Francis de los Reyes: Sanitation is a basic human right

58,158 views ・ 2014-09-29

TED


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I am an engineering professor,
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and for the past 14 years
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I've been teaching crap.
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(Laughter)
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Not that I'm a bad teacher,
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but I've been studying and teaching
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about human waste
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and how waste is conveyed
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through these wastewater treatment plants,
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and how we engineer and design
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these treatment plants so that we can protect
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surface water like rivers.
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I've based my scientific career
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on using leading-edge molecular techniques,
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DNA- and RNA-based methods
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to look at microbial populations in biological reactors,
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and again to optimize these systems.
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And over the years,
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I have developed an unhealthy obsession with toilets,
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and I've been known to sneak into toilets
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and take my camera phone
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all over the world.
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But along the way, I've learned
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that it's not just the technical side,
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but there's also this thing called the culture of crap.
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So for example,
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how many of you are washers
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and how many of you are wipers?
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(Laughter)
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If, well, I guess you know what I mean.
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If you're a washer, then you use water
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for anal cleansing. That's the technical term.
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And if you're a wiper,
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then you use toilet paper
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or, in some regions of the world
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where it's not available, newspaper
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or rags or corncobs.
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And this is not just a piece of trivia,
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but it's really important to understand
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and solve the sanitation problem.
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And it is a big problem:
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There are 2.5 billion people in the world
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who don't have access to adequate sanitation.
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For them, there's no modern toilet.
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And there are 1.1 billion people
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whose toilets are the streets
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or river banks or open spaces,
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and again, the technical term for that is
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open defecation,
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but that is really simply
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shitting in the open.
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And if you're living in fecal material
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and it's surrounding you, you're going to get sick.
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It's going to get into your drinking water,
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into your food, into your immediate surroundings.
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So the United Nations estimates
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that every year, there are 1.5 million child deaths
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because of inadequate sanitation.
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That's one preventable death every 20 seconds,
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171 every hour,
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4,100 every day.
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And so, to avoid open defecation,
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municipalities and cities
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build infrastructure, for example, like pit latrines,
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in peri-urban and rural areas.
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For example, in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa,
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they've built tens of thousands of these pit latrines.
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But there's a problem when you scale up
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to tens of thousands, and the problem is,
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what happens when the pits are full?
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This is what happens.
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People defecate around the toilet.
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In schools, children defecate on the floors
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and then leave a trail outside the building
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and start defecating around the building,
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and these pits have to be cleaned
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and manually emptied.
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And who does the emptying?
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You've got these workers
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who have to sometimes go down into the pits
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and manually remove the contents.
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It's a dirty and dangerous business.
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As you can see, there's no protective equipment,
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no protective clothing.
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There's one worker down there.
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I hope you can see him.
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He's got a face mask on, but no shirt.
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And in some countries, like India,
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the lower castes are condemned
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to empty the pits,
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and they're further condemned by society.
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So you ask yourself, how can we solve this
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and why don't we just build Western-style flush toilets
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for these two and a half billion?
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And the answer is, it's just not possible.
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In some of these areas, there's not enough water,
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there's no energy,
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it's going to cost tens of trillions of dollars
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to lay out the sewer lines
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and to build the facilities
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and to operate and maintain these systems,
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and if you don't build it right,
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you're going to have flush toilets
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that basically go straight into the river,
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just like what's happening in many cities
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in the developing world.
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And is this really the solution?
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Because essentially, what you're doing is
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you're using clean water
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and you're using it to flush your toilet,
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convey it to a wastewater treatment plant
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which then discharges to a river,
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and that river, again, is a drinking water source.
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So we've got to rethink sanitation,
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and we've got to reinvent the sanitation infrastructure,
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and I'm going to argue that to do this,
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you have to employ systems thinking.
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We have to look at the whole sanitation chain.
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We start with a human interface,
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and then we have to think about how feces
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are collected and stored,
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transported, treated and reused —
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and not just disposal but reuse.
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So let's start with the human user interface.
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I say, it doesn't matter if you're a washer or a wiper,
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a sitter or a squatter,
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the human user interface should be clean
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and easy to use, because after all,
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taking a dump should be pleasurable.
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(Laughter)
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And when we open the possibilities
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to understanding this sanitation chain,
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then the back-end technology,
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the collection to the reuse, should not really matter,
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and then we can apply
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locally adoptable and context-sensitive solutions.
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So we can open ourselves to possibilities like,
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for example, this urine-diverting toilet,
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and there's two holes in this toilet.
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There's the front and the back,
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and the front collects the urine,
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and the back collects the fecal material.
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And so what you're doing is you're separating the urine,
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which has 80 percent of the nitrogen
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and 50 percent of the phosphorus,
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and then that can then be treated
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and precipitated to form things like struvite,
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which is a high-value fertilizer,
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and then the fecal material can then be disinfected
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and again converted to high-value end products.
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Or, for example, in some of our research,
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you can reuse the water by treating it
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in on-site sanitation systems
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like planter boxes or constructed wetlands.
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So we can open up all these possibilities
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if we take away the old paradigm of flush toilets
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and treatment plants.
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So you might be asking, who's going to pay?
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Well, I'm going to argue that governments
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should fund sanitation infrastructure.
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NGOs and donor organizations,
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they can do their best, but it's not going to be enough.
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Governments should fund sanitation
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the same way they fund roads
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and schools and hospitals
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and other infrastructure like bridges,
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because we know, and the WHO has done this study,
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that for every dollar that we invest
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in sanitation infrastructure,
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we get something like three to 34 dollars back.
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Let's go back to the problem of pit emptying.
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So at North Carolina State University,
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we challenged our students to come up with a simple solution,
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and this is what they came up with:
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a simple, modified screw auger
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that can move the waste up
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from the pit and into a collecting drum,
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and now the pit worker
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doesn't have to go down into the pit.
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We tested it in South Africa, and it works.
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We need to make it more robust,
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and we're going to do more testing
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in Malawi and South Africa this coming year.
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And our idea is to make this
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a professionalized pit-emptying service
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so that we can create a small business out of it,
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create profits and jobs,
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and the hope is that,
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as we are rethinking sanitation,
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we are extending the life of these pits
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so that we don't have to resort
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to quick solutions
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that don't really make sense.
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I believe that access to adequate sanitation
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is a basic human right.
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We need to stop the practice
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of lower castes and lower-status people
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going down and being condemned to empty pits.
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It is our moral, it is our social
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and our environmental obligation.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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