Francis de los Reyes: Sanitation is a basic human right

58,235 views ・ 2014-09-29

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
I am an engineering professor,
0
12345
1664
00:14
and for the past 14 years
1
14009
3116
00:17
I've been teaching crap.
2
17125
1808
00:18
(Laughter)
3
18933
1305
00:20
Not that I'm a bad teacher,
4
20238
2017
00:22
but I've been studying and teaching
5
22255
2118
00:24
about human waste
6
24373
1887
00:26
and how waste is conveyed
7
26260
1631
00:27
through these wastewater treatment plants,
8
27891
2883
00:30
and how we engineer and design
9
30774
1575
00:32
these treatment plants so that we can protect
10
32349
1990
00:34
surface water like rivers.
11
34339
2082
00:36
I've based my scientific career
12
36421
2650
00:39
on using leading-edge molecular techniques,
13
39071
3437
00:42
DNA- and RNA-based methods
14
42508
2612
00:45
to look at microbial populations in biological reactors,
15
45120
3439
00:48
and again to optimize these systems.
16
48559
2363
00:50
And over the years,
17
50922
1249
00:52
I have developed an unhealthy obsession with toilets,
18
52171
4252
00:56
and I've been known to sneak into toilets
19
56423
2992
00:59
and take my camera phone
20
59415
1803
01:01
all over the world.
21
61218
2348
01:03
But along the way, I've learned
22
63566
2224
01:05
that it's not just the technical side,
23
65790
2542
01:08
but there's also this thing called the culture of crap.
24
68332
4178
01:12
So for example,
25
72510
1469
01:13
how many of you are washers
26
73979
2307
01:16
and how many of you are wipers?
27
76286
2452
01:18
(Laughter)
28
78738
4207
01:22
If, well, I guess you know what I mean.
29
82945
3937
01:26
If you're a washer, then you use water
30
86882
2239
01:29
for anal cleansing. That's the technical term.
31
89121
2812
01:31
And if you're a wiper,
32
91933
2858
01:34
then you use toilet paper
33
94791
2092
01:36
or, in some regions of the world
34
96883
1755
01:38
where it's not available, newspaper
35
98638
3634
01:42
or rags or corncobs.
36
102272
3520
01:45
And this is not just a piece of trivia,
37
105792
2498
01:48
but it's really important to understand
38
108290
1856
01:50
and solve the sanitation problem.
39
110146
2193
01:52
And it is a big problem:
40
112339
2284
01:54
There are 2.5 billion people in the world
41
114623
2045
01:56
who don't have access to adequate sanitation.
42
116668
3161
01:59
For them, there's no modern toilet.
43
119829
2103
02:01
And there are 1.1 billion people
44
121932
3911
02:05
whose toilets are the streets
45
125843
2394
02:08
or river banks or open spaces,
46
128237
2926
02:11
and again, the technical term for that is
47
131163
1979
02:13
open defecation,
48
133142
2037
02:15
but that is really simply
49
135179
3104
02:18
shitting in the open.
50
138283
2059
02:20
And if you're living in fecal material
51
140342
1903
02:22
and it's surrounding you, you're going to get sick.
52
142245
2335
02:24
It's going to get into your drinking water,
53
144580
1506
02:26
into your food, into your immediate surroundings.
54
146086
2416
02:28
So the United Nations estimates
55
148502
2445
02:30
that every year, there are 1.5 million child deaths
56
150947
4112
02:35
because of inadequate sanitation.
57
155059
2709
02:37
That's one preventable death every 20 seconds,
58
157768
4049
02:41
171 every hour,
59
161817
2610
02:44
4,100 every day.
60
164427
3218
02:47
And so, to avoid open defecation,
61
167645
2092
02:49
municipalities and cities
62
169737
2175
02:51
build infrastructure, for example, like pit latrines,
63
171912
4192
02:56
in peri-urban and rural areas.
64
176104
1922
02:58
For example, in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa,
65
178026
3307
03:01
they've built tens of thousands of these pit latrines.
66
181333
3334
03:04
But there's a problem when you scale up
67
184667
2193
03:06
to tens of thousands, and the problem is,
68
186860
2250
03:09
what happens when the pits are full?
69
189110
1802
03:10
This is what happens.
70
190912
2585
03:13
People defecate around the toilet.
71
193497
2374
03:15
In schools, children defecate on the floors
72
195871
3105
03:18
and then leave a trail outside the building
73
198976
2171
03:21
and start defecating around the building,
74
201147
2783
03:23
and these pits have to be cleaned
75
203930
2234
03:26
and manually emptied.
76
206164
2531
03:28
And who does the emptying?
77
208695
1348
03:30
You've got these workers
78
210043
2522
03:32
who have to sometimes go down into the pits
79
212565
2734
03:35
and manually remove the contents.
80
215299
2401
03:37
It's a dirty and dangerous business.
81
217700
3847
03:41
As you can see, there's no protective equipment,
82
221547
2318
03:43
no protective clothing.
83
223865
1589
03:45
There's one worker down there.
84
225454
1006
03:46
I hope you can see him.
85
226460
1638
03:48
He's got a face mask on, but no shirt.
86
228098
2856
03:50
And in some countries, like India,
87
230954
2431
03:53
the lower castes are condemned
88
233385
2474
03:55
to empty the pits,
89
235859
2374
03:58
and they're further condemned by society.
90
238233
2576
04:00
So you ask yourself, how can we solve this
91
240809
2947
04:03
and why don't we just build Western-style flush toilets
92
243756
2835
04:06
for these two and a half billion?
93
246591
2521
04:09
And the answer is, it's just not possible.
94
249112
2305
04:11
In some of these areas, there's not enough water,
95
251417
2858
04:14
there's no energy,
96
254275
1373
04:15
it's going to cost tens of trillions of dollars
97
255648
2035
04:17
to lay out the sewer lines
98
257683
1575
04:19
and to build the facilities
99
259258
871
04:20
and to operate and maintain these systems,
100
260129
2394
04:22
and if you don't build it right,
101
262523
1572
04:24
you're going to have flush toilets
102
264095
1901
04:25
that basically go straight into the river,
103
265996
2408
04:28
just like what's happening in many cities
104
268404
2475
04:30
in the developing world.
105
270879
1393
04:32
And is this really the solution?
106
272272
2049
04:34
Because essentially, what you're doing is
107
274321
1890
04:36
you're using clean water
108
276211
2385
04:38
and you're using it to flush your toilet,
109
278596
2065
04:40
convey it to a wastewater treatment plant
110
280661
2486
04:43
which then discharges to a river,
111
283147
1744
04:44
and that river, again, is a drinking water source.
112
284891
2756
04:47
So we've got to rethink sanitation,
113
287647
2295
04:49
and we've got to reinvent the sanitation infrastructure,
114
289942
4565
04:54
and I'm going to argue that to do this,
115
294507
1901
04:56
you have to employ systems thinking.
116
296408
2317
04:58
We have to look at the whole sanitation chain.
117
298725
2970
05:01
We start with a human interface,
118
301695
2273
05:03
and then we have to think about how feces
119
303968
1901
05:05
are collected and stored,
120
305869
2384
05:08
transported, treated and reused —
121
308253
2722
05:10
and not just disposal but reuse.
122
310975
2165
05:13
So let's start with the human user interface.
123
313140
2493
05:15
I say, it doesn't matter if you're a washer or a wiper,
124
315633
3824
05:19
a sitter or a squatter,
125
319457
2003
05:21
the human user interface should be clean
126
321460
2092
05:23
and easy to use, because after all,
127
323552
2801
05:26
taking a dump should be pleasurable.
128
326353
2374
05:28
(Laughter)
129
328727
2621
05:31
And when we open the possibilities
130
331348
2857
05:34
to understanding this sanitation chain,
131
334205
2711
05:36
then the back-end technology,
132
336916
2070
05:38
the collection to the reuse, should not really matter,
133
338986
3690
05:42
and then we can apply
134
342676
1293
05:43
locally adoptable and context-sensitive solutions.
135
343969
3837
05:47
So we can open ourselves to possibilities like,
136
347806
2700
05:50
for example, this urine-diverting toilet,
137
350506
2895
05:53
and there's two holes in this toilet.
138
353401
1832
05:55
There's the front and the back,
139
355233
1182
05:56
and the front collects the urine,
140
356415
2074
05:58
and the back collects the fecal material.
141
358489
1904
06:00
And so what you're doing is you're separating the urine,
142
360393
1846
06:02
which has 80 percent of the nitrogen
143
362239
2069
06:04
and 50 percent of the phosphorus,
144
364308
2250
06:06
and then that can then be treated
145
366558
2081
06:08
and precipitated to form things like struvite,
146
368639
2621
06:11
which is a high-value fertilizer,
147
371260
1969
06:13
and then the fecal material can then be disinfected
148
373229
2498
06:15
and again converted to high-value end products.
149
375727
3689
06:19
Or, for example, in some of our research,
150
379416
2205
06:21
you can reuse the water by treating it
151
381621
2643
06:24
in on-site sanitation systems
152
384264
2138
06:26
like planter boxes or constructed wetlands.
153
386402
2761
06:29
So we can open up all these possibilities
154
389163
2683
06:31
if we take away the old paradigm of flush toilets
155
391846
3488
06:35
and treatment plants.
156
395334
1666
06:37
So you might be asking, who's going to pay?
157
397000
3418
06:40
Well, I'm going to argue that governments
158
400418
1958
06:42
should fund sanitation infrastructure.
159
402376
3431
06:45
NGOs and donor organizations,
160
405807
2531
06:48
they can do their best, but it's not going to be enough.
161
408338
3420
06:51
Governments should fund sanitation
162
411758
1665
06:53
the same way they fund roads
163
413423
1755
06:55
and schools and hospitals
164
415178
3460
06:58
and other infrastructure like bridges,
165
418638
2152
07:00
because we know, and the WHO has done this study,
166
420790
3103
07:03
that for every dollar that we invest
167
423893
1834
07:05
in sanitation infrastructure,
168
425727
1889
07:07
we get something like three to 34 dollars back.
169
427616
3510
07:11
Let's go back to the problem of pit emptying.
170
431126
2452
07:13
So at North Carolina State University,
171
433578
1495
07:15
we challenged our students to come up with a simple solution,
172
435073
3187
07:18
and this is what they came up with:
173
438260
1484
07:19
a simple, modified screw auger
174
439744
2643
07:22
that can move the waste up
175
442387
1934
07:24
from the pit and into a collecting drum,
176
444321
2519
07:26
and now the pit worker
177
446840
1496
07:28
doesn't have to go down into the pit.
178
448336
2105
07:30
We tested it in South Africa, and it works.
179
450441
1906
07:32
We need to make it more robust,
180
452347
1728
07:34
and we're going to do more testing
181
454075
1293
07:35
in Malawi and South Africa this coming year.
182
455368
2566
07:37
And our idea is to make this
183
457934
1619
07:39
a professionalized pit-emptying service
184
459553
2507
07:42
so that we can create a small business out of it,
185
462060
2578
07:44
create profits and jobs,
186
464638
1833
07:46
and the hope is that,
187
466471
1384
07:47
as we are rethinking sanitation,
188
467855
1791
07:49
we are extending the life of these pits
189
469646
3378
07:53
so that we don't have to resort
190
473024
2148
07:55
to quick solutions
191
475172
1805
07:56
that don't really make sense.
192
476977
1964
07:58
I believe that access to adequate sanitation
193
478941
3628
08:02
is a basic human right.
194
482569
1924
08:04
We need to stop the practice
195
484493
1617
08:06
of lower castes and lower-status people
196
486110
2790
08:08
going down and being condemned to empty pits.
197
488900
3542
08:12
It is our moral, it is our social
198
492442
1980
08:14
and our environmental obligation.
199
494422
2149
08:16
Thank you.
200
496571
2069
08:18
(Applause)
201
498640
1675
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7