Sasa Vucinic: Why a free press is the best investment

21,637 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Merav Dvori ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
Video: Narrator: An event seen from one point of view
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืช
00:28
gives one impression.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื—ื“.
00:33
Seen from another point of view, it gives quite a different impression.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืจื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:38
But it's only when you get the whole picture you can fully understand
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ
00:42
what's going on.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
00:45
Sasha Vucinic: It's a great clip, isn't it?
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ืกืืกื ื•ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืง: ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื, ืœื?
00:48
And I found that in 29 seconds, it tells more about
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื‘-29 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ
00:53
the power of, and importance of, independent media
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ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ, ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
00:56
than I could say in an hour.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
00:59
So I thought that it will be good to start with it.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื–ื”.
01:03
And also start with a little bit of statistics.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:06
According to relevant researchers, 83 percent of the population of this planet
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ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, 83 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:12
lives in the societies without independent press.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
01:17
Think about that number: 83 percent of the population on the whole planet
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”: 83 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•
01:22
does not really know what is going on in their countries.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:26
The information they get gets filtered through somebody
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
01:30
who either twists that information, or colors that information,
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ืืฉืจ ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืื• ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
01:34
does something with it.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ืชื•.
01:35
So they're deprived of understanding their reality.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:40
That is just to understand how big and important this problem is.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:46
Now those of you who are lucky enough to live in those societies
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœื• ืžื›ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:53
that represent 17 percent, I think should enjoy it until it lasts.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช 17 ืื—ื•ื– , ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืžืจ
01:59
You know, Sunday morning, you flick the paper, get your cappuccino.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืืชื ืžืจืคืจืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ , ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื•.
02:03
Enjoy it while it lasts.
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ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“.
02:04
Because as we heard yesterday, countries can lose stars from their flags,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื‘ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:11
but they can also lose press freedom,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:14
as I guess Americans among us can tell us more about.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
02:19
But that's totally another and separate topic.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ื•ื ืคืจื“.
02:22
So I can go back to my story.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
02:26
My story starts -- the story I want to share -- starts in 1991.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ..ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ..ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘- 1991
02:31
At that time I was running B92, the only independent,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ืœืชื™ ืืช B92 ,ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
02:35
for that matter the only electronic media, in the country.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:38
And I guess we were sharing -- we had that regular life of the only
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืฉื™ืชืคื ื• -- ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
02:43
independent media in the country, operating in hostile environment,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจื” ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช
02:49
where government really wants to make your life miserable.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืืžืœืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืš
02:53
And there are different ways.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:54
Yeah, it was the usual cocktail:
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”"ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ" ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
02:55
a little bit of threats, a little bit of friendly advice,
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ื˜ื™ืค ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช
02:58
a little bit of financial police, a little bit of text control,
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ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืงืฆืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜
03:02
so you always have somebody who never leaves your office.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœืš
03:06
But what they really do, which is very powerful,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื• , ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™,
03:11
and that is what governments in the late '90s started doing
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:15
if they don't like independent media companies --
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช -
03:17
you know, they threaten your advertisers.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœืš.
03:19
Once they threaten your advertisers, market forces are actually,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืžืขืฉื”,
03:24
you know, destroyed, and the advertisers do not want to come --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื ื”ืจืกื•, ื•ื”ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื -
03:29
no matter how much does it make sense for them --
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื -
03:32
do not want to come and advertise.
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ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืคืจืกื
03:34
And you have a problem making ends meet.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—
03:38
At that time at the beginning of the '90s, we had that problem,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 , ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”,
03:42
which was, you know, survival below one side,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“
03:44
but what was really painful for me was,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื•ืื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื”,
03:48
remember, the beginning of the '90s, Yugoslavia is falling apart.
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ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 , ื™ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื”,
03:51
We were sitting over there with a country in a downfall,
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ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ,
03:54
in a slow-motion downfall.
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ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™.
03:58
And we all had all of that on tapes.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืงืœื˜.
04:01
We had the ability to understand what was going on.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:04
We were actually recording history.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:06
The problem was that we had to re-tape that history a week later;
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ,
04:11
because if we did not, we could not afford enough tapes
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืœื˜ื•ืช
04:15
to keep archives of that history.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
04:18
So if I gave you that picture, I don't want to go too long on that.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื–ื”.
04:23
In that context a gentleman came to my office at that time.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
04:27
It was still 1991.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ 1991
04:28
He was running a media systems organization
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื”
04:31
which is still in business, the gentleman is still in business.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ, ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื.
04:34
And what did I know at that time about media systems?
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ื•ืžื” ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื”?
04:37
I would think media systems were organizations,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื,
04:40
which means they should help you.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš
04:44
So I prepared two plans for that meeting, two strategic plans:
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช:
04:47
the small one and the big one.
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ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
04:49
The small one was, I just wanted him
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ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉืื ื™ ืจืง ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
04:51
to help us get those damn tapes,
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ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืจื•ืช,
04:53
so we can keep that archive for the next 50 years.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœ- 50 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
04:57
The big plan was to ask him for a 1,000,000-dollar loan.
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ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ 1,000,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:02
Because I thought, I still maintain,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื–ืง,
05:05
that serious and independent media companies are great business.
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ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:09
And I thought that B92 will survive and be a great company
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉB92 ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
05:13
once Milosevic is gone, which turned out to be true.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื™ืœื•ืกื•ื•ื™ืง ื ืขืœื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™.
05:16
It's now probably either the biggest or the second biggest
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
05:19
media company in the country.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
05:21
And I thought that the only thing that we needed at that time
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
05:24
was 1,000,000-dollar loan to take us through those hard times.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
05:28
To make a long story short, the gentleman comes into the office,
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืจื“,
05:32
great suit and tie.
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ืœื‘ืฉ ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืขื ื™ื‘ื”.
05:36
I gave him what I thought was a brilliant explanation
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
05:40
of the political situation and explained how hard and difficult
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
05:45
the war will be.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื”.
05:47
Actually, I underestimated the atrocities, I have to admit.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช.
05:50
Anyway, after that whole, big, long explanation,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš,
05:53
the only question he had for me -- and this is not a joke --
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• - ื•ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” -
05:58
is, are we paying royalties after we broadcast music
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ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
06:02
of Michael Jackson?
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ?
06:06
That was really the only question he had.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•.
06:08
He left, and I remember being actually very angry at myself
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ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื›ืขืกืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™
06:15
because I thought there must be an institution in the world
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:19
that is providing loans to media companies.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื”.
06:22
It's so obvious, straight in your face,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ.
06:25
and somebody must have thought of it.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:26
Somebody must have started something like that.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
06:29
And I thought, I'm just dumb and I cannot find it.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื–ื”.
06:33
You know, in my defense, there was no Google at that time;
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื”ื’ื ืชื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”:
06:35
you could not just Google in '91.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ 1991
06:38
So I thought that that's actually my problem.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
06:42
Now we go from here, fast forward to 1995.
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ื›ืขืช, ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœ - 1995 .
06:46
I have -- I left the country, I have a meeting with George Soros,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ - ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื•ืจื•ืก,
06:52
trying for the third time to convince him that
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ืžื ืกื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื•
06:58
his foundation should invest in something that should
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ืฉื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
07:01
operate like a media bank.
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ืฉื™ืชืคืขืœ ื›ื‘ื ืง ืžื“ื™ื”
07:05
And basically what I was saying is very simple.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
07:08
You know, forget about charity; it doesn't work.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžืฆื“ืงื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
07:09
Forget about handouts; 20,000 dollars do not help anybody.
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ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืž"ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ื™ื“", 20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“.
07:14
What you should do is you should treat media companies as a business.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื›ืขืกืง.
07:18
It's business anywhere.
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ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
07:20
Media business, or any other business, it needs to be capitalized.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
07:23
And what these guys need, actually, is access to capital.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื , ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืŸ.
07:28
So third meeting, arguments are pretty well exercised.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
07:33
At the end of the meeting he says,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
07:35
look, it is not going to work; you will never see your money back;
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ืชืจืื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื™ื›ื ื—ื–ืจื”,
07:39
but my foundations will put 500,000 dollars so you can test the idea.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืชืฉื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
07:44
See that it will not work.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
07:49
He said, I'll give you a rope to hang yourself.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืœ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื›ื.
07:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:53
I knew two things after that meeting.
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื”:
07:56
First, under no circumstances I want to hang myself.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™.
08:00
And second, that I have no idea how to make it work.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
08:06
You see, at the level of a concept, it was a great concept.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:10
But it's one thing to have a concept;
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜
08:12
it's a totally separate thing to actually make it work.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
08:15
So I had absolutely no idea how that could actually work.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืžืช.
08:19
Had the wrong idea; I thought that we can be a bank.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง.
08:22
You see banks -- I don't know if there are any bankers over here;
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื™ื - ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ืงืื™ื;
08:25
I apologize in advance -- but it's the best job in the world.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืžืจืืฉ - ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:29
You know, you find somebody who is respectable
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“
08:32
and has a lot of money.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
08:33
You give them more money; they repay you that over a time.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ , ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคื”.
08:38
You collect interest and do nothing in between.
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ืืชื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื
08:40
So I thought, why don't we get into that business?
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขืกืง ื”ื–ื”?
08:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:44
So here we are having our first client, brilliant.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
08:50
First independent newspaper in Slovakia.
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.
08:52
The government cutting them off
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืชืงืช ืื•ืชื
08:53
from all the printing facilities in Bratislava.
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ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”
08:56
So here's the daily newspaper
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™
08:57
that has to be printed 400 kilometers away from the capital.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืก 400 ืง"ืž ืžื”ื‘ื™ืจื”
09:01
It's a daily newspaper with a deadline of 4 p.m.
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ื–ื” ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืขื ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืืจื‘ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
09:05
That means that they have no sports;
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืกืฃ ืกืคื•ืจื˜
09:07
they have no latest news; circulation goes down.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช , ื”ืคืฆื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช
09:10
It's a kind of very nice, sophisticated way
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื ื—ืžื“ื”, ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช
09:13
how to economically strangle a daily newspaper.
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ืื™ืš ืœื—ื ื•ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™.
09:17
They come to us with a request for a loan.
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ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”
09:19
They want to -- the only way for them to survive
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื..ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“
09:21
is to get a printing press.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืคื•ืก
09:23
And we said, that's fine; let's meet;
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžืจื ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคื’ืฉ
09:26
you'll bring us your business plan, which eventually they did.
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ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืขืฉื•.
09:30
We start the meeting.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”
09:32
I get these two pieces of paper, not like this, A4 format,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืœื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืคื•ืจืžื˜ A4
09:36
so it's much bigger.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:38
A lot of numbers there. A lot of numbers.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
09:41
But however you put it, you know, the numbers
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
09:43
do not make any sense.
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ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช
09:45
And that's the best they could do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:47
We were the best that they could do.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:48
So that is how we understood what our method is.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
09:50
It's not a bank. We had to actually
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื ืง, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
09:53
go into these companies and earn our return
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ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืื”
09:57
by fixing them -- by establishing management systems,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื - ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ
10:00
by providing all that knowledge, how do you run a business
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง
10:02
on one side -- while they all know how to run, how to create content.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ - ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ, ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ
10:08
Just quickly on the results.
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ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
10:14
Over these 10 years, 40 million dollars in affordable financing,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, 40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืœื
10:20
average interest rate five percent to six percent.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข 5%-6%
10:23
Lately we are going wild, charging seven percent from time to time.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืคืจืขื™ื, ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื 7% ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื
10:29
We do it in 17 countries of the developing world.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘- 17 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
10:33
And here is the most stunning number.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืžื
10:36
Return rate -- the one that Soros was so worried about -- 97 percent.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” - ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืกื•ืจื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• - 97%
10:42
97 percent of all the scheduled repayments came back to us on time.
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97% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
10:47
What do we typically finance?
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ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืžืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ?
10:48
We finance anything that a media company would need,
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ืื ื• ืžืžื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
10:51
from printing presses to transmitters.
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ืžืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื“ืคื•ืก ืœืžืฉื“ืจื™ื
10:56
What is most important is we do it
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื
11:01
either in form of loans, equities, lease --
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ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื -
11:04
whatever is appropriate for, you know, supporting anybody.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื , ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“
11:07
But what is most important here is, who do we finance?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืžื™ ืื ื• ืžืžืžื ื™ื?
11:12
We believe that in the last 10 years companies
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
11:14
that we've financed are actually the best media companies
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ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืžื ื• ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:18
in the developing world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
11:20
That is a "Who is Who" list.
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ื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”"ืžื™ ื•ืžื™".
11:22
And I could spend hours talking about them,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืขื•ืช.
11:27
because they're all kind of heroes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
11:28
And I can, but I'll give you just, maybe one,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืง , ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืช
11:31
and depending on time I may give you two examples
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ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
11:34
who we work with.
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ืขื ืžื™ ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
11:35
You see we started working in Eastern and Central Europe,
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ืชืจืื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
11:37
and moved to Russia.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืจื•ืกื™ื”
11:39
Our first loan in Russia was in Chelyabinsk.
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ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœื™ืื‘ื™ื ืกืง
11:42
I'll bet half of you have never heard of that place.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
11:45
In the south of Russia there's a guy called
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื
11:48
Boris Nikolayevich Kirshin, who is running
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ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ืงื•ืœื‘ื™ืฅ' ืงื™ืจืฉื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื
11:50
an independent newspaper there.
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ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™
11:52
The city was closed until early '90s
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช
11:54
because, of all things, they were producing glass for Tupolev planes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ , ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื‘
12:01
Anyway, he's running independent newspaper there.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืฉื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
12:05
After two years working with us, he becomes
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš
12:07
the most respected newspaper in that small place.
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ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
12:13
Governor comes to him one day,
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ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
12:15
actually invites him to come to his office.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืœืžืฉืจื“
12:17
He goes and sees the governor. The governor says,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืืžืจ
12:20
Boris Nikolayevich, I understand you are doing a great job,
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"ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ืงื•ืœืฆ'ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช,
12:22
and you are the most respected newspaper in our district.
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ื•ืืชื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–.
12:28
And I want to offer you a deal.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืš ืขืกืงื”
12:32
Can you please give me your newspaper for the next nine months,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœืชืฉืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
12:35
because I have elections --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช -
12:37
there are elections coming up in nine months.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
12:40
I will not run, but it's very important for me
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™
12:43
who is going to succeed me.
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ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื™
12:45
So give me the paper for nine months. I'll give it back to you.
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ืื– ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืš
12:47
I have no interest in being in media business.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื”
12:50
How much would that cost?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื”?"
12:53
Boris Nikolayevich says, "It's not for sale."
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ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ืงื•ืœื‘ื™ืฅ' ืืžืจ " ื–ื” ืœื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”"
12:55
The governor says, "We will close you."
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ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืืžืจ "ื ืกื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš"
12:58
Boris Nikolayevich says, "No, you cannot do it."
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ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ืงื•ืœื‘ื™ืฅ' ืืžืจ , " ืœื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื".
13:00
Six months later the newspaper was closed.
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื ืกื’ืจ
13:04
Luckily, we had enough time to help Boris Nikolayevich
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ืœืžื–ืœื™, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื ื™ืงื•ืœื‘ื™ืฅ'.
13:07
take all the assets out of that company and bring him into a new one,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
13:11
to get all the subscription lists, rehire staff.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
13:15
So what the governor got was an empty shell.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืœื™ืคื” ืจื™ืงื”
13:18
But that is what happens if you're in business of independent media,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
13:22
and if you are a banker for independent media.
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช
13:26
So it sounds like a great story.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ
13:32
Somewhere down the road we opened a media management center.
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ืื™ืคื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืคืชื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื”
13:36
We started our media lab, sounds like a real great story.
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• , ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
13:39
But there is a second angle to that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื’ื ื–ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช
13:42
The second angle, like in this clip.
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ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื–ื”
13:44
If you take the camera above, you start thinking
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
13:46
about these numbers again.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื•ื‘
13:47
40 million dollars over 10 years spread over 17 countries.
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40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื ืคืจืกื• ืœ- 17 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:54
That is not too much, is it?
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:56
It's actually just a drop in the sea.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื
13:58
Because when you think about the importance,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
14:00
some of the issues that we were talking about last night --
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘
14:03
this last session we had about Africa and his
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ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
14:05
hypothetical 50 billion dollars destined for Africa.
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ื•ืขืœ 50 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
14:10
All of those, not all, half of those problems mentioned last night --
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ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื›ืœ, ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘
14:16
government accountability, corruption, how do you fight corruption,
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืื™ืš ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
14:21
giving voice to unheard, to poor --
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ืœืชืช ืงื•ืœ ืœ"ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืžืขื™ื" ืœืขื ื™ื™ื
14:24
it's why independent media is in business.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืง.
14:28
And it's why it was invented.
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื”.
14:30
So from that perspective, what we did is just really
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืืžืช
14:33
one drop in the sea of that need that we can identify.
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ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื
14:40
Now ours is just one story.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“
14:43
I'm sure that in this room there are, like, 15 other wonderful stories
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 15 ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
14:46
of nonprofits doing spectacular work.
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ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—
14:49
Here is where the problem is,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
14:52
and I'll explain to you as well as I can what the problem is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
14:58
And it's called fundraising.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื’ื™ื•ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช
15:00
Imagine that this third of this room is filled
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืœื
15:04
with people who represent different foundations.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
15:07
Imagine two thirds over here running excellent organizations,
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ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื
15:12
doing very important work.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
15:15
Now imagine that every second person over here
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ื›ืขืช ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ
15:17
is deaf, does not hear, and switch the lights off.
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ื—ืจืฉ, ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช
15:22
Now that is how difficult it is to match people
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ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:24
from this side of the room
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ
15:26
with people of that side of the room.
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ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ
15:29
So we thought that some kind of a big idea is needed
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
15:34
to reform, to totally rethink fundraising.
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ืŸ
15:39
You know, instead of people running in this dark,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
15:41
trying to find their own match, who will be willing,
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืžื™ ื™ืจืฆื”
15:44
who has the same goals.
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ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช
15:46
Instead of all of that we thought there is --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
15:49
something new needs to be invented.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืฆื
15:52
And we came up with this idea of issuing bonds,
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ื•ื‘ืื ื• ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืงืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘
15:55
press freedom bonds.
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ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
15:56
If there are investors willing to finance
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ
16:03
U.S. government budget deficit,
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ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
16:05
why wouldn't we find investors willing to finance
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ
16:08
press freedom deficit?
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ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช?
16:11
We've decided to do it this fall; we will issue them,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ื”ื–ื”. ื ื ืคื™ืง ืื•ืชื
16:13
probably in denominations of 1,000 dollars.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
16:16
I don't want to advertise them too much; that's not the point.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืจืกื ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
16:18
But the point is, if we ever survive to actually issue them,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื ืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืื•ืชื
16:22
find enough investors that this can be considered a success,
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ื ืžืฆื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
16:26
there's nothing stopping the next organization
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื
16:29
to start to issue bonds next spring.
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ืžืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื
16:34
And those can be environmental bonds.
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ื•ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
16:36
And then two weeks later, Iqbal Quadir can issue his
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ื•ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื , ืื™ืงื‘ืœ ืงื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืง ืืช
16:41
electricity in Bangladesh bonds.
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ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœืื“ืฉ
16:44
And before you know it, any social cause
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
16:47
can be actually financed in this way.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
16:50
Now we do daydreaming in 11:30 with 55 seconds left.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:30 ืขื 55 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื•
16:55
But let's take the idea further.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
16:57
You do it, you start it in the States, because it's,
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ืืชื ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช, ืืชื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ,
17:00
you know, concepts are very, very close to American minds.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
17:03
But you can actually bring it to Europe, too.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”
17:05
You can bring it to Asia.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืกื™ื”
17:07
You can, once you have all of those different points,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
17:11
you can make it easy for investors.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
17:13
Put all of those bonds at one place
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
17:15
and they sit down and click.
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ื•ื”ืขืกืง ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“
17:17
Once you have more than 10 of them
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 10
17:19
you have to develop some kind of a matrix.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื”
17:22
What do investors get?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื?
17:23
On one side financial, on the other side social.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฆื“ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ืžื”ืื—ืจ ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
17:26
So that brings the idea of some kind of rating agency,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืžื” ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื’
17:32
Morningstar type.
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื•ืจื ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ืืจ
17:34
It says, you know, social impact over here is spectacular, five stars.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
17:38
Financial, they give you one percent, only one star.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืš ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ื“
17:42
Now take it to the last step.
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ื›ืขืช ืงื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
17:46
Once you have all of that put together,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“
17:48
there's not one reason why you couldn't actually have
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”
17:53
a marketplace for all of that,
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ืฉื•ืง ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”
17:55
where you cannot dispose of all of those bonds in a pretty quick way.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื™ืจื”
18:00
And in that way you organize the financing
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืืชื” ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ
18:03
so there are no dark rooms, no blind people
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื
18:05
running around to find each other.
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ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
18:07
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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