Stephen Burt: Why people need poetry

294,403 views ・ 2014-06-04

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:13
I read poetry all the time
0
13000
2462
00:15
and write about it frequently
1
15462
1560
00:17
and take poems apart
2
17022
1608
00:18
to see how they work
3
18630
1643
00:20
because I'm a word person.
4
20273
1707
00:21
I understand the world best, most fully,
5
21980
2777
00:24
in words rather than, say, pictures or numbers,
6
24757
2893
00:27
and when I have a new experience or a new feeling,
7
27650
2568
00:30
I'm a little frustrated
8
30218
1150
00:31
until I can try to put it into words.
9
31368
3195
00:34
I think I've always been that way.
10
34563
2311
00:36
I devoured science fiction as a child. I still do.
11
36874
2846
00:39
And I found poems by Andrew Marvell
12
39720
2280
00:42
and Matthew Arnold and Emily Dickinson
13
42000
1718
00:43
and William Butler Yeats
14
43718
1404
00:45
because they were quoted in science fiction,
15
45122
2280
00:47
and I loved their sounds
16
47402
1161
00:48
and I went on to read about ottava rima
17
48563
3407
00:51
and medial caesuras and enjambment
18
51970
3009
00:54
and all that other technical stuff
19
54979
1831
00:56
that you care about if you already care about poems,
20
56810
4120
01:00
because poems already made me happier
21
60930
3246
01:04
and sadder and more alive.
22
64176
2083
01:06
And I became a poetry critic
23
66259
1829
01:08
because I wanted to know how and why.
24
68088
4740
01:12
Now, poetry isn't one thing that serves one purpose
25
72828
4792
01:17
any more than music or computer programming
26
77620
3104
01:20
serve one purpose.
27
80724
1862
01:22
The greek word poem, it just means "a made thing,"
28
82586
3968
01:26
and poetry is a set of techniques,
29
86554
2013
01:28
ways of making patterns
30
88567
1951
01:30
that put emotions into words.
31
90518
2089
01:32
The more techniques you know,
32
92607
2010
01:34
the more things you can make,
33
94617
2452
01:37
and the more patterns you can recognize
34
97069
3220
01:40
in things you might already like or love.
35
100289
4165
01:44
That said, poetry does seem to be
36
104454
3037
01:47
especially good at certain things.
37
107491
2934
01:50
For example, we are all going to die.
38
110425
6505
01:56
Poetry can help us live with that.
39
116930
2723
01:59
Poems are made of words, nothing but words.
40
119653
2573
02:02
The particulars in poems are like
41
122226
2392
02:04
the particularities, the personalities,
42
124618
1496
02:06
that distinguish people from one another.
43
126114
3277
02:09
Poems are easy to share, easy to pass on,
44
129391
2771
02:12
and when you read a poem, you can imagine
45
132162
1820
02:13
someone's speaking to you or for you,
46
133982
4008
02:17
maybe even someone far away
47
137990
1915
02:19
or someone made up or someone deceased.
48
139905
4432
02:24
That's why we can go to poems when we want to
49
144337
4445
02:28
remember something or someone,
50
148782
2438
02:31
to celebrate or to look beyond death
51
151220
3112
02:34
or to say goodbye,
52
154332
1860
02:36
and that's one reason poems can seem important,
53
156192
3820
02:40
even to people who aren't me,
54
160012
2023
02:42
who don't so much live in a world of words.
55
162035
4705
02:46
The poet Frank O'Hara said,
56
166740
2096
02:48
"If you don't need poetry, bully for you,"
57
168836
3254
02:52
but he also said when he didn't want to be alive anymore,
58
172090
3632
02:55
the thought that he wouldn't write any more poems
59
175722
2510
02:58
had stopped him.
60
178232
1868
03:00
Poetry helps me want to be alive,
61
180100
2037
03:02
and I want to show you why by showing you how,
62
182137
3119
03:05
how a couple of poems react to the fact that
63
185256
3078
03:08
we're alive in one place at one time in one culture,
64
188334
2936
03:11
and in another we won't be alive at all.
65
191270
5376
03:16
So here's one of the first poems I memorized.
66
196646
4064
03:20
It could address a child or an adult.
67
200710
4490
03:25
"From far, from eve and morning
68
205200
3351
03:28
From yon twelve-winded sky,
69
208551
2826
03:31
The stuff of life to knit me
70
211377
2100
03:33
Blew hither; here am I.
71
213477
2170
03:35
Now — for a breath I tarry
72
215647
2266
03:37
Nor yet disperse apart —
73
217913
2120
03:40
Take my hand quick and tell me,
74
220033
2076
03:42
What have you in your heart.
75
222109
2103
03:44
Speak now, and I will answer;
76
224212
2457
03:46
How shall I help you, say;
77
226669
2580
03:49
Ere to the wind's twelve quarters
78
229249
2164
03:51
I take my endless way."
79
231413
3095
03:54
[A. E. Housman]
80
234508
2169
03:56
Now, this poem has appealed
81
236677
1444
03:58
to science fiction writers.
82
238121
1403
03:59
It's furnished at least three science fiction titles,
83
239524
3169
04:02
I think because it says poems can brings us news
84
242693
2728
04:05
from the future or the past
85
245421
1993
04:07
or across the world,
86
247414
2807
04:10
because their patterns can seem to tell you
87
250221
2705
04:12
what's in somebody's heart.
88
252926
1751
04:14
It says poems can bring people together temporarily,
89
254677
2872
04:17
which I think is true,
90
257549
2080
04:19
and it sticks in my head not just because it rhymes
91
259629
3537
04:23
but for how it rhymes,
92
263166
1438
04:24
cleanly and simply on the two and four,
93
264604
2387
04:26
"say" and "way,"
94
266991
1237
04:28
with anticipatory hints on the one and three,
95
268228
2807
04:31
"answer" and "quarters,"
96
271035
1625
04:32
as if the poem itself were coming together.
97
272660
3875
04:36
It plays up the fact that we die
98
276535
2012
04:38
by exaggerating the speed of our lives.
99
278547
2303
04:40
A few years on Earth become
100
280850
2278
04:43
one speech, one breath.
101
283128
2239
04:45
It's a poem about loneliness --
102
285367
2159
04:47
the "I" in the poem feels no connection will last —
103
287526
3103
04:50
and it might look like a plea for help
104
290629
1912
04:52
'til you get to the word "help,"
105
292541
2510
04:55
where this "I" facing you, taking your hand,
106
295051
2542
04:57
is more like a teacher or a genie,
107
297593
1981
04:59
or at least that's what he wants to believe.
108
299574
2724
05:02
It would not be the first time a poet had
109
302298
3115
05:05
written the poem that he wanted to hear.
110
305413
4862
05:10
Now, this next poem really changed
111
310275
2743
05:13
what I liked and what I read
112
313018
1996
05:15
and what I felt I could read as an adult.
113
315014
2359
05:17
It might not make any sense to you
114
317373
1639
05:19
if you haven't seen it before.
115
319012
3930
05:22
"The Garden"
116
322942
2208
05:25
"Oleander: coral
117
325150
2391
05:27
from lipstick ads in the 50's.
118
327541
2560
05:30
Fruit of the tree of such knowledge
119
330101
2968
05:33
To smack (thin air)
120
333069
1944
05:35
meaning kiss or hit.
121
335013
2098
05:37
It appears
122
337111
1119
05:38
in the guise of outworn usages
123
338230
2019
05:40
because we are bad?
124
340249
2871
05:43
Big masculine threat,
125
343120
1837
05:44
insinuating and slangy."
126
344957
2550
05:47
[Rae Armantrout]
127
347507
2198
05:49
Now, I found this poem in an anthology
128
349705
2748
05:52
of almost equally confusing poems in 1989.
129
352453
2822
05:55
I just heard that there were these scandalous writers
130
355275
2018
05:57
called Language poets who didn't make any sense,
131
357293
2627
05:59
and I wanted to go and see for myself what they were like,
132
359920
2268
06:02
and some of them didn't do much for me,
133
362188
1690
06:03
but this writer, Rae Armantrout,
134
363878
1552
06:05
did an awful lot, and I kept reading her
135
365430
2607
06:08
until I felt I knew what was going on,
136
368037
3191
06:11
as I do with this poem.
137
371228
1265
06:12
It's about the Garden of Eden and the Fall
138
372493
3121
06:15
and the Biblical story of the Fall,
139
375614
3556
06:19
in which sex as we know it
140
379170
2152
06:21
and death and guilt
141
381322
1278
06:22
come into the world at the same time.
142
382600
2009
06:24
It's also about how appearances deceive,
143
384609
2209
06:26
how our culture can sweep us along
144
386818
2424
06:29
into doing and saying things we didn't intend
145
389242
2368
06:31
or don't like, and Armantrout's style
146
391610
2470
06:34
is trying to help us stop or slow down.
147
394080
3438
06:37
"Smack" can mean "kiss" as in air kisses,
148
397518
4434
06:41
as in lip-smacking,
149
401952
965
06:42
but that can lead to "smack" as in "hit"
150
402917
2362
06:45
as in domestic abuse,
151
405279
2115
06:47
because sexual attraction can seem threatening.
152
407394
3808
06:51
The red that means fertility
153
411202
2266
06:53
can also mean poison.
154
413468
1702
06:55
Oleander is poisonous.
155
415170
1093
06:56
And outworn usages like "smack" for "kiss"
156
416263
3687
06:59
or "hit" can help us see
157
419950
2657
07:02
how our unacknowledged assumptions
158
422607
2318
07:04
can make us believe we are bad,
159
424925
1995
07:06
either because sex is sinful
160
426920
2042
07:08
or because we tolerate so much sexism.
161
428962
2840
07:11
We let guys tell women what to do.
162
431802
3096
07:14
The poem reacts to old lipstick ads,
163
434898
2613
07:17
and its edginess about statement,
164
437511
2061
07:19
its reversals and halts, have everything to do
165
439572
2322
07:21
with resisting the language of ads
166
441894
2221
07:24
that want to tell us so easily what to want,
167
444115
3208
07:27
what to do, what to think.
168
447323
1400
07:28
That resistance is a lot of the point of the poem,
169
448723
2544
07:31
which shows me, Armantrout shows me
170
451267
2168
07:33
what it's like to hear grave threats
171
453435
1966
07:35
and mortal dishonesty in the language
172
455401
2548
07:37
of everyday life, and once she's done that,
173
457949
2567
07:40
I think she can show other people, women and men,
174
460516
4460
07:44
what it's like to feel that way
175
464976
1475
07:46
and say to other people, women and men
176
466451
2706
07:49
who feel so alienated or so threatened
177
469157
2913
07:52
that they're not alone.
178
472070
1941
07:54
Now, how do I know that I'm right
179
474011
3468
07:57
about this somewhat confusing poem?
180
477479
1978
07:59
Well in this case, I emailed the poet a draft of my talk
181
479457
2741
08:02
and she said, "Yeah, yeah, that's about it."
182
482198
2836
08:05
Yeah. (Laughter) (Applause)
183
485034
3915
08:08
But usually, you can't know. You never know.
184
488949
2926
08:11
You can't be sure, and that's okay.
185
491875
2554
08:14
All we can do we is listen to poems
186
494429
1601
08:16
and look at poems and guess
187
496030
1659
08:17
and see if they can bring us what we need,
188
497689
2482
08:20
and if you're wrong about some part of a poem,
189
500171
2969
08:23
nothing bad will happen.
190
503140
3931
08:27
Now, this next poem is older than Armantrout's,
191
507071
2783
08:29
but a little younger than A. E. Housman's.
192
509854
3764
08:33
"The Brave Man"
193
513618
1868
08:35
"The sun, that brave man,
194
515486
2684
08:38
Comes through boughs that lie in wait,
195
518170
2720
08:40
That brave man.
196
520890
2425
08:43
Green and gloomy eyes
197
523315
1585
08:44
In dark forms of the grass
198
524900
1828
08:46
Run away.
199
526728
1517
08:48
The good stars,
200
528245
1725
08:49
Pale helms and spiky spurs,
201
529970
2687
08:52
Run away.
202
532657
1390
08:54
Fears of my bed,
203
534047
1355
08:55
Fears of life and fears of death,
204
535402
2478
08:57
Run away.
205
537880
1480
08:59
That brave man comes up
206
539360
2296
09:01
From below and walks without meditation,
207
541656
2920
09:04
That brave man."
208
544576
1777
09:06
[Wallace Stevens]
209
546353
2990
09:09
Now, the sun in this poem,
210
549343
2353
09:11
in Wallace Stevens' poem, seems so grave
211
551696
2489
09:14
because the person in the poem is so afraid.
212
554185
3471
09:17
The sun comes up in the morning through branches,
213
557656
2487
09:20
dispels the dew, the eyes, on the grass,
214
560143
2939
09:23
and defeats stars envisioned as armies.
215
563082
3405
09:26
"Brave" has its old sense of showy
216
566487
1969
09:28
as well as its modern sense, courage.
217
568456
2244
09:30
This sun is not afraid to show his face.
218
570700
3340
09:34
But the person in the poem is afraid.
219
574040
3352
09:37
He might have been up all night.
220
577392
1539
09:38
That is the reveal Stevens saves for that fourth stanza,
221
578931
3982
09:42
where run away has become a refrain.
222
582913
2778
09:45
This person might want to run away too,
223
585691
2192
09:47
but fortified by the sun's example,
224
587883
2290
09:50
he might just rise.
225
590173
2725
09:52
Stevens saves that sonically odd word "meditation"
226
592898
4278
09:57
for the end.
227
597176
1674
09:58
Unlike the sun, human beings think.
228
598850
2901
10:01
We meditate on past and future, life and death,
229
601751
4097
10:05
above and below.
230
605848
2546
10:08
And it can make us afraid.
231
608394
3784
10:12
Poems, the patterns in poems,
232
612178
2070
10:14
show us not just what somebody thought
233
614248
1942
10:16
or what someone did or what happened
234
616190
1672
10:17
but what it was like to be a person like that,
235
617862
4796
10:22
to be so anxious, so lonely, so inquisitive,
236
622658
3690
10:26
so goofy, so preposterous, so brave.
237
626348
5886
10:32
That's why poems can seem at once so durable,
238
632234
3646
10:35
so personal, and so ephemeral,
239
635880
2041
10:37
like something inside and outside you at once.
240
637921
3127
10:41
The Scottish poet Denise Riley compares poetry
241
641048
3335
10:44
to a needle, a sliver of outside I cradle inside,
242
644383
4118
10:48
and the American poet Terrance Hayes
243
648501
2408
10:50
wrote six poems called "Wind in a Box."
244
650909
3083
10:53
One of them asks, "Tell me,
245
653992
1436
10:55
what am I going to do when I'm dead?"
246
655428
2634
10:58
And the answer is that he'll stay with us
247
658062
2730
11:00
or won't stay with us inside us as wind,
248
660792
2876
11:03
as air, as words.
249
663668
3222
11:06
It is easier than ever to find poems
250
666890
2658
11:09
that might stay inside you, that might stay with you,
251
669548
3592
11:13
from long, long ago, or from right this minute,
252
673140
2458
11:15
from far away or from right close to where you live,
253
675598
2574
11:18
almost no matter where you live.
254
678172
3326
11:21
Poems can help you say, help you show how you're feeling,
255
681498
3469
11:24
but they can also introduce you
256
684967
2440
11:27
to feelings, ways of being in the world,
257
687407
2283
11:29
people, very much unlike you,
258
689690
2377
11:32
maybe even people from long, long ago.
259
692067
4581
11:36
Some poems even tell you
260
696648
2087
11:38
that that is what they can do.
261
698735
4551
11:43
That's what John Keats is doing
262
703286
2670
11:45
in his most mysterious, perhaps, poem.
263
705956
4368
11:50
It's mysterious because it's probably unfinished,
264
710324
3912
11:54
he probably left it unfinished,
265
714236
2329
11:56
and because it might be meant
266
716565
1597
11:58
for a character in a play,
267
718162
2626
12:00
but it might just be Keats' thinking
268
720788
1677
12:02
about what his own writing,
269
722465
1635
12:04
his handwriting, could do,
270
724100
2200
12:06
and in it I hear, at least I hear, mortality,
271
726300
3890
12:10
and I hear the power of older poetic techniques,
272
730190
3529
12:13
and I have the feeling, you might have the feeling,
273
733719
2531
12:16
of meeting even for an instant, almost becoming,
274
736250
2986
12:19
someone else from long ago,
275
739236
1522
12:20
someone quite memorable.
276
740758
2715
12:23
"This living hand, now warm and capable
277
743473
3176
12:26
Of earnest grasping, would, if it were cold
278
746649
3710
12:30
And in the icy silence of the tomb,
279
750359
2391
12:32
So haunt thy days and chill thy dreaming nights
280
752750
3576
12:36
That thou would wish thine own heart dry of blood
281
756326
3934
12:40
So in my veins red life might stream again,
282
760260
3651
12:43
And thou be conscience-calm’d -- see here it is --
283
763911
4899
12:48
I hold it towards you."
284
768810
2988
12:53
Thanks.
285
773110
2307
12:55
(Applause)
286
775417
6789
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7