A secret weapon against Zika and other mosquito-borne diseases | Nina Fedoroff

Translator: Pras Haryanto Reviewer: Sarmoko Sarmoko

Zika fever:

Demam Zika:

our newest dread disease.

penyakit baru yang mengerikan.

What is it? Where'd it come from?

Apa itu Zika? Dari mana asalnya?

What do we do about it?

Apakah Zika bisa diatasi?

Well for most adults, it's a relatively mild disease --

Bagi orang dewasa, Zika adalah penyakit yang relatif ringan --

a little fever, a little headache, joint pain, maybe a rash.

demam ringan, sedikit pusing, nyeri sendi, ruam kulit.

In fact, most people who get it don't even know they've had it.

Sebagian besar pengidap tak sadar bahwa mereka terinfeksi.

But the more we find out about the Zika virus

Namun, semakin banyak pemahaman kita tentang virus Zika,

the more terrifying it becomes.

semakin menakutkan virus ini.

For example, doctors have noticed an uptick

Contohnya, para dokter menemukan peningkatan angka kejadian

of something called Guillain-Barré syndrome in recent outbreaks.

Sindrom Guillain-Barré dalam beberapa wabah belakangan ini.

In Guillain-Barré, your immune system attacks your nerve cells

Guillain-Barré menyebabkan sistem kekebalan menyerang sel saraf

it can partially or even totally paralyze you.

sehingga Anda menjadi lumpuh sebagian atau lumpuh sepenuhnya.

Fortunately, that's quite rare, and most people recover.

Untungnya, hal tersebut jarang terjadi dan kebanyakan orang sembuh.

But if you're pregnant when you're infected

Namun, jika Anda terinfeksi ketika sedang mengandung,

you're at risk of something terrible.

Anda berisiko mengalami sesuatu yang buruk.

Indeed, a child with a deformed head.

Benar sekali, bayi berkepala tak sempurna.

Here's a normal baby.

Ini bayi normal.

Here's that infant with what's called microcephaly.

Ini bayi pengidap mikrosefalus.

a brain in a head that's too small.

Otak yang tertampung dalam kepala yang terlalu kecil.

And there's no known cure.

Kelainan ini belum ada obatnya.

It was actually doctors in northeastern Brazil

Para dokter di Brasil Timur Laut

who first noticed, just a year ago, after a Zika outbreak,

menyadarinya setahun yang lalu setelah terjadinya sebuah wabah Zika,

that there was a peak in the incidence of microcephaly.

bahwa angka kejadian mikrosefalus mengalami peningkatan.

It took medical doctors another year

Butuh setahun bagi para dokter

to be sure that it was caused by the Zika virus,

untuk yakin bahwa kelainan ini disebabkan oleh virus Zika,

but they're now sure.

namun kini mereka yakin.

And if you're a "bring on the evidence" type,

Jika Anda ingin buktinya,

check out this publication.

lihat laporan ini.

So where did it come from, and how did it get here?

Dari mana asal Zika, dan bagaimana menyebar sampai sini?

And it is here.

Zika ada di antara kita.

Like many of our viruses, it came out of Africa,

Seperti banyak virus lain, Zika berasal dari Afrika,

specifically the Zika forest in Uganda.

tepatnya hutan Zika di Uganda.

Researchers at the nearby Yellow Fever Research Institute

Para peneliti di Institut Penelitian Demam Kuning terdekat

identified an unknown virus in a monkey in the Zika forest

mengidentifikasi virus tak dikenal yang diidap seekor kera di hutan Zika,

which is how it got its name.

dari sanalah asal nama Zika.

The first human cases of Zika fever

Demam Zika pada manusia pertama kali

surfaced a few years later in Uganda-Tanzania.

terjadi beberapa tahun kemudian di Uganda-Tanzania.

The virus then spread through West Africa

Virus tersebut kemudian menyebar melalui Afrika Barat

and east through equatorial Asia -- Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Indonesia.

dan ke timur melalui Asia ekuator -- Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Indonesia.

But it was still mostly in monkeys and, of course, mosquitoes.

Namun, virus Zika kebanyakan masih menjangkiti kera dan tentu saja nyamuk.

In fact in the 60 years between the time it was first identified in 1947 and 2007

Sebenarnya selama 60 tahun, antara tahun 1947 hingga 2007

there were only 13 reported cases of human Zika fever.

tercatat hanya ada 13 kasus demam Zika pada manusia.

And then something extraordinary happened on the tiny Micronesian Yap islands.

Kemudian, sesuatu yang luar biasa terjadi di Kepulauan Yap Mikronesia.

There was an outbreak that affected fully 75 percent of the population.

75 persen dari populasi tersebut terjangkit sebuah wabah.

How did it get there? By air.

Bagaimana Zika menyebar sampai situ? Melalui udara.

Today we have two billion commercial airline passengers.

Tiap harinya, ada dua miliar penumpang pesawat komersial.

An infected passenger can board a plane, fly halfway around the world

Penumpang yang terinfeksi naik pesawat, terbang ke belahan dunia lain

before developing symptoms -- if they develop symptoms at all.

sebelum menampakkan gejala -- itupun jika gejala memang muncul.

Then when they land, the local mosquitoes begin to bite them and spread the fever.

Setelah mendarat, nyamuk setempat menggigit mereka dan menyebarkan demamnya.

Zika fever then next surfaced in 2013 in French Polynesia.

Demam Zika kemudian menjangkiti Polinesia Perancis pada tahun 2013.

By December of that year, it was being transmitted locally by the mosquitoes.

Bulan Desember tahun itu juga, nyamuk setempat mulai menularkan Zika.

That led to an explosive outbreak in which almost 30,000 people were affected.

Wabah pun meledak, mengakibatkan hampir 30.000 orang terinfeksi.

From there it radiated around the Pacific.

Dari situ, Zika menyebar ke area sekitar Pasifik.

There were outbreaks in the Cook Islands, in New Caledonia,

Wabah pun menjangkiti Kepulauan Cook, Kaledonia Baru,

in Vanuatu, in the Solomon Islands

Vanuatu, Kepulauan Solomon,

and almost all the way around to the coast of South America and Easter Island.

dan hampir semua pesisir pantai Amerika Selatan dan Pulau Paskah.

And then, in early 2015,

Pada awal tahun 2015,

there was an upsurge of cases of a dengue-like syndrome

kasus sindrom mirip demam berdarah meningkat

in the city of Natal in northeastern Brazil.

di kota Natal, Brasil Timur Laut.

The virus wasn't dengue, it was Zika, and it spread rapidly --

Virus itu bukan demam berdarah, itu Zika, dan penyebarannya pun cepat --

Recife down the coast, a big metropolitan center, soon became the epicenter.

Recife, area metropolitan yang besar, menjadi pusat penyebarannya.

Well people have speculated that it was 2014 World Cup soccer fans

Orang-orang menduga bahwa penonton sepak bola Piala Dunia 2014-lah

that brought the virus into the country.

yang membawa masuk virus tersebut.

But others have speculated that perhaps it was Pacific Islanders

Sebagian lagi menduga bahwa mungkin orang Kepulauan Pasifik

participating in championship canoe races

yang mengikuti balapan kano

that were held in Rio that year that brought it in.

yang diadakan di Rio saat itulah yang membawa masuk.

Well today, this is only a year later.

Hari ini, setahun setelah kejadian itu,

The virus is being locally transmitted by mosquitoes

virus tersebut disebarkan secara lokal oleh nyamuk

virtually throughout South America, Central America, Mexico

hampir di seluruh Amerika Selatan, Amerika Tengah, Meksiko,

and the Caribbean Islands

serta Kepulauan Karibia.

Until this year, the many thousands of cases

Hingga tahun ini, ribuan kasus

that have been diagnosed in the US were contracted elsewhere.

yang didiagnosis di AS ditularkan dari luar negeri.

But as of this summer, it's being transmitted locally in Miami.

Namun sejak musim panas ini, Zika disebarkan secara lokal di Miami.

It's here.

Zika ada di antara kita.

So what do we do about it?

Apa yang bisa kita lakukan?

Well, preventing infection

Mencegah infeksi

is either about protecting people or about eliminating the mosquitoes.

bisa dilakukan dengan melindungi manusia ataupun memberantas nyamuk.

Let's focus on people first.

Pertama, mari membahas manusia.

You can get vaccinated.

Anda bisa mendapat vaksinasi.

You can not travel to Zika areas.

Anda bisa menghindari daerah rawan Zika.

Or you can cover up and apply insect repellent.

Anda bisa menutupi tubuh Anda dan menggunakan obat nyamuk.

Getting vaccinated is not an option, because there isn't a vaccine yet

Vaksinasi bukan solusi karena vaksin belum tersedia,

and there probably won't be for a couple of years.

mungkin hingga beberapa tahun ke depan.

Staying home isn't a foolproof protection either

Berlindung di rumah juga tak sepenuhnya aman

because we now know that it can be sexually transmitted.

karena virus ini juga menular lewat hubungan seks.

Covering up and applying insect repellent does work ...

Menutupi tubuh dan menggunakan obat nyamuk memang ampuh ...

until you forget.

kalau Anda tak lupa.

(Laughter)

(Tertawa)

So that leaves the mosquitoes, and here's how we control them now:

Untuk mengendalikan nyamuk, beginilah caranya:

spraying insecticides.

semprotkan insektisida.

The protective gear is necessary because these are toxic chemicals

Pakaian pelindung diperlukan karena insektisida adalah zat kimia beracun

that kill people as well as bugs.

yang bisa membunuh manusia dan serangga.

Although it does take quite a lot more to kill a person than to kill a bug.

Kendati membunuh manusia jauh lebih sulit dibandingkan membunuh serangga.

These are pictures from Brazil and Nicaragua.

Ini gambar dari Brasil dan Nikaragua.

But it looks the same in Miami, Florida.

Mirip seperti di Miami, Florida.

And we of course can spray insecticides from planes.

Dan tentunya, insektisida dapat disemprot dari atas pesawat.

Last summer, mosquito control officials in Dorchester County, South Carolina,

Musim panas lalu, petugas pembasmi nyamuk di Dorchester County, Carolina Selatan,

authorized spraying of Naled, an insecticide,

melakukan penyemprotan insektisida bernama Naled

early one morning, as recommended by the manufacturer.

di suatu pagi hari, atas saran sang pembuatnya.

Later that day, a beekeeper told reporters

Pada hari yang sama juga, seorang peternak lebah melaporkan

that her bee yard looked like it had been nuked.

bahwa peternakan lebahnya seperti habis terkena nuklir.

Oops.

Ups.

Bees are the good guys.

Lebah adalah serangga baik.

The citizens of Florida protested, but spraying continued.

Masyarakat Florida protes, namun penyemprotan berlanjut.

Unfortunately, so did the increase in the number of Zika fever cases.

Sayangnya, peningkatan jumlah kasus demam Zika juga berlanjut.

That's because insecticides aren't very effective.

Hal itu disebabkan karena ketidakampuhan insektisida.

So are there any approaches that are perhaps more effective than spraying

Apakah ada cara lain yang mungkin lebih ampuh daripada penyemprotan

but with less downsides than toxic chemicals?

dan juga lebih aman dibandingkan zat kimia beracun?

I'm a huge fan of biological controls,

Saya sangat mendukung pengendalian hama biologis,

and I share that view with Rachel Carson, author of "Silent Spring,"

dan saya sependapat dengan Rachel Carson, penulis "Musim Semi yang Sunyi,"

the book that is credited with starting the environmental movement.

sebuah buku yang terkenal sebagai pelopor gerakan lingkungan hidup.

In this book she tells the story, as an example,

Di buku ini, Rachel menceritakan suatu kisah sebagai contoh,

of how a very nasty insect pest of livestock

bagaimana hama ternak yang sangat ganas

was eliminated in the last century.

dapat diberantas seabad belakangan ini.

No one knows that extraordinary story today.

Sekarang, tak ada yang tahu kisah luar biasa itu.

So Jack Block and I, when we were writing an editorial

Oleh sebab itu, saya dan Jack Block menceritakan ulang kisah itu

about the mosquito problem today, retold that story.

saat kami menulis editorial mengenai isu nyamuk di zaman sekarang.

And in capsule form, it's that pupae -- that's the immature form of the insect --

Kepompong berbentuk kapsul itu adalah serangga yang belum dewasa.

were irradiated until they were sterile, grown to adulthood

Mereka disinari sampai menjadi mandul, kemudian tumbuh dewasa,

and then released from planes all over the Southwest,

dan dilepaskan dari atas pesawat di seluruh penjuru Barat Daya,

the Southeast and down into Mexico and into Central America

arah Tenggara, turun ke Meksiko dan menuju Amerika Tengah.

literally by the hundreds of millions from little airplanes,

Beratus-ratus juta ekor dilepaskan dari pesawat-pesawat kecil,

eventually eliminating that terrible insect pest

sehingga hama serangga yang jahat pun berhasil dibasmi

for most of the Western Hemisphere.

di sebagian besar Bumi Belahan Barat.

Our real purpose in writing this editorial

Tujuan utama kami menulis editorial ini

was to introduce readers to how we can do that today --

adalah untuk memberi tahu cara melakukannya sekarang --

not with radiation but with our knowledge of genetics.

bukan dengan radiasi, tetapi dengan pengetahuan genetika.

Let me explain.

Mari saya jelaskan.

This is the bad guy: Aedes aegypti.

Ini nyamuk jahat: Aedes aegypti.

It's the most common insect vector of diseases,

Serangga ini adalah penular penyakit yang paling umum,

not just Zika but dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile virus

tak hanya Zika, namun juga demam berdarah, Chikunguya, virus Nil Barat,

and that ancient plague, yellow fever.

dan juga wabah demam kuning.

It's an urban mosquito,

Sebagai nyamuk rumahan,

and it's the female that does the dirty work.

nyamuk betinalah yang bekerja keras.

She bites to get a blood meal to feed her offspring.

Mereka menggigit untuk menyediakan makanan darah bagi anak-anaknya.

Males don't bite; they don't even have the mouth parts to bite.

Jantan tak menggigit; mereka bahkan tak punya bagian mulut untuk menggigit.

A little British company called Oxitec genetically modified that mosquito

Sebuah perusahaan kecil di Inggris, Oxitec memodifikasi nyamuk itu secara genetik

so that when it mates with a wild female, its eggs don't develop to adulthood.

sehingga ketika kawin dengan betina liar, telurnya tak tumbuh dewasa.

Let me show you.

Mari saya tunjukkan.

This is the normal reproductive cycle.

Ini siklus reproduksi yang normal.

Oxitec designed the mosquito so that when the male mates with the wild female

Oxitec merancang nyamuk sehingga ketika nyamuk jantan dan betina liar kawin

the eggs don't develop.

telurnya tak berkembang.

Sounds impossible?

Terdengar mustahil?

Well let me show you just diagrammatically how they do it.

Mari saya tunjukkan diagram cara mereka melakukannya.

Now this represents the nucleus of a mosquito cell,

Ini mewakili inti sel nyamuk,

and that tangle in the middle represents its genome,

dan benda-benda kusut di tengah itu mewakili genomnya,

the sum total of its genes.

yaitu keseluruhan jumlah total gennya.

Scientists added a single gene

Para ilmuwan menambahkan sebuah gen tunggal

that codes for a protein represented by this orange ball

yang menyandi protein, diwakili oleh bola jingga ini,

that feeds back on itself to keep cranking out more of that protein.

yang memberi umpan balik dirinya sendiri demi terus menghasilkan protein itu.

The extra copies, however, go and gum up the mosquitoes' genes,

Akan tetapi, protein-protein ekstra itu mengeblok gen nyamuk tersebut,

killing the organism.

membuat nyamuk mati.

To keep it alive in the laboratory they use a compound called tetracycline.

Agar tetap hidup di laboratorium, digunakan senyawa bernama tetrasiklin.

Tetracycline shuts off that gene and allows normal development.

Tetrasiklin menghentikan gen tersebut sehingga perkembangan berlangsung normal.

They added another little wrinkle so that they could study what happens.

Mereka menambahkan gagasan lain sehingga mereka bisa mempelajarinya.

And that is they added a gene that makes the insect glow under UV light

Mereka menambahkan gen sehingga nyamuk tersebut menyala di bawah sinar UV

so that when they released it they could follow exactly how far it went

sehingga saat dilepas, mereka bisa melacak ke mana pun nyamuk pergi,

how long it lived and all of the kinds of data

berapa lama ia hidup, dan data-data lainnya lagi,

for a good scientific study.

untuk sebuah penelitian ilmiah.

Now this is the pupal stage, and at this stage

Ini adalah tahap kepompong dan pada tahap ini,

the females are larger than the males.

kepompong nyamuk betina lebih besar dibandingkan jantan.

That allows them to sort them into the males and the females

Oleh sebab itu, mereka dapat memisahkan nyamuk jantan dan betina

and they allow only the males to grow to adulthood.

dan mereka hanya membiarkan kepompong jantan berkembang dewasa.

And let me remind you that males don't bite.

Saya ingatkan, nyamuk jantan tak menggigit.

From there it's pretty simple.

Setelah itu, prosesnya mudah.

They take beakers full of male mosquitoes,

Mereka mengambil gelas kimia berisi nyamuk jantan,

load them into milk cartons, and drive around the city,

memuatnya ke kotak susu, membawanya mengelilingi kota,

releasing them guided by GPS.

melepaskannya dengan panduan GPS.

Here's the mayor of a city releasing the first batch

Berikut gambar walikota melepaskan kumpulan pertama

of what they call the "friendly Aedes."

nyamuk yang mereka juluki "Aedes ramah."

Now I wish I could tell you this is an American city, but it's not.

Ini bukan sebuah kota di Amerika.

It's Piracicaba, Brazil.

Ini terjadi di Piracicaba, Brasil.

The amazing thing is that in just a year

Yang menakjubkan, hanya dalam setahun

it brought down the cases of dengue by 91 percent.

kasus demam berdarah berkurang hingga 91 persen.

That's better than any insecticide spraying can do.

Itu lebih baik daripada semprotan insektisida apa pun.

So why aren't we using this remarkable biological control in the US?

Mengapa kita tak melakukan pengendalian hama biologis ini di AS?

That's because it's a GMO: a genetically modified organism.

Nyamuk tersebut adalah GMO: organisme termodifikasi secara genetik.

Notice the subtitle here says if the FDA would let them

Seperti yang tertulis di anak judul: Jika FDA mengizinkan mereka,

they could do the same thing here, when Zika arrives.

hal ini bisa dilakukan, jika Zika telah sampai di sini.

And of course it has arrived.

Dan Zika telah sampai di sini.

So now I have to tell you the short form

Kini saya harus menceritakan dengan singkat kepada Anda

of the long, torturous story of GM regulation in the US

mengenai peraturan GMO di AS yang panjang dan berbelit-belit.

In the US, there are three agencies that regulate genetically modified organisms:

Di AS, ada 3 instansi yang mengatur GMO:

the FDA, the Food and Drug Administration,

FDA; Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan AS,

the EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency,

EPA; Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan AS,

and the USDA, US Department of Agriculture.

dan USDA; Departemen Pertanian AS.

Took these folks two years to decide that it would be the FDA

Mereka menghabiskan 2 tahun untuk memutuskan bahwa FDA-lah

that would regulate the genetically modified mosquito.

yang akan mengatur nyamuk GM.

And they would do it as a new animal drug, if that makes any sense.

Dan mereka memperlakukannya sebagai obat baru untuk hewan.

Took them another five years going back and forth and back and forth

Setelah itu, mereka menghabiskan 5 tahun

to convince the FDA that this would not harm people,

untuk meyakinkan FDA bahwa ini tak membahayakan manusia,

and it would not harm the environment.

dan tak berdampak buruk pada lingkungan.

They finally gave them, this summer, permission to run a little test

Akhirnya, mereka diizinkan untuk menjalankan uji coba kecil musim panas ini

in the Florida Keys,

di Florida Keys,

where they had been invited years earlier when they Keys had an outbreak of dengue.

di mana mereka pernah diundang saat Keys terjangkit wabah demam berdarah.

Would that it were that easy.

Seandainya saja bisa semudah itu.

When the local residents heard

Ketika penduduk setempat mendengar

that there would be genetically modified mosquitoes tested in their community

bahwa akan ada nyamuk-nyamuk GM diuji di komunitas mereka,

some of them began to organize protests.

sebagian orang mulai mengadakan protes.

They even organized a petition on the internet with this cuddly logo,

Mereka bahkan menjalankan petisi berlogo menggemaskan ini di internet,

which eventually accumulated some 160,000 signatures

yang pada akhirnya berhasil mengumpulkan sekitar 160.000 tanda tangan.

And they demanded a referendum

Mereka meminta referendum

which will be conducted in just a couple of weeks

yang akan dilangsungkan dalam beberapa pekan ke depan

about whether the trials would be permitted at all.

untuk membahas apakah uji coba tersebut sebaiknya diizinkan.

Well it's Miami that really needs these better ways of controlling insects.

Miami adalah kota yang membutuhkan pengendalian hama yang lebih baik.

And there the attitudes are changing.

Dan tanggapan mereka pun mulai berubah.

In fact, very recently a bipartisan group of more than 60 legislators

Malah, baru-baru ini sekelompok bipartisan yang terdiri dari lebih dari 60 legislator

wrote to HHS Secretary Sylvia Burwell

menulis surat kepada Menteri Kesehatan Sylvia Burwell

asking that she, at the Federal level, expedite access for Florida

agar mempercepat akses pada tingkat Federal bagi Florida

to this new technology.

terhadap teknologi baru ini.

So the bottom line is this:

Intinya adalah:

biological control of harmful insects

pengendalian biologis terhadap serangga yang merugikan

can be both more effective and very much more environmentally friendly

adalah cara yang lebih ampuh dan jauh lebih ramah lingkungan

than using insecticides, which are toxic chemicals.

dibandingkan penggunaan insektisida, yang mana adalah bahan kimia beracun.

That was true in Rachel Carson's time; it's true today.

Hal itu benar di masa Rachel Carson; juga di masa sekarang ini.

What's different is that we have enormously more information

Bedanya, kini kita punya informasi tentang genetika

about genetics than we had then,

jauh lebih banyak dibandingkan dulu,

and therefore more ability to use that information

sehingga kita mampu menggunakan informasi tersebut

to affect these biological controls.

untuk memperbaiki pengendalian hama biologis.

And I hope that what I've done is aroused your curiosity enough

Melalui ceramah ini, saya harap Anda menjadi lebih antusias

to start your own inquiry -- not into just GM mosquitoes

untuk mulai melakukan penelitian -- tak hanya mengenai nyamuk GM,

but to the other genetically modified organisms that are so controversial today.

namun juga GMO lainnya yang sangat kontroversial saat ini.

I think if you do that, and you dig down through all of the misinformation,

Jika Anda melakukan itu, dan menghiraukan semua informasi yang salah,

and the marketing

serta kegiatan pemasaran

on the part of the organic food industry and the Greenpeaces

yang dilakukan industri makanan organik dan juga Greenpeace,

and find the science, the accurate science,

dan bila Anda menemukan ilmu yang akurat,

you'll be surprised and pleased.

Anda akan terkejut dan lega.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)