Richard Pyle: Exploring the reef's Twilight Zone

56,781 views ใƒป 2009-02-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: eviatar edlerman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
This is the first of two rather extraordinary photographs
0
12160
3277
ื–ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:15
I'm going to show you today.
1
15461
1350
00:16
It was taken 18 years ago.
2
16835
1578
ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ 18 ืฉื ื”,
00:18
I was 19 years old at the time.
3
18437
1501
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 19 ื‘ืฉืขืชื•.
00:19
I had just returned
4
19962
1151
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
00:21
from one of the deepest dives I'd ever made at that time --
5
21137
2786
ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ 66 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:23
a little over 200 feet.
6
23947
1158
ืœื›ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:25
And I had caught this little fish.
7
25129
1945
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:27
It turns out that particular one was the first of its kind
8
27098
2770
00:29
ever taken alive.
9
29892
1154
ืื ื™ ืœื ืกืชื ืื™ื›ื˜ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื ื™ ื—ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข.
00:31
I'm not just an ichthyologist, I'm a bona fide fish nerd.
10
31070
2674
00:33
And to a fish nerd, this is some pretty exciting stuff.
11
33768
2697
ื•ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:36
More exciting was the fact that the person who took this photo
12
36489
2921
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืง ืจื ื“ืœ,
00:39
is a guy named Jack Randall,
13
39434
1336
00:40
the greatest living ichthyologist on earth --
14
40794
2783
ื”ืื™ื›ื˜ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจื•ืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:43
the Grand Poobah of fish nerds, if you will.
15
43601
2540
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:46
And so, it was really exciting to me to have this moment in time.
16
46165
4902
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืจื’ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™.
00:51
It set the course for the rest of my life.
17
51091
2100
ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:53
But really, the most significant, most profound thing about this picture
18
53215
3447
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™
00:56
is it was taken two days before I was completely paralyzed
19
56686
2739
ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžื˜ื”.
00:59
from the neck down.
20
59449
1162
ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:00
I made a really stupid kind of mistake
21
60635
2349
ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”-19 ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
01:03
that most 19-year-old males do when they think they're immortal,
22
63008
3040
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืจืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื,
01:06
and I got a bad case of the bends and was paralyzed,
23
66072
2571
ืฉื•ืชืงืชื™ ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžื˜ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
01:08
and had to be flown back for treatment.
24
68667
2071
ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
01:12
I learned two really important things that day.
25
72316
2450
01:14
The first thing I learned -- well, I'm mortal. That's a really big one.
26
74790
3390
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ - ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืชืžื•ืชื”, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื™.
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
01:18
And the second thing I learned was that I knew, with profound certainty,
27
78204
3449
01:21
that this is exactly what I was going to do for the rest of my life.
28
81677
3240
ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™.
01:24
I had to focus all my energies
29
84941
1628
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจืฅ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช
01:26
towards going to find new species of things
30
86593
3119
ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
01:29
down on deep coral reefs.
31
89736
1748
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• -
01:31
When you think of a coral reef, this is what most people think of:
32
91508
3117
ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:34
these big, hard, elaborate corals,
33
94649
1770
01:36
lots of bright, colorful fishes and things.
34
96443
2019
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
01:38
But this is really just the tip of the iceberg.
35
98486
2206
ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:40
If you look at this diagram of a coral reef,
36
100716
2091
01:42
we know a lot about that part up near the top.
37
102831
2150
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•
01:45
The reason we know so much about it
38
105005
2331
ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ื–ื”.
01:47
is scuba divers can very easily go down there and access it.
39
107360
2840
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืฆืœื™ืœื”,
01:50
There is a problem with scuba, though,
40
110224
2112
ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืืœื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข,
01:52
in that it imposes some limitations on how deep you can go.
41
112360
2768
ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 66 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:55
It turns out that depth is about 200 feet.
42
115152
2015
ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
01:57
I'll get into why that is in just a minute,
43
117191
2317
01:59
but the point is, scuba divers generally stay less than 100 feet deep,
44
119532
3526
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 33 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
ื•ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื’ื ืื– ืจืง ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
02:03
and very rarely go much below this, at least, not with any kind of sanity.
45
123082
3524
02:06
So to go deeper, most biologists have turned to submersibles.
46
126630
3532
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืคื ื• ืœืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
02:10
Now, submersibles are great, wonderful things,
47
130186
2150
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื 30,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ,
02:12
but if you're going to spend 30,000 dollars a day to use one of these things
48
132360
3655
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 660 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:16
and it's capable of going 2,000 feet,
49
136039
1794
02:17
you're not going to go farting around up here in a couple of hundred feet,
50
137857
3479
ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืชืงืฉืงืฉ ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื“ืช ืขืžื•ืง.
02:21
you're going to go way down deep.
51
141360
1774
ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช
02:23
So the bottom line is, almost all research using submersibles
52
143158
2869
ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืž-200 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:26
has taken place well below 500 feet.
53
146051
1740
02:27
Now, it's pretty obvious at this point
54
147815
1822
ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข
02:29
there's a zone here in the middle.
55
149661
1628
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
02:31
That's the zone
56
151313
1271
02:32
that centers around my own personal pursuit of happiness.
57
152608
2706
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:35
I want to find out what's in this zone; we know almost nothing about it.
58
155338
3398
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื.
02:38
Scuba divers can't get there, submarines go right on past it.
59
158760
2977
ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื•ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•.
02:41
It took me a year to learn to walk again after my diving accident in Palau.
60
161761
3547
ืœืงื— ืœื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืชืื•ื ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคืœืื•
ื•ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื
02:45
During that year,
61
165332
1151
02:46
I spent a lot of time learning about the physics and physiology of diving
62
166507
3439
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื”
ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:49
and how to overcome these limitations.
63
169970
1813
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
02:51
I'm just going to show you a basic idea.
64
171807
1922
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ,
02:53
We're all breathing air right now.
65
173753
1631
02:55
Air is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen,
66
175408
1912
ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•-80 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
02:57
20 percent oxygen, 80 percent nitrogen.
67
177344
2079
02:59
It's in our lungs.
68
179447
1150
ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืจื™
03:00
And there's a phenomenon called Henry's law,
69
180621
2064
ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ
03:02
that says gases will dissolve into a fluid
70
182709
2006
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:04
in proportion to the partial pressures you're exposing them to.
71
184739
2974
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:07
So, basically the gas dissolves into our body.
72
187737
2159
03:09
The oxygen is bound by metabolism, we use it for energy.
73
189920
2628
ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:12
The nitrogen sort of floats around in our blood and tissues.
74
192572
2821
ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืกื—ืฃ ืžืคื” ืœืฉื ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื›ื›ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“.
03:15
That's fine, it's how we're designed.
75
195417
1919
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ.
03:17
The problem happens when you go underwater.
76
197360
2011
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื•ืœื”.
03:19
The deeper you go underwater, the higher the pressure is.
77
199395
2803
ื›ืืฉืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:22
If you were to go down to a depth of about 130 feet,
78
202222
2541
03:24
which is the recommended limit for most scuba divers,
79
204787
2525
ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื,
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ื”.
03:27
you'd get this pressure effect.
80
207336
1498
03:28
The effect of that pressure is you have an increased density of gas molecules
81
208858
3683
ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ื
ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:32
in every breath you take.
82
212565
1216
03:33
Over time, those gas molecules dissolve into your blood and tissues
83
213805
3839
ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช
03:37
and start to fill you up.
84
217668
1413
ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชืš.
03:39
Now, if you were to go down to, say, 300 feet,
85
219105
2643
ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:41
you don't have five times as many gas molecules in your lungs,
86
221772
2938
ืืชื” ืœื ื ื•ืฉื ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
03:44
you've got 10 times as many gas molecules in your lungs.
87
224734
2628
ื•ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ื ื•ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
03:47
And, sure enough, they dissolve into your blood and tissues as well.
88
227386
3281
03:50
And if you were to go down to where there's 15 times as much --
89
230691
3081
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ืชืจื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื• ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ 15 -
03:53
the deeper you go, the more exacerbating the problem becomes.
90
233796
3009
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืจื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง, ื›ืš ืชื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:56
The limitation of diving with air is all those dots in your body,
91
236829
4489
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ - ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ.
04:01
all the nitrogen and all the oxygen.
92
241342
1769
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
04:03
There are three basic limitations of scuba diving.
93
243135
2700
ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ -
04:05
The first limitation is the oxygen --
94
245859
1835
ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ
04:07
oxygen toxicity.
95
247718
1327
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ - "ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
04:09
Now, we all know the song: "Love is like oxygen.
96
249069
2254
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ื™.
04:11
You get too much, you get too high. Not enough, and you're gonna die."
97
251347
3295
ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื•ืชืžื•ืช."
04:14
Well, in the context of diving, you get too much, you die also.
98
254666
2988
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื’ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
ืืชื” ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืชืงืฃ -
04:17
You die because oxygen toxicity can cause a seizure.
99
257678
3000
04:20
It makes you convulse underwater -- not a good thing to happen underwater.
100
260702
3548
ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:24
It happens because there's too much concentration of oxygen in your body.
101
264274
3507
04:27
The nitrogen has two problems.
102
267805
1642
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
04:29
One of them is what Jacques Cousteau called "rapture of the deep."
103
269471
4373
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื'ืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื• ืงืจื "ื”ืืงืกื˜ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื".
ื–ื” ืฉื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืžืงื™ื
04:33
It's nitrogen narcosis.
104
273868
1342
ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ.
04:35
It makes you loopy; the deeper you go, the loopier you get.
105
275234
2787
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืขืžื™ืง ื›ื›ื” ืืชื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ.
04:38
You don't want to drive drunk, you don't want to dive drunk.
106
278045
2869
ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื›ื›ื” ืฉื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
04:40
So that's a real big problem.
107
280938
1398
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืคืืœื•
04:42
And of course, the third problem
108
282360
1543
04:43
is the one I found out the hard way in Palau,
109
283927
2143
ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื.
04:46
which is the bends.
110
286094
1158
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ,
04:47
One thing I forgot to mention
111
287276
1391
04:48
is that to obviate the problem of nitrogen narcosis --
112
288691
2533
ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืžืงื™ื
ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ---
04:51
all of those blue dots in our body --
113
291248
1786
ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
04:53
you remove the nitrogen and replace it with helium.
114
293058
2400
ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื–, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ืžืชืื™ื
04:55
Helium's a gas; there're a lot of reasons why helium's good,
115
295482
2833
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ืืฆื™ืœ
04:58
it's a tiny molecule, it's inert, it doesn't give you narcosis.
116
298339
2987
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉื›ืจ.
05:01
So that's the basic concept we use.
117
301350
1702
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
05:03
But the theory's relatively easy.
118
303076
1579
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืœื”.
05:04
The tricky part is the implementation.
119
304679
1833
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื
05:06
So this is how I began about 15 years ago.
120
306536
2109
ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื.
05:08
I'll admit, it wasn't exactly the smartest of starts,
121
308669
2706
ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:11
but you've got to start somewhere.
122
311399
1666
ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•.
05:13
(Laughter)
123
313089
1008
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”---
05:14
At the time, I wasn't the only one who didn't know what I was doing.
124
314121
3198
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข.
05:17
Almost nobody did.
125
317343
1159
05:18
This rig was actually used for a dive of 300 feet.
126
318526
2340
ื•ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
05:20
But over time we got better at it,
127
320890
1635
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจื ื•
05:22
and we came up with this really sophisticated-looking rig
128
322549
2692
ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืชืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช
ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื•ืกืชื™ื
05:25
with four scuba tanks, five regulators and all the right gas mixtures,
129
325265
3307
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
05:28
all that good stuff.
130
328596
1151
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ
05:29
It was fine and dandy, it allowed us to go down and find new species.
131
329771
3277
ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื“ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื’.
05:33
This picture was taken at 300 feet, catching new species of fish.
132
333072
3052
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš.
05:36
The problem was it didn't allow us much time.
133
336148
2103
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•
05:38
For all its bulk and size, it only gave us about 15 minutes at most
134
338275
3202
ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืจืง 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
05:41
down at those sorts of depths.
135
341501
1512
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
05:43
We needed more time. There had to be a better way.
136
343037
2337
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:45
And indeed, there is a better way.
137
345398
1674
ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:47
In 1994, I was fortunate enough to get access
138
347096
2160
ื‘ 1994 ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ื•ืงื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื”
05:49
to these prototype closed-circuit rebreathers.
139
349280
2600
ืœืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”
ืื•ืงื™, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”--
05:52
Closed-circuit rebreather: what makes it different from scuba,
140
352687
3017
ืžื” ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขื ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื,
05:55
and why is it better?
141
355728
1161
ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
05:56
Well, there are three main advantages to a rebreather.
142
356913
2851
ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
05:59
One, they're quiet, they don't make any noise.
143
359788
2160
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืจืขืฉ.
06:01
Two, they allow you to stay underwater longer.
144
361972
2165
ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:04
Three, they allow you to go deeper.
145
364161
1873
ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
06:06
How is it that they do that?
146
366058
1357
06:07
In order to really understand how they do that,
147
367439
2207
ืื– ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
06:09
you have to look underneath the hood and see what's going on.
148
369670
2889
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื”, ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื.
06:12
There are three basic systems to a closed-circuit rebreather.
149
372583
2871
ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”
ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงืจืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
06:15
The most fundamental is called the breathing loop.
150
375478
2588
ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžื–ื”
06:18
It's a breathing loop because you breathe off of it;
151
378090
2442
ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื– ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
06:20
it's a closed loop, and you breathe the same gas around and around.
152
380556
3157
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืคื”,
06:23
There's a mouthpiece that you put in your mouth,
153
383737
2344
ื•ืืœื• ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช
06:26
and there's a counter lung, or in this case, two counter lungs.
154
386105
3025
ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืชื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช.
ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง, ืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืงื™ื ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื.
06:29
The counter lungs aren't high tech, they're simply flexible bags.
155
389154
3064
ื”ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื ื™.
06:32
They allow you to mechanically breathe, mechanically ventilate.
156
392242
2977
ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื–ื•ืจื ืœืจื™ืื” ืื—ืช
06:35
When you exhale, it goes in the exhale counter lung;
157
395243
2451
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื–ื•ืจื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:37
when you inhale, it comes from the inhale counter lung.
158
397718
2585
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
06:40
It's just pure mechanics, allowing you to cycle air through this breathing loop.
159
400327
3785
ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”
06:44
The other component on a breathing loop is the carbon-dioxide-absorbent canister.
160
404136
4204
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื— ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
06:48
Now, as we breathe, we produce carbon dioxide,
161
408364
2872
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
06:51
and that carbon dioxide needs to be scrubbed out of the system.
162
411260
3001
ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ื›ื™ืžื™
06:54
There's a chemical filter in there
163
414285
1648
06:55
that pulls the carbon dioxide out of the breathing gas,
164
415957
2581
ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”---
06:58
so that when it comes back to us, it's safe to breathe again.
165
418562
3388
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
07:01
That's the breathing loop in a nutshell.
166
421974
2218
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
07:04
The second main component of a closed-circuit rebreather
167
424216
2944
ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื–.
07:07
is the gas system.
168
427184
1342
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื–
07:08
The primary purpose of the gas system is to provide oxygen,
169
428550
3450
ื–ื” ืœืกืคืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืกืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจืš.
07:12
to replenish the oxygen that your body consumes.
170
432024
2616
07:14
So the main tank, the main critical thing,
171
434664
2091
ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™,
07:16
is this oxygen gas supply cylinder we have here.
172
436779
2841
ื–ื” ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืคื”.
07:19
But if we only had an oxygen gas supply cylinder,
173
439644
2357
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง,
07:22
we wouldn't be able to go very deep,
174
442025
1716
07:23
because we'd run into oxygen toxicity very quickly.
175
443765
2425
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ืจ, ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื– ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื“ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
07:26
So we need another gas, something to dilute the oxygen with.
176
446214
3122
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื’ื– ื”ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ.
07:29
And that, fittingly enough, is called the diluent gas supply.
177
449360
3262
07:32
In our applications, we generally put air inside this diluent gas supply,
178
452646
4436
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ื— ืœื—ื ืงืŸ.
07:37
because it's a very cheap and easy source of nitrogen.
179
457106
2700
07:39
So that's where we get our nitrogen from.
180
459830
1977
ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื ืงืŸ.
07:41
But if we want to go deeper, of course, we need another gas supply,
181
461831
3469
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื– ืื—ืจ.
ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืง.
07:45
and helium is what we really need to go deep.
182
465324
2111
ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:47
Usually we'll have a slightly larger cylinder,
183
467459
2148
ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
07:49
mounted exterior on the rebreather, like this.
184
469631
2167
07:51
That's what we use to inject, as we start to do our deep dives.
185
471822
3023
ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
07:54
We also have a second oxygen cylinder, solely as a backup;
186
474869
3166
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืฉื•ื.
07:58
if there's a problem with our first oxygen supply,
187
478059
2339
08:00
we can continue to breathe.
188
480422
1309
08:01
The way you manage all these different gases and different gas supplies
189
481755
3461
ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”
ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื•ืคืกืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉื ืžืฆื ืคื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”
08:05
is this really high-tech, sophisticated gas block up on the front here,
190
485240
3391
08:08
where it's easy to reach.
191
488655
1208
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•.
08:09
It's got the valves and knobs and things you need
192
489887
2292
ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืกืงื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
08:12
to inject the right gases at the right time.
193
492203
2059
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:14
Normally, you don't have to do that,
194
494286
1719
ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
08:16
because all of it's done automatically
195
496029
1813
08:17
with the electronics, the third system of a rebreather.
196
497866
2628
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
08:20
The most critical part of a rebreather are the oxygen sensors.
197
500518
2925
ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืืœื”, ื›ื›ื” ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ืืชื” ืชื“ืข ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื”.
08:23
You need three, so if one goes bad, you know which one it is.
198
503467
2866
ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
08:26
You need voting logic.
199
506357
1154
08:27
You also have three microprocessors.
200
507535
1905
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื
08:29
Any one of those computers can run the entire system,
201
509464
2480
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
08:31
so if you have to lose two of them,
202
511968
1678
ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื.
08:33
there's back-up power supplies.
203
513670
1492
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืคื™
08:35
And there are multiple displays, to get the information to the diver.
204
515186
3273
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืฆื•ืœืœ.
08:38
This is the high-tech gadgetry that allows us to do what we do
205
518483
3492
ื–ื” ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:41
on these deep dives.
206
521999
1234
ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
08:43
I can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife --
207
523257
2407
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื-- ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืืฉืชื™--
08:45
but I want to move on to something much more interesting.
208
525688
2679
ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืงื“ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
08:48
I'm going to take you on a deep dive,
209
528391
1766
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
08:50
and show you what it's like to do one.
210
530181
1811
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืงืจ
08:52
We start up on the boat,
211
532016
1151
08:53
For all this high-tech, expensive equipment,
212
533191
2105
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ื --- ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš---
08:55
this is still the best way to get in the water,
213
535320
2209
ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื”
08:57
just flop over the side of the boat.
214
537553
1739
ืžืงื•ื“ื ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืชืจืฉื™ื,
08:59
Now, as I showed you in the earlier diagram,
215
539316
2227
09:01
these reefs that we dive on start out near the surface
216
541567
3365
ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ืฃ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
09:04
and they go almost vertically, completely straight down.
217
544956
2648
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืื•ื ืš, ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื”.
09:07
So we drop in the water and go over the edge of this cliff,
218
547628
2881
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืฆื•ืง,
09:10
and then we start dropping, dropping, dropping.
219
550533
2214
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง, ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง, ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง.
09:12
People ask if it takes a long time to get there.
220
552771
2310
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ " ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื?"
ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื”
09:15
No; it only takes a couple minutes to get down to three or four hundred feet,
221
555105
3693
ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 100-120 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
09:18
which is what we're aiming for.
222
558822
1492
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™.
09:20
It's like skydiving in slow motion. It's really very interesting.
223
560338
3066
ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ---
09:23
You ever see "The Abyss,"
224
563428
1288
ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืคืขื ืืช "ื‘ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช" ืขื ืื“ ื”ืจื™ืก ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
09:24
where Ed Harris is sinking down along the side of the wall?
225
564740
2786
ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงื™ืจ
09:27
That's what it feels like. Amazing.
226
567550
1723
ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ. ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:29
And down there, you find that the water is very clear, extremely clear,
227
569297
3397
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉื, ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื.
ืžื™ื ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
09:32
because there's hardly any plankton.
228
572718
1723
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื ืก ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืจื•ืช,
09:34
When you turn on your light and look around the caves,
229
574465
2537
ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื,
09:37
you're confronted with a tremendous amount of diversity,
230
577026
2633
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•.
09:39
much more than anyone used to believe.
231
579683
1813
ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื---
09:41
Now, not all of it is new species --
232
581520
1734
09:43
that fish you see with the white stripe, that's a known species.
233
583278
3701
ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ.
09:47
But if you look carefully into the cracks and crevices,
234
587003
3326
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื,
ืชืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
09:50
you'll see little things scurrying all over the place.
235
590353
3080
09:53
There's a just unbelievable diversity.
236
593457
2463
ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก.
09:55
It's not just fish, either.
237
595944
1326
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื“ื’ื™ื,
09:57
These are crinoids, sponges, black corals. There're some more fishes.
238
597294
3478
ื™ืฉ ืงืจืื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
10:00
Those fishes that you see now are new species.
239
600796
2262
ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืžืฆืœืžืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืœื ืจืฉืช
10:03
They're still new species,
240
603082
1350
10:04
because I had a video camera instead of my net,
241
604456
2222
10:06
so they're still waiting down there for someone to go find them.
242
606702
3043
ืื– ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื.
10:09
But this is what it looks like.
243
609769
1520
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
10:11
And this kind of habitat just goes on and on and on for miles.
244
611313
3134
ื•ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
10:14
This is Papua, New Guinea.
245
614471
1934
ื–ื” ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” - ื’ื™ื ื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
10:16
Now little fishes and invertebrates aren't the only things we see down there.
246
616429
4535
ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื,
10:20
We also see sharks,
247
620988
1274
ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืคื”.
10:22
much more regularly than I would have expected to.
248
622286
2381
10:24
We're not quite sure why.
249
624691
1201
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื”.
10:25
What I want you to do now is imagine yourself 400 feet underwater,
250
625916
3109
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื–ื” ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื 130 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
10:29
with all this high-tech gear on your back,
251
629049
2008
ืืชื ื‘ืจื™ืฃ ื ื™ื“ื— ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” - ื’ื™ื ื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
10:31
you're in a remote reef off Papua, New Guinea,
252
631081
2148
ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื ืœื—ืฅ,
10:33
thousands of miles from the nearest recompression chamber,
253
633253
2761
ื•ืืชื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
10:36
and you're completely surrounded by sharks.
254
636038
2411
10:38
(Video) Diver 1: (In squeaky voice) Look at those ...
255
638473
2485
ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ: ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืœื”...
10:40
Diver 2: Uh, oh ...
256
640982
1163
ืื• ืื•... ืื• ืื•!
10:42
Uh, oh!
257
642169
1151
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชืคืกื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:43
Audience: (Laughter)
258
643344
1214
10:44
(Video) Diver 1: I think we have their attention ...
259
644582
2525
ืจ.ืค: ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื“ืืง
10:47
Richard Pyle: When you start talking like Donald Duck,
260
647131
2530
10:49
there's no situation in the world that can seem tense.
261
649685
2573
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:52
(Laughter)
262
652282
1934
10:54
So we're down there -- this is at 400 feet.
263
654240
2914
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 130 ืžื˜ืจื™ื---
10:57
That's looking straight up, by the way, to give a sense of how far the surface is.
264
657178
3874
ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
ื•ืื ืืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื,
11:01
And if you're a biologist and know about sharks,
265
661076
2248
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
11:03
and you want to assess, how much jeopardy am I really in here,
266
663348
3250
11:06
there's one question that sort of jumps to the forefront of your mind immediately,
267
666622
4102
ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืงื•ืคืฆืช ืœืš ืœืจืืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™
ื•ื”ื™ื---
11:12
which is --
268
672534
1156
ืฆื•ืœืœ 1: ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื?
11:13
(Video) Diver 1: What kind of sharks?
269
673714
2452
ืฆื•ืœืœ 2: ืื•ื•, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
11:16
Diver 2: Silvertip sharks.
270
676190
1762
11:17
Diver 1: Oh.
271
677976
1166
ืฆื•ืœืœ 1: ืื•ื•.
ืจ.ืค.: ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื--- ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
11:19
RP: There are actually three species of sharks here.
272
679166
2497
ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ
11:21
The silvertips are the ones with the white edges on the fins,
273
681687
2888
ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ืจื™ืฃ ืืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.
11:24
and there're also gray reef sharks and hammerheads off in the distance.
274
684599
3484
ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื˜ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
11:28
And yes, it's a little nerve-racking.
275
688107
1937
ืฆื•ืœืœ 2: ืื”ื•ื•!
11:31
(Video) Diver 2: Hoo!
276
691964
1396
ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฆื‘ื ื™! (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:34
That little guy is frisky!
277
694686
1835
11:36
Audience: (Laughter)
278
696545
1626
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ืจืื™ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
11:39
Now, you've seen video like this on TV a lot, and it's very intimidating.
279
699842
4475
ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
11:44
I think it gives the wrong impression about sharks;
280
704341
2393
ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื—ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช
11:46
they're actually not very dangerous animals.
281
706758
2086
ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืœื ื“ืื’ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื“ื—ื ื• ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
11:48
That's why we weren't worried much and were joking around.
282
708868
2734
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืžื›ืช ื‘ืจืง,
11:51
More people are killed by pigs, by lightning strikes,
283
711626
2677
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
11:54
more people are killed at soccer games in England.
284
714327
2335
11:56
There's a lot of other ways you can die.
285
716686
2047
ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
11:58
And I'm not making that stuff up.
286
718757
1774
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:00
Coconuts! You can get killed by a coconut more likely than killed by a shark.
287
720555
3702
ืื’ื•ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื•ืก! ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืžืื’ื•ื– ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืจื™ืฉ ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš.
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ื›ืืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
12:04
So sharks aren't quite as dangerous as most people make them out to be.
288
724281
3977
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืจื”"ื‘
12:08
Now, I don't know if any of you get US News and World Report --
289
728282
3055
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
12:11
I got the recent issue.
290
731361
1198
12:12
There's a cover story about the great explorers of our time.
291
732583
2817
ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” " ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื"
12:15
The last article is entitled, "No New Frontiers."
292
735424
3700
ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:19
It questions whether or not there really are any new frontiers out there,
293
739148
3445
12:22
whether there are any true, hardcore discoveries that can still be made.
294
742617
3404
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื“ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืชื‘ื”.
12:26
My favorite line from the article:
295
746045
1625
12:27
[... 'discovery' can mean finding a guppy with an extra spine in its dorsal fin."]
296
747694
3869
ื›ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื—ื•ืง, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื---
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื.
12:31
I have to laugh; they don't call us fish nerds for nothing.
297
751587
2767
12:34
We actually do get excited about finding a new dorsal spine in a guppy.
298
754378
3340
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
12:37
But it's much more than that.
299
757742
1397
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
12:39
I want to show you a few of the guppies we've found over the years.
300
759163
3576
ื–ื”-- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจ
12:42
This one -- you can see how ugly it is.
301
762763
2126
12:44
(Laughter)
302
764913
1025
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
12:45
Even if you ignore the scientific value of this thing,
303
765962
3049
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
12:49
look at the monetary value of this thing.
304
769035
1977
ื–ื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืคืŸ
12:51
A couple of these were sold through the aquarium trade to Japan,
305
771036
3053
ืฉื ื”ื ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ 15000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
12:54
where they sold for 15,000 dollars apiece.
306
774113
2113
ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืง"ื’
12:56
That's half a million dollars a pound.
307
776250
2632
ื–ื” ื“ื’ ืžืœืืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
12:59
Here's another new angelfish we discovered.
308
779485
2023
ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืฆืœืœื ื• ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ--- ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื,
13:01
This one we first discovered back in the air days -- the bad old air days,
309
781532
3486
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื--- ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืขื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
13:05
when we were doing these kind of dives with air.
310
785042
2389
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 120 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
13:07
We were at 360 feet.
311
787455
1158
13:08
I remember coming up from one of these deep dives and I had this fog,
312
788637
3258
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืžืื—ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ
13:11
and the narcosis takes a little while to fade away, sort of like sobering up.
313
791919
4237
ื•ื”ืฉื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื•ืงื— ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื”ืชื ื“ืฃ.
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืชืคื›ื—.
13:16
I had this vague recollection of seeing this yellow fish with a black spot,
314
796180
3706
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”,
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ "ืื•, ื‘ืืกื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื—ื“.
13:19
and thought, "Damn, I should have caught one --
315
799910
2347
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ".
13:22
I think that's a new species."
316
802281
1442
13:23
Eventually, I looked in my bucket.
317
803747
1627
ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืฉืœื™.
13:25
Sure enough, I had caught one, I just completely forgot.
318
805398
2981
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืชืคืกืชื™ ืื—ื“--- ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื” (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื“ื’ ืžืœืืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ.
13:28
So this one, we decided to give the name Centropyge narcosis to.
319
808403
3854
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื•,
13:32
That's its official scientific name,
320
812281
1963
ื›ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•.
13:34
in reference to its deep-dwelling habits.
321
814268
1962
ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
13:36
This is another neat one.
322
816254
1193
13:37
When we first found it,
323
817471
1159
ื›ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš,
13:38
we weren't even sure what family it belonged to,
324
818654
2259
ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ื”ื“ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ืก,
13:40
so we just called it the Dr. Seuss fish,
325
820937
1913
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
13:42
since it looked like something from one of those books.
326
822874
2578
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
13:45
Now, this one's pretty cool.
327
825476
1350
13:46
If you go to Papua, New Guinea and go down 300 feet,
328
826850
2442
ืื ืืชื” ืฆื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคื•ืคืื” ื’ื™ื ื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื
ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืชืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
13:49
you'll see these big mounds.
329
829316
1356
13:50
This may be hard to see, but they're a couple meters in diameter.
330
830696
3247
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš---
ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
13:53
If you look closely, you'll see there's a little white and gray fish
331
833967
3337
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ืชืจืื” ืฉื
ื“ื’ ืœื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“.
13:57
that hangs out near them.
332
837328
1207
13:58
It turns out this little white fish builds these giant mounds,
333
838559
3011
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื’ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืื‘ืŸ.
14:01
one pebble at a time.
334
841594
1524
ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”
14:03
It's extraordinary to find something like this.
335
843142
2194
ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ: ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื–ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” , ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
14:05
It's not just new species, it's new behaviors, new ecology,
336
845360
2771
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
14:08
all kind of new things.
337
848155
1151
14:09
What I'm going to show you now, quickly,
338
849330
1925
ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
14:11
is a sampling of the new species we've discovered.
339
851279
2397
14:13
What's extraordinary is not just the number of species we're finding --
340
853700
3357
ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘, ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•---
14:17
though as you can see, that's pretty amazing;
341
857081
2146
14:19
this is only half of what we've found --
342
859251
1913
ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื.
14:21
what's extraordinary is how quickly we find them.
343
861188
2896
ืžืฆืื ื• ืขื“ ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง.
14:24
We're up to seven new species per hour of time we spend at that depth.
344
864108
3335
ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื•ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืขืฅ ืื•ืœื™ ืชืžืฆืื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืจืงื™ื
14:27
If you go to an Amazon jungle and fog a tree, you may get a lot of bugs,
345
867467
4320
14:31
but for fishes, there's nowhere in the world
346
871811
2097
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
14:33
you can get seven new species per hour of time.
347
873932
2857
ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื”.
14:36
Now, we've done some back-of-the-envelope calculations,
348
876813
2587
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 2000-2500 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
14:39
and we're predicting there are probably about 2,000 to 2,500 new species
349
879424
3424
14:42
in the Indo-Pacific alone.
350
882872
1349
ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
14:44
There are only five to six thousand known species,
351
884245
2654
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 5000-6000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื
14:46
so a very large percentage of what is out there isn't really known.
352
886923
3572
ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื•ื– ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ.
14:50
We thought we had a handle on all the reef fish diversity -- evidently not.
353
890519
3580
ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืฃ--- ืื‘ืœ ืœื.
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”.
14:54
I'm going to just close on a very somber note.
354
894123
2222
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
14:56
At the beginning, I said I'd show you two extraordinary photographs.
355
896369
3960
15:00
This is the second extraordinary photograph I'm going to show you.
356
900353
3159
ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืฆื™ืœื™ืžืชื™ ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
15:03
This one was taken at the exact moment I was down there filming those sharks.
357
903536
4188
15:07
This was taken exactly 300 feet above my head.
358
907748
2324
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 100 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™.
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
15:11
The reason this photograph is extraordinary
359
911236
2100
ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
15:13
is because it captures a moment
360
913360
1518
15:14
in the very last minute of a person's life.
361
914902
2434
ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืช.
15:17
Less than 60 seconds after this picture was taken, this guy was dead.
362
917360
3569
ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืœืฆื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื”.
15:21
When we recovered his body, we figured out what had gone wrong.
363
921778
3163
15:24
He had made a very simple mistake;
364
924965
1640
ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื“.
15:26
he turned the wrong valve when he filled his cylinder.
365
926629
2532
ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืฉืกืชื•ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•---
ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ 80% ื‘ืžืงื•ื 40%
15:29
he had 80 percent oxygen in his tank when he should have had 40.
366
929185
3005
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขืœืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื˜ื‘ืข.
15:32
He had an oxygen toxicity seizure and he drowned.
367
932214
2656
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”---ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื›ื ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”---
15:34
The reason I show this -- not to put a downer on everything --
368
934894
2924
ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
15:37
but I just want to use it to key off my philosophy of life in general,
369
937842
3889
15:41
which is that we all have two goals.
370
941755
1738
ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช
15:43
The first goal we share with every other living thing on this planet,
371
943517
3244
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื”:
15:46
which is to survive.
372
946785
1160
15:47
I call it perpetuation: the survival of the species and survival of ourselves,
373
947969
3880
ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
15:51
And those are both about perpetuating the genome.
374
951873
2466
ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
15:54
The second goal, for those of us who have mastered the first goal --
375
954363
3244
ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
15:57
call it spiritual fulfillment, call it financial success,
376
957631
4379
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช.
16:02
you can call it any number of different things.
377
962034
2327
ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื•ืฉืจ---
16:04
I call it seeking joy, this pursuit of happiness.
378
964385
2685
ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
16:07
So, I guess my theme on this is this guy lived his life to the fullest,
379
967094
3639
ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื: ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื,
16:10
he absolutely did.
380
970757
1170
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš.
16:11
You have to balance those two goals.
381
971951
1786
ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
16:13
If you live your whole life in fear --
382
973761
1867
ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“---
16:15
I mean, life is a sexually transmitted disease with 100 percent mortality.
383
975652
4549
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื 100% ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืชืžื•ืชื”.
ืื– ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“.
16:20
So you can't live your life in fear.
384
980225
2160
16:22
(Laughter)
385
982409
2220
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:24
I thought that was an old one!
386
984653
2244
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื™ืฉื ื”.
16:26
(Applause)
387
986921
1051
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:27
But at the same time, you don't want to get so focused on rule number two,
388
987996
4141
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื’ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืจืง ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
ื•ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
16:32
goal number two,
389
992161
1452
16:33
that you neglect goal number one.
390
993637
1699
ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืช ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
16:35
Because once you're dead, you really can't enjoy anything after that.
391
995360
3245
ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœ ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
16:38
So I wish you all the best of luck in maintaining that balance
392
998629
2976
16:41
in your future endeavors.
393
1001629
1192
ืชื•ื“ื”
16:42
Thanks.
394
1002845
1150
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7