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κ·Έ 쀑 첫번째 μ—΄μ„±νŒ¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
He believed that the potato could help
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ°μžκ°€
01:25
increase the population of healthy Prussians.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ ν”„λ‘œμ΄μ„Ό λ°±μ„±λ“€μ˜ 수λ₯Ό 늘릴 수 μžˆμ„ 거라 λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
And the more healthy Prussians,
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그리고 κ±΄κ°•ν•œ ν”„λ‘œμ΄μ„Ό 백성듀은 곧
01:31
the more healthy Prussian soldiers.
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ ꡰ인듀을 μ˜λ―Έν–ˆμ£ .
01:34
And some of those healthy Prussian soldiers
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그리고 κ·Έ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ ꡰ인듀은
01:36
captured a French military pharmacist named Parmentier.
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파λ₯΄λ§ν‹°μ—λΌλŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€κ΅° 약사λ₯Ό 포둜둜 μž‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
Parmentier, at first, was appalled
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파λ₯΄λ§ν‹°μ—λŠ”, μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ”,
01:43
by the morning, noon and night diet
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ν¬λ‘œλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•„μΉ¨, 점심, μ €λ…μœΌλ‘œ μ œκ³΅λ˜λŠ” κ°μžμ—
01:47
fed to POWs of potatoes,
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기겁을 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:51
but he came to enjoy it.
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κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” λ§›μžˆκ²Œ λ¨ΉκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
He thought they were making him a healthier person.
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그리고 κ·ΈλŠ” κ°μžκ°€ μžμ‹ μ„ λ”μš± κ±΄κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
And so, when he was released,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” ν’€λ €λ‚œ 이후에
01:58
he took it on himself to spread the potato to France.
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감자λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έκ°€ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ— μ „νŒŒμ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
And he had some powerful friends.
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κ·Έ λ˜ν•œ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 지원ꡰ듀이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Benjamin Franklin advised him to hold a banquet,
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벀자민 ν”„λž­ν΄λ¦°μ€ λͺ¨λ“  μš”λ¦¬μ— 감자λ₯Ό 넣은
02:10
at which every dish included potatoes.
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μ—°νšŒλ₯Ό 열라고 κΆŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
And Franklin was a guest of honor.
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그리고 ν”„λž­ν΄λ¦°μ€ κ·Έ μ—°νšŒμ˜ μ£ΌλΉˆμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Even the king and queen of France
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ μ™•κ³Ό μ™•λΉ„κΉŒμ§€λ„
02:20
were persuaded to wear potatoes,
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감자λ₯Ό κ½‚μœΌλΌκ³  섀득을 λ‹Ήν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
02:24
potato flowers, pardon me.
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감자 꽃을 κ½‚μœΌλΌκ³ μš”, μ£„μ†‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:26
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:27
The king wore a potato flower in his lapel,
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왕은 μ˜·κΉƒμ— κ°μžκ½ƒμ„ κ½‚μ•˜κ³ ,
02:31
and the queen wore a potato flower in her hair.
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여왕은 머리에 감자 꽃을 κ½‚μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
That was a truly great public relations idea.
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μ‹€λ‘œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 홍보 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜€μ£ .
02:39
But there was a catch.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
The potato was too efficient for Europe's good.
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κ°μžκ°€ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ λ„ˆλ¬΄ νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:45
In Ireland, it seemed a miracle.
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μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ—μ„œλŠ” 기적이라고 μΉ­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
Potatoes flourished, the population grew.
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κ°μžκ°€ λ¬΄μ„±ν•΄μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘, 인ꡬ μˆ˜λŠ” μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:50
But there was a hidden risk.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 도사리고 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:52
Ireland's potatoes were genetically identical.
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μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ˜ κ°μžλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λ™μΌν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
They were a very efficient breed, called the Lumper.
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λ¬Όλ‘  ꡉμž₯히 효율적인 ν’ˆμ’…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. '럼퍼'라고 λΆˆλ¦¬μ—ˆμ£ .
02:59
And the problem with the Lumper
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럼퍼의 λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ λ°”λ‘œ
03:02
was that a blight from South America
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λ‚¨μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ 온 λ§ˆλ¦„λ³‘μ΄
03:05
that affected one potato
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감자 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ „μ—Όμ‹œν‚€λ©΄μ„œ
03:07
would affect them all.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  κ°μžκΉŒμ§€ μˆœμ‹κ°„μ— μ „μ—Όμ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:09
Britain's exploitation and callousness played a role,
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영ꡭ의 착취와 냉담함이 ν•œ λͺ« ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:13
but it was because of this monoculture
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무엇보닀도 이 단일 ν’ˆμ’… μž¬λ°°κ°€
03:16
that a million people died
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백만 λͺ…이 μ£½κ³ 
03:19
and another two million were forced to emigrate.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 이백만 λͺ…이 이민을 κ°€μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
A plant that was supposed to end famine
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기근을 끝낼 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λ˜ 식물이
03:26
created one of the most tragic ones.
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κ°€μž₯ 비극적인 κΈ°κ·Ό 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
The problems of efficiency today
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  효율의 λ¬Έμ œμ λ“€μ€
03:31
are less drastic but more chronic.
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덜 κ·Ήλ‹¨μ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ 더 κ³ μ§ˆμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
They can also prolong the evils
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λ˜ν•œ μ›λž˜ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆλ˜ 폐해듀을
03:36
that they were intended to solve.
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였히렀 μ—°μž₯μ‹œν‚¬ μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
03:38
Take the electronic medical records.
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μ „μž 의료 기룍을 예둜 λ“€μ–΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:40
It seemed to be the answer to the problem of doctors' handwriting,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” 마치 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 악필에 λŒ€ν•œ 해닡을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έ 것 κ°™μ•˜μ£ .
03:44
and it had the benefit
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그리고 λ˜ν•œ
03:45
of providing much better data for treatments.
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치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 더 λ‚˜μ€ μžλ£Œλ“€μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것 κ°™μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
In practice, instead, it has meant
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 싀상은,
03:51
much more electronic paperwork
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훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έμ„œμž‘μ—…μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ 
03:53
and physicians are now complaining that they have less,
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 이제 ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ 개인적으둜 μ§„λ£Œν•  μ‹œκ°„μ΄
03:56
rather than more time to see patients individually.
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였히렀 μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λΆˆν‰ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
04:01
The obsession with efficiency can actually make us less efficient.
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νš¨μœ¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ 강박은 사싀 우리λ₯Ό λ”μš± λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
Efficiency also bites back with false positives.
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νš¨μœ¨μ€ λ˜ν•œ 잘λͺ»λœ κΈμ •μœΌλ‘œ μ—­νš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό 내기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Hospitals have hundreds of devices registering alarms.
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λ³‘μ›μ—λŠ” 수백개의 경보μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ΄ 있죠.
04:13
Too often, they're crying wolf.
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ꡉμž₯히 자주 μ΄μœ μ—†μ΄ μ†Œλž€μ„ ν”Όμ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
It takes time to rule those out.
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그것듀을 끄기 μœ„ν•΄μ„  또 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
And that time results in fatigue, stress and, once more,
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그리고 κ·Έ μ‹œκ°„μ€ κ²°κ΅­ ν”Όλ‘œ, 슀트레슀, 그리고 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더,
04:22
the neglect of the problems of real patients.
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μ •μž‘ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ— 신경쓰지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 지경에 이λ₯΄κ²Œ 되죠.
04:26
There are also false positives in pattern recognition.
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μ–΄λ–€ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것에도 잘λͺ»λœ 긍정이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
A school bus, viewed from the wrong angle,
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잘λͺ»λœ κ°λ„μ—μ„œ λ³Έ μŠ€μΏ¨λ²„μŠ€λŠ”,
04:32
can resemble a punching bag.
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μƒŒλ“œλ°±μ„ 연상케 ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
So precious time is required
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ μ˜€μΈμ„ λ°”λ‘œμž‘κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:37
to eliminate misidentification.
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μ•„κΉŒμš΄ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 또 μ†Œμš”λ˜μ£ .
04:40
False negatives are a problem, too.
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κ°€μ§œ λΆ€μ • λ˜ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
Algorithms can learn a lot -- fast.
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μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ€ λ§Žμ€ 것을 배울 수 있죠 - λΉ λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„ λ‚΄μ—μš”.
04:45
But they can tell us only about the past.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 였직 κ³Όκ±°λ§Œμ„ μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
So many future classics get bad reviews, like "Moby Dick,"
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— "λͺ¨λΉ„ λ”•"같은 λ―Έλž˜μ§€ν–₯적인 문학듀은 ν˜Ήν‰μ„ λ°›κ±°λ‚˜,
04:53
or are turned down by multiple publishers,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μΆœνŒμ‚¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° ν‡΄μ§œλ₯Ό 맞죠.
04:55
like the "Harry Potter" series.
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"해리포터" μ‹œλ¦¬μ¦ˆμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
04:57
It can be wasteful to try to avoid all waste.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ 더 λ‚­λΉ„λ₯Ό μ•ˆ ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” 더 λ‚­λΉ„κ°€ 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
Efficiency is also a trap when the opposition copies it.
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ€ μƒλŒ€νŽΈμ΄ λ”°λΌν•˜λ©΄ 였히렀 독이 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
Take the late 19th-century
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19μ„ΈκΈ°μ—μ„œμ˜
05:07
French 75-millimeter artillery piece.
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ 75mm λŒ€ν¬λ₯Ό 예둜 듀어보죠.
05:11
It was a masterpiece of lethal design.
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μΉ˜μ‚¬μš© 무기 쀑 κ±Έμž‘μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
05:13
This piece could fire a shell every four seconds.
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4μ΄ˆλ§ˆλ‹€ 탄약을 쏠 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:18
But that wasn't so unusual.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그건 λ”±νžˆ ꡉμž₯ν•œ 건 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
05:19
What was really brilliant was that because of the recoil mechanism,
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μ§„μ§œ ꡉμž₯ν–ˆλ˜ 것은 사싀 λ°˜λ™κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜€λŠ”λ°,
05:23
it could return to the exact same position
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λ‹€μ‹œ 쑰쀀을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„
05:26
without having to be reaimed.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ μ›λž˜ 자리둜 λ˜λŒμ•„μ™”μ£ .
05:28
So the effective rate of firing was drastically increased.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ°œμ‚¬ 효율이 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ ν–₯μƒλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
Now, this seemed to be a way for France
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 λŒ€ν¬λŠ” 마치 ν”„λž‘μŠ€κ°€
05:34
to defeat Germany the next time they fought.
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λ‹€μŒλ²ˆμ— μ „μŸμ„ ν•˜λ©΄ 독일을 이길 λ°©λ²•μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ˜€μ£ .
05:39
But, predictably, the Germans were working
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ, 독일인듀도
05:42
on something very similar.
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μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
05:44
So when the First World War broke out,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 첫 μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „μ΄ λ°œλ°œν–ˆμ„λ•Œ,
05:46
the result was the trench warfare
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” κ·Έ λˆ„κ°€ μ˜ˆμƒν•œ 것 보닀 κΈΈμ—ˆλ˜
05:49
that lasted longer than anybody had expected.
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μ°Έν˜Έμ „μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
A technology that was designed to shorten the war, prolonged it.
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μ „μŸμ„ λ‹¨μΆ•ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ³ μ•ˆλœ 기술이, 였히렀 기간을 μ—°μž₯해버렸죠.
05:58
The biggest cost of all may be missed opportunities.
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그리고 κ°€μž₯ 큰 λŒ€κ°€λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ¦° 기회일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
The platform economy connecting buyers and sellers
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κ΅¬λ§€μžμ™€ 판맀자λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” ν”Œλž«νΌ κ²½μ œλŠ”
06:05
can be a great investment,
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μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 νˆ¬μžμ²˜κ°€ λ μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠,
06:06
and we have seen that in the last few weeks.
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그리고 우린 κ·Έκ±Έ 졜근 λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ™μ•ˆ λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
Companies that are still losing hundreds of millions of dollars
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아직도 수백, 수천만 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 적자λ₯Ό λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬λ„
06:13
may be creating billionaires with initial public offerings.
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주식 상μž₯을 톡해 μ–΅λ§Œμž₯자λ₯Ό λ°°μΆœν•˜λŠ” 쀑일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:18
But the really difficult inventions
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 사싀 κ°€μž₯ νž˜λ“  발λͺ…듀은
06:22
are the physical and chemical ones.
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λ¬Όλ¦¬μ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 화학적인 것듀이죠.
06:24
They mean bigger risks.
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더 큰 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:27
They may be losing out, because hardware is hard.
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손해λ₯Ό λ³Όμˆ˜λ„ 있죠, ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄λŠ” λ‚œν•΄ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:30
It's much harder to scale up a physical or chemical invention
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물리적 ν˜Ήμ€ 화학적 발λͺ…μ˜ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό λŠ˜λ¦¬λŠ” 것이
06:34
than it is a software-based invention.
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ— κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ 발λͺ…듀보닀 훨씬 μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
06:38
Think of batteries.
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건전지λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:39
Lithium-ion batteries in portable devices and electric cars
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νœ΄λŒ€μš© κΈ°κΈ°λ“€μ΄λ‚˜ μ „κΈ°μ°¨ μ†μ˜ 리튬-이온 건전지듀은
06:43
are based on a 30-year-old principle.
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30λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 원칙에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
How many smartphone batteries today
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , ν•œλ²ˆμ˜ μΆ©μ „μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ£¨μ’…μΌ 버틸 수 μžˆλŠ”
06:49
will last a full day on a single charge?
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슀마트폰 λ°°ν„°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ κΉŒμš”?
06:53
Yes, hardware is hard.
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κ·Έμ΅Έ. ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄λŠ” λ‚œν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
It took over 20 years for the patent
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건식 λ³΅μ‚¬κΈ°μ˜ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도
06:59
on the principle of dry photocopying,
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20년이 λ„˜λŠ” 세월이 κ±Έλ Έμ£ .
07:01
by Chester Carlson in 1938,
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1938년도 μ²΄μŠ€ν„° μΉΌμŠ¨λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
07:05
to result in the Xerox 914 copier introduced in 1959.
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1959년도에 제둝슀 914 볡사기가 μ†Œκ°œλ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
07:12
The small, brave company, Haloid in Rochester, NY
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μž‘μ§€λ§Œ μš©κ°ν–ˆλ˜, λ‰΄μš• λ‘œμ²΄μŠ€ν„°μ˜ ν• λ‘œμ΄λ“œλΌλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬λŠ”
07:17
had to go through what most corporations would never have tolerated.
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λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ κ²¬λ”œ 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ„ 것을 μ°Έκ³  κ²¬λŽŒμ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
There was one failure after another,
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μ‹€νŒ¨ λ’€μ—λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹€νŒ¨κ°€ μž‡λ”°λžκ³ ,
07:24
and one of the special problems was fire.
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κ·Έ 쀑 νŠΉμ΄ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ ν™”μž¬μ˜€μ£ .
07:28
In fact, when the 914 was finally released,
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사싀, 914κ°€ 처음 μΆœμ‹œλμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”
07:31
it still had a device that was called a scorch eliminator
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눌린 μžκ΅­μ„ μ—†μ• μ£ΌλŠ” μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
but actually it was a small fire extinguisher built in.
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사싀은 μ†Œν˜• μ†Œν™”κΈ°κ°€ μ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€ 있던 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
07:42
My answer to all these questions is: inspired inefficiency.
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이런 λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 제 λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ 'μ˜κ°μ„ 받은 λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ„±'μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
Data and measurement are essential, but they're not enough.
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μžλ£Œμ™€ 츑정은 ν•„μˆ˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ ˆλŒ€ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
07:50
Let's leave room for human intuition and human skills.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 직관과 κΈ°λŸ‰μ„ μœ„ν•œ μžλ¦¬λ„ 남겨놓아야죠.
07:54
There are seven facets of inspired inefficiency.
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μ˜κ°μ„ 받은 λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ—λŠ” 7κ°€μ§€μ˜ 츑면이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
First, take the scenic route, say yes to serendipity.
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μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, 극적인 μ˜ˆμ‹œλ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄, μ„Έλ Œλ””ν”Όν‹°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
Wrong turns can be productive.
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μ—‰λš±ν•œ 게 κ²°κ΅­μ—” 쒋은 결과둜 μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:05
Once, when I was exploring the east bank of the Mississippi,
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μ˜ˆμ „μ— μ œκ°€ λ―Έμ‹œμ‹œν”Όκ°•μ˜ 동μͺ½ κΈ°μŠ­μ„ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
08:08
I took the wrong turn.
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λ°©ν–₯을 잘λͺ» 튼 적이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
I was approaching a toll bridge crossing the great river,
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κ·Έ 강을 κ°€λ‘œμ§€λ₯΄λŠ” 유료 닀리λ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄μ„œ κ°€κ³ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
08:13
and the toll collector said I could not turn back.
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μš”κΈˆ μ§•μˆ˜μ›μ€ μ œκ°€ λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
So I paid my 50 cents -- that's all it was at the time --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 50μ„ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό λƒˆμ£ . 그땐 κ·Έ 정도 κ°€κ²©μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:20
and I was in Muscatine, Iowa.
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κ·Έλ•Œ μ „ μ•„μ΄μ˜€μ™€ 주의 λ¨ΈμŠ€μ»€ν‹΄μ— μ™€μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
I had barely heard of Muscatine,
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λ¨ΈμŠ€μ»€ν‹΄μ€ 저에겐 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μƒμ†Œν•œ κ³³μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
08:26
but it proved to be a fascinating place.
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사싀은 ꡉμž₯ν•œ μž₯μ†Œμž„μ„ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
08:29
Muscatine had some of the world's richest mussel beds.
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λ¨ΈμŠ€μ»€ν‹΄μ—λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž₯ ν’ˆμ§ˆμ΄ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 홍합 양식μž₯이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:33
A century ago, a third of the world's buttons
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ν•œ μ„ΈκΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도, 세계 자개 λ‹¨μΆ”μ˜ 3λΆ„μ˜ 1이
08:36
were produced in Muscatine,
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λ¨ΈμŠ€μ»€ν‹΄μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
1.5 billion a year.
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1년에 15μ–΅κ°œμ£ .
08:41
The last plants have closed now,
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이젠 κ°€μž₯ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 곡μž₯도 문을 λ‹«μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
08:43
but there is still a museum of the pearl button industry
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아직도 μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ νŠΉμ΄ν•œ 박물관에 μ†κΌ½νžˆλŠ”
08:47
that's one of the most unusual in the world.
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μžκ°œλ‹¨μΆ” 산업에 κ΄€ν•œ 박물관이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
But buttons were only the beginning.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹¨μΆ”λŠ” κ·Έμ € μ‹œμž‘μ— λΆˆκ³Όν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:51
This is the house in Muscatine
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이건 λ¨ΈμŠ€μ»€ν‹΄μ˜ ν•œ μ§‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
where China's future president stayed in 1986,
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μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ 미래 λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ 1986년도에 머물던 곳이죠.
08:56
as a member of an agricultural delegation.
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농업 μ‚¬μ ˆλ‹¨μ˜ μΌμ›μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 말이죠.
08:59
It is now the Sino-US Friendship House,
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이제 이곳은 λ―Έ-쀑 μΉœμ„  건물이 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
09:02
and it's a pilgrimage site for Chinese tourists.
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μ—¬ν–‰ 온 쀑ꡭ인 관광객듀이 μˆœλ‘€λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μž₯μ†Œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
How could I have foreseen that?
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μ œκ°€ 이걸 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ² μ–΄μš”?
09:07
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:09
Second, get up from the couch.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ, μ†ŒνŒŒμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ„Έμš”.
09:13
Sometimes it can be more efficient
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가끔씩은 μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 일을 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ
09:15
to do things the hard way.
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였히렀 더 νš¨μœ¨μ μΌμˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
Consider the internet of things.
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사물 인터넷을 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
09:19
It's wonderful to be able to control lights,
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앉은 μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ λΆˆλΉ›μ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κ³ ,
09:22
set the thermostat, even vacuum the room
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μ˜¨λ„λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜κ³ , μ²­μ†ŒκΉŒμ§€ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ‹ˆ
09:25
without leaving one's seat.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν™˜μƒμ μ΄μ—μš”.
09:26
But medical research has shown
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜ν•™ 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
09:29
that actually fidgeting, getting up, walking around
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λ§Œμ§€μž‘κ±°λ¦¬κ³ , 움직이고, κ±Έμ–΄λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ”κ²Œ
09:32
is one of the best things you can do for your heart.
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심μž₯을 μœ„ν•΄ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 졜고의 일듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:35
It's good for the heart and the waistline.
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심μž₯κ³Ό ν—ˆλ¦¬μ— μ’‹μ£ .
09:38
Third, monetize your mistakes.
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μ…‹μ§Έ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό 돈으둜 λ°”κΎΈμ„Έμš”.
09:41
Great forms can be created
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 것듀이
09:43
by imaginative development of accidents.
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μ‹€μˆ˜μ—μ„œ λ°œμ „λœ 상상λ ₯을 톡해 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
Tad Leski, an architect of the Metropolitan Opera
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링컨 센터에 μžˆλŠ” 였페라 ν•˜μš°μŠ€μ˜ 건좕가
09:49
at Lincoln Center,
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ν…Œλ“œ λ ˆμŠ€ν‚€λŠ”,
09:51
was working on a sketch and some white ink fell on the drawing.
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μŠ€μΌ€μΉ˜λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 도쀑 흰색 μž‰ν¬κ°€ 그림에 λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
Other people might just have thrown it away,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 그림을 λ²„λ Έμ„μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ,
09:59
but Leski was inspired to produce a starburst chandelier
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λ ˆμŠ€ν‚€λŠ” 였히렀 20μ„ΈκΈ° κ°€μž₯ 유λͺ…ν•œ μž‘ν’ˆμΈ
10:03
that was probably the most notable of its kind of the 20th century.
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μŠ€νƒ€λ²„μŠ€νŠΈ 샹듀리에λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ μ˜κ°μ„ μ–»μ—ˆμ£ .
10:09
Fourth, sometimes try the hard way.
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λ„€ 번째, 가끔씩은 μ–΄λ €μš΄ 방법을 μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
10:12
It can be more efficient to be less fluent.
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덜 유λŠ₯ν•œ 게 더 효율적일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:15
Psychologists call this desirable difficulty.
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μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이걸 λ°”λžŒμ§ν•œ 어렀움이라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
Taking detailed notes with a keyboard
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ν‚€λ³΄λ“œλ‘œ μžμ„Έν•œ ν•„κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 건
10:20
would seem to be the best way to grasp what a lecturer is saying,
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κ°•μ‚¬μ˜ 말을 μ •ν™•νžˆ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 λ°©λ²•μ²˜λŸΌ 보일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고,
10:24
to be able to review it verbatim.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 말둜 λ³΅μŠ΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법 처럼 보일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
10:27
However, studies have shown that when we have to abbreviate,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 좕약을 ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•  λ•Œ,
10:31
when we have to summarize what a speaker is saying,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν™”μžμ˜ 말을 κ°„μΆ”λ €μ•Όλ§Œ ν•  λ•Œ,
10:34
when we're taking notes with a pen or a pencil on paper,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νŽœμ΄λ‚˜ μ—°ν•„λ‘œ 쒅이에 ν•„κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•  λ•Œ,
10:39
we're processing that information.
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κ·Έμ œμ„œμ•Ό μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 정보λ₯Ό μŠ΅λ“ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:41
We're making that our own,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 정보λ₯Ό
10:42
and we are learning much more actively
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우리의 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ , 훨씬 유λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ°°μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
than when we were just transcribing
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λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” 말을 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ
10:48
what was being said.
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받아적을 λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€ 말이죠.
10:50
Fifth, get security through diversity.
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λ‹€μ„―λ²ˆμ§Έ, 닀양성을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ„ ν™•λ³΄ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
10:53
Monoculture can be deadly.
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단일쒅 μž¬λ°°λŠ” 치λͺ…적일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
Remember the potato?
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감자 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œμ£ ?
10:56
It was efficient until it wasn't.
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 생기기 μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
10:58
Diversity applies to organizations, too.
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닀양성은 단체에도 μ μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
Software can tell what has made people in an organization succeed in the past.
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λŠ” κ·Έ 집단 κ΅¬μ„±μ›λ“€μ˜ κ·Έκ°„ 성곡 μš”μΈμ„ μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 있죠.
11:07
And it's useful, sometimes, in screening employees.
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그건 μœ μš©ν•˜μ£ , 가끔씩, 직원듀을 μ„ λ°œν•  λ•Œμš”.
11:10
But remember, the environment is constantly changing,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”, ν™˜κ²½μ€ κΎΈμ€€νžˆ λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
and software, screening software, has no way to tell,
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄, μ„ λ°œμš© μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λŠ”, 그런 것듀을 μ•Œ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ£ .
11:19
and we have no way to tell,
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우리 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œλ„
11:20
who is going to be useful in the future.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— λˆ„κ°€ μœ μš©ν•˜κ²Œ 될 μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
11:23
So, we need to supplement whatever the algorithm tells us
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό 보완할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
by an intuition and by looking for people
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직감과 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό μƒκΉ€μƒˆλ₯Ό 가진
11:31
with various backgrounds and various outlooks.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ°ΎλŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œμš”.
11:35
Sixth, achieve safety through redundancy and human skills.
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μ—¬μ„― 번째, 여뢄을 λΉ„μΆ•ν•˜κ³  μΈκ°„μ˜ 기술둜 μ•ˆμ „μ„ ν™•λ³΄ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
11:39
Why did two 737 Max aircraft crash?
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μ™œ 두 λŒ€μ˜ λ³΄μž‰ 737 λ§₯μŠ€κ°€ μΆ”λ½ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:43
We still don't know the full story,
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우린 아직도 λͺ¨λ“  내막을 μ•Œμ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
11:45
but we know how to prevent future tragedies.
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λ―Έλž˜μ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그런 λΆˆμƒμ‚¬λ₯Ό λ§‰μ„μ§€λŠ” μ•Œ 수 있죠.
11:48
We need multiple independent systems.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ λ…λ¦½λœ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
If one fails, then the others can override it.
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ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ 망가지면, λ‹€λ₯Έ 것이 λ©”μšΈ 수 μžˆκ²Œμš”.
11:54
We also need skilled operators to come to the rescue
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또 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό ν•˜λŸ¬ 올 λ§Œν•œ μ‹€λ ₯μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œλ°,
11:58
and that means constant training.
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그건 κΎΈμ€€ν•œ ν›ˆλ ¨μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•¨μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:00
Seventh, be rationally extravagant.
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일곱 번째, μ΄μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚­λΉ„ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
12:04
Thomas Edison was a pioneer of the film industry,
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ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ μ—λ””μŠ¨μ€ μ˜ν™”μ‚°μ—…κ³Ό
12:06
as well as of camera technology.
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카메라 기술 λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ„ κ΅¬μžμ˜€μ£ .
12:09
Nobody has done more for efficiency than Thomas Edison.
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ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ μ—λ””μŠ¨λ³΄λ‹€ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 더 λ…Έλ ₯ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 아무도 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
12:13
But his cost cutting broke down.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그의 λΉ„μš© 절감 κ³„νšμ€ 틀어지고 λ§μ•˜μ£ .
12:15
His manager hired a so-called efficiency engineer,
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그의 λ§€λ‹ˆμ €λŠ” νš¨μœ¨μ„± 전문가라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κ³ μš©ν–ˆκ³ ,
12:18
who advised him to save money
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찍어놓은 필름듀을 더 많이 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
12:21
by using more of the film stock that he'd shot,
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μž¬μ΄¬μ˜μ€ 더 μ κ²Œν•΄μ„œ
12:24
having fewer retakes.
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λˆμ„ μ•„λΌλΌλŠ” 쑰언을 μ–»μ—ˆμ£ .
12:26
Well, Edison was a genius,
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λ¬Όλ‘ , μ—λ””μŠ¨μ€ μ²œμž¬μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
12:27
but he didn't understand the new rules of feature films
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κ·ΈλŠ” μž₯νŽΈμ˜ν™”μ˜ μƒˆ ν’μŠ΅μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³ 
12:31
and the fact that failure was becoming the price of success.
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μ‹€νŒ¨κ°€ μ„±κ³΅μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 사싀도 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
12:36
On the other hand, some great directors, like Erich Von Stroheim,
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ν•œνŽΈ, 에릭 폰 μŠˆνŠΈλ‘œν•˜μž„μ²˜λŸΌ 유λͺ…ν•œ μ—°μΆœκ°€λ“€μ€,
12:40
were the opposite.
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κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
They were superb dramatists,
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그듀은 ꡉμž₯ν•œ κ·Ήμž‘κ°€μ˜€μœΌλ©°,
12:42
and Stroheim was also a memorable actor.
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μŠˆνŠΈλ‘œν•˜μž„μ€ 그와 λ™μ‹œμ— μΈμƒκΉŠμ€ λ°°μš°μ˜€μ£ .
12:46
But they couldn't live within their budgets.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 생계λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
So that was not sustainable.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 일을 지속할 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
12:51
It was Irving Thalberg, a former secretary with intuitive genius,
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이상적인 λ‚­λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•΄λ‚Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λ°”λ‘œ 직관적 μ²œμž¬μ„±μ„ μ§€λ…”λ˜ λΉ„μ„œ,
12:55
who achieved rational extravagance.
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μ–΄λΉ™ νƒˆλ²„κ·Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
First at Universal, and then at MGM,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆλ²„μ„€ μŠ€νŠœλ””μ˜€, 이후엔 λ©”νŠΈλ‘œ κ³¨λ“œμœˆ 메이어λ₯Ό 거쳐
13:00
becoming the ideal of the Hollywood producer.
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이상적인 ν—λ¦¬μš°λ“œ μ—°μΆœκ°€κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
13:04
Summing up, to be truly efficient,
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μ •λ¦¬ν•˜μžλ©΄ μ •λ§λ‘œ 효율적이렀면
13:08
we need optimal inefficiency.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 졜적의 λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
The shortest path may be a curve
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κ°€μž₯ 짧은 길은 직선이 μ•„λ‹Œ
13:13
rather than a straight line.
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곑선이 될 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
13:15
Charles Darwin understood that.
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찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ€ κ·Έκ±Έ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:17
When he encountered a tough problem,
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νž˜λ“  문제λ₯Ό 맞λ‹₯뜨릴 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
13:19
he made a circuit of a trail,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 집 뒀에 λͺ¨λž˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
13:21
the sandwalk that he'd built behind his house.
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꡽이진 λͺ¨λž˜ μ‚°μ±…λ‘œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
13:24
A productive path can be physical, like Darwin's,
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생산적인 방법은 λ‹€μœˆμ²˜λŸΌ 물리적일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고,
13:28
or a virtual one, or an unforeseen detour
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κ°€μƒμ˜ 방법일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고, 또 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ³„νšν–ˆλ˜ 것보닀
13:31
from a path we had laid out.
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μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ 틀어진 방법이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
Too much efficiency can weaken itself.
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κ³Όλ‹€ν•œ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ€ 였히렀 독이 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
But a bit of inspired inefficiency can strengthen it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•½κ°„μ˜ μ˜κ°μ„ 받은 λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ€ 였히렀 강점이 될 수 있죠.
13:41
Sometimes, the best way to move forward
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가끔씩은, μ „μ§„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 졜고의 방법은
13:45
is to follow a circle.
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원을 λ”°λΌκ°€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:48
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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