The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet | Penny Chisholm

107,871 views ใƒป 2018-07-23

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Aisha Abdulrazzak ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Jihad shaban
00:12
I'd like to introduce you to a tiny microorganism
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑููƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุงุฆู† ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
00:16
that you've probably never heard of:
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ู… ุชุณู…ุนูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ุงู‹:
00:18
its name is Prochlorococcus,
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ุงุณู…ู‡ ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณุŒ
00:20
and it's really an amazing little being.
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ูˆุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ ุฅู†ู‡ ูƒุงุฆู† ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฐู‡ู„.
00:23
For one thing, its ancestors
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุณุจุจ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุฃู† ุฃุณู„ุงูู‡
00:26
changed the earth in ways that made it possible for us to evolve,
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ุบูŠุฑูˆุง ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจุทุฑู‚ ุฌุนู„ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุทูˆุฑุŒ
00:30
and hidden in its genetic code
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ูˆุฃุฎููˆุง ููŠ ุดูุฑุชู‡ู… ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ
00:32
is a blueprint
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ู…ุฎุทู‘ูŽุทู‹ุง
00:34
that may inspire ways to reduce our dependency on fossil fuel.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูู„ู‡ู… ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจู‹ุง ู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠ.
00:40
But the most amazing thing
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุฏู‡ุงุดุงู‹
00:42
is that there are three billion billion billion
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠุฑ
00:45
of these tiny cells on the planet,
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ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
00:46
and we didn't know they existed until 35 years ago.
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ูˆู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ุนุฑู ุนู† ุชูˆุงุฌุฏู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ 35 ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
00:51
So to tell you their story,
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ูˆู„ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจู‚ุตุชู‡ู…ุŒ
00:52
I need to first take you way back,
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ุฃุญุชุงุฌ ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃู† ุฃุนูŠุฏูƒู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุกุŒ
00:55
four billion years ago, when the earth might have looked something like this.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุณู†ุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุจุฏุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูƒุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
01:00
There was no life on the planet,
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
01:02
there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
01:05
So what happened to change that planet into the one we enjoy today,
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ุฅุฐู† ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุฏุซ ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู†ุชู…ุชุน ุจู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
01:11
teeming with life,
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ูŠุนุฌ ุจุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
01:12
teeming with plants and animals?
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ูŠุนุฌ ุจุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุชุŸ
01:15
Well, in a word, photosynthesis.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ.
01:19
About two and a half billion years ago,
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ู‚ุจู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑูŠ ูˆู†ุตู ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุชุŒ
01:21
some of these ancient ancestors of Prochlorococcus evolved
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ุชุทูˆุฑุช ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุงู ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ
01:25
so that they could use solar energy
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ
01:27
and absorb it
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ูˆุงู…ุชุตุงุตู‡ุง
01:28
and split water into its component parts of oxygen and hydrogen.
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ูˆูุตู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†.
01:33
And they used the chemical energy produced
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ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูู†ุชูŽุฌุฉ
01:36
to draw CO2, carbon dioxide, out of the atmosphere
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ู„ุณุญุจ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
01:40
and use it to build sugars and proteins and amino acids,
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ูˆุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
01:44
all the things that life is made of.
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
01:47
And as they evolved and grew more and more
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุทูˆุฑูˆุง ูˆู†ู…ูˆุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ
01:50
over millions and millions of years,
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ุนุจุฑ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ูˆู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ
01:52
that oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere.
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ุชุฑุงูƒู… ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
01:57
Until about 500 million years ago,
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ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุจู„ 500 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉุŒ
02:00
there was enough in the atmosphere that larger organisms could evolve.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู‘ู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ.
02:03
There was an explosion of life-forms,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ููŠ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
02:05
and, ultimately, we appeared on the scene.
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ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุธู‡ุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุงุญุฉ.
02:09
While that was going on,
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ
02:11
some of those ancient photosynthesizers died
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ู…ุงุชุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ
02:14
and were compressed and buried,
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ูˆุชู… ุถุบุทู‡ุง ูˆุฏูู†ู‡ุงุŒ
02:17
and became fossil fuel
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ูˆุฃุตุจุญุช ูˆู‚ูˆุฏู‹ุง ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠู‘ู‹ุง
02:19
with sunlight buried in their carbon bonds.
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ู…ุน ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุงู„ู…ุฏููˆู† ููŠ ุฑูˆุงุจุทู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
02:23
They're basically buried sunlight in the form of coal and oil.
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ู‚ุงู…ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุจุฏูู† ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ูุญู… ูˆู†ูุท.
ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠุŒ
02:29
Today's photosynthesizers,
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02:30
their engines are descended from those ancient microbes,
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ุชู†ุญุฏุฑ ู…ุญุฑูƒุงุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
02:36
and they feed basically all of life on earth.
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ูˆุชุบุฐูŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
02:40
Your heart is beating using the solar energy
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ุฅู† ู‚ู„ุจูƒ ูŠู†ุจุถ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ
02:43
that some plant processed for you,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุจุชุตู†ูŠุนู‡ุง ู„ูƒุŒ
02:46
and the stuff your body is made out of
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฌุณู…ูƒ
02:48
is made out of CO2
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ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
02:50
that some plant processed for you.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู…ุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุจุชุตู†ูŠุนู‡ ู„ูƒ.
02:53
Basically, we're all made out of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
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ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุง ู…ุตู†ูˆุนูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†.
02:58
Fundamentally, we're just hot air.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู†ุญู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‡ูˆุงุก ุณุงุฎู† ูู‚ุท.
03:00
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
03:04
So as terrestrial beings,
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ูƒูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉุŒ
03:06
we're very familiar with the plants on land:
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ู†ุญู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ:
03:09
the trees, the grasses, the pastures, the crops.
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ุงู„ุดุฌุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃุนุดุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูˆุฌ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„.
03:14
But the oceans are filled with billions of tons of animals.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃุทู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
03:17
Do you ever wonder what's feeding them?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุณุงุกู„ุช ู…ุฑุฉ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุทุนู…ู‡ู…ุŸ
03:21
Well there's an invisible pasture
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฑุฌ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุฆูŠ
03:23
of microscopic photosynthesizers called phytoplankton
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ูˆุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ
03:27
that fill the upper 200 meters of the ocean,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ู„ุฃ 200 ู…ุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุญูŠุทุŒ
03:32
and they feed the entire open ocean ecosystem.
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ูˆุชูุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆุญ ู„ู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡.
03:35
Some of the animals live among them and eat them,
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ุฅู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุชุนูŠุด ุจุฌุงู†ุจู‡ู… ูˆุชุฃูƒู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
03:37
and others swim up to feed on them at night,
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ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุณุจุญ ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูŠุชุบุฐู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ
03:40
while others sit in the deep and wait for them to die and settle down
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุฌู„ุณ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุนู…ู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุจุงู†ุชุธุงุฑ ู…ูˆุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช
03:44
and then they chow down on them.
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ุซู… ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช.
03:47
So these tiny phytoplankton,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
03:50
collectively, weigh less than one percent of all the plants on land,
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ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุฉุŒ ุชุฒู† ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
03:54
but annually they photosynthesize as much as all of the plants on land,
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุณู†ูˆูŠุงู‹ ุจุฃุฏุงุก ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
03:58
including the Amazon rainforest
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ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุบุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุงุฒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุทูŠุฑุฉ
04:01
that we consider the lungs of the planet.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุชุจุฑู‡ุง ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
04:04
Every year, they fix 50 billion tons of carbon
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ุณู†ูˆูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูŠูุตู„ุญูˆู† 50 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
04:08
in the form of carbon dioxide into their bodies
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ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุณุงู…ู‡ู…
04:11
that feeds the ocean ecosystem.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
04:15
How does this tiny amount of biomass
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ูƒูŠู ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชู„ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
04:17
produce as much as all the plants on land?
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ุฃู† ุชู†ุชุฌ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŸ
04:19
Well, they don't have trunks and stems
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฌุฐูˆุน ูˆุณูŠู‚ุงู†
04:22
and flowers and fruits and all that to maintain.
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ูˆุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑ ูˆููˆุงูƒู‡ ูˆูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก.
04:25
All they have to do is grow and divide and grow and divide.
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ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ูˆุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู….
04:28
They're really lean little photosynthesis machines.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุฒูŠู„ุฉ.
04:33
They really crank.
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ูˆุณู‡ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ูˆูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
04:39
So there are thousands of different species of phytoplankton,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุขู ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉุŒ
04:43
come in all different shapes and sizes,
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ูˆุชุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ูˆุฃุญุฌุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
04:45
all roughly less than the width of a human hair.
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ูˆุนุฑุถ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุดุนุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
04:48
Here, I'm showing you some of the more beautiful ones,
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ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุจุนุถุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู…ู„ู‡ุงุŒ
04:52
the textbook versions.
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ู…ู† ุฅุตุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠุฉ.
04:54
I call them the charismatic species of phytoplankton.
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ุฃุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ.
05:00
And here is Prochlorococcus.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ.
05:04
I know,
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ุฃุนู„ู…ุŒ
05:05
it just looks like a bunch of schmutz on a microscope slide.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุญุฒู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฐุงุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฑ.
05:08
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
05:10
But they're in there,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
05:12
and I'm going to reveal them to you in a minute.
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ูˆุณุฃุธู‡ุฑู‡ู… ู„ูƒู… ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
05:15
But first I want to tell you how they were discovered.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุฏุงูŠุฉู‹ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ูƒูŠู ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ู….
05:20
About 38 years ago,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 38 ุนุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
05:22
we were playing around with a technology in my lab called flow cytometry
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ูƒู†ุง ู†ู„ุนุจ ุจุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑูŠ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ
05:27
that was developed for biomedical research for studying cells like cancer cells,
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ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุชุทูˆูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ูƒุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
05:33
but it turns out we were using it for this off-label purpose
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ุบุฑุถ ุขุฎุฑ
05:36
which was to study phytoplankton, and it was beautifully suited to do that.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ู†ุงุณุจุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
05:41
And here's how it works:
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ูˆุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„:
05:43
so you inject a sample in this tiny little capillary tube,
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุญู‚ู† ุนูŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุงู„ุดุนุฑูŠ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ
05:47
and the cells go single file by a laser,
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู„ู ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฒุฑุŒ
05:51
and as they do, they scatter light according to their size
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุชุดุชูŠุช ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฃุญุฌุงู…ู‡ู…
05:55
and they emit light according to whatever pigments they might have,
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ูˆูŠุจุนุซูˆู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุงุŒ
05:59
whether they're natural or whether you stain them.
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ุณูˆุงุกู‹ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุทุจูŠุนูŠูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุตุจุบู‡ู….
06:01
And the chlorophyl of phytoplankton,
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ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑูˆููŠู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุจุน ุนู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉุŒ
06:05
which is green,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃุฎุถุฑุŒ
06:06
emits red light when you shine blue light on it.
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ูŠุจุนุซ ู„ูˆู†ู‹ุง ุฃุญู…ุฑ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูุดุน ู†ุญูˆู‡ ู„ูˆู†ู‹ุง ุฃุฒุฑู‚.
06:10
And so we used this instrument for several years
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู„ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
06:13
to study our phytoplankton cultures,
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ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
06:15
species like those charismatic ones that I showed you,
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ูˆุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุถุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŒ
06:19
just studying their basic cell biology.
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ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
06:22
But all that time, we thought, well wouldn't it be really cool
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุทูˆุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏู†ุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฑุงุฆุนุงู‹
06:25
if we could take an instrument like this out on a ship
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ู„ูˆ ุชู…ูƒู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ูƒู‡ุฐู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ
06:27
and just squirt seawater through it
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ูˆุฑูŽุดู‘ู ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
06:29
and see what all those diversity of phytoplankton would look like.
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ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุง ุณูŠุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ.
06:34
So I managed to get my hands
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ู„ุฐุง ุชู…ูƒู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„
06:36
on what we call a big rig in flow cytometry,
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุฌู‡ุงุฒุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠุŒ
06:39
a large, powerful laser
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุฒุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆู‚ูˆูŠ
06:43
with a money-back guarantee from the company
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ู…ุน ุถู…ุงู† ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ
06:46
that if it didn't work on a ship, they would take it back.
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ุณููŠู†ุฉุŒ ุณูˆู ูŠุนูŠุฏูˆู†ู‡.
06:48
And so a young scientist that I was working with at the time,
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ูˆููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุนุงู„ู… ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ
06:52
Rob Olson, was able to take this thing apart,
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ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุฑูˆุจ ุฃูˆู„ุณูˆู†ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุชููƒูŠูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ
06:54
put it on a ship, put it back together and take it off to sea.
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ูˆุถุนู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ุณููŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุฑูƒูŠุจู‡ ูˆุฃุฎุฐู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
06:58
And it worked like a charm.
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ูˆุนู…ู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณุญุฑ.
06:59
We didn't think it would, because we thought the ship's vibrations
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ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠุนู…ู„ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู‡ุชุฒุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ
07:03
would get in the way of the focusing of the laser,
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ุณุชุนุชุฑุถ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฒุฑุŒ
07:05
but it really worked like a charm.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุงุดุชุบู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณุญุฑ.
07:07
And so we mapped the phytoplankton distributions across the ocean.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุชูˆุฒูŠุนุงุช ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
07:10
For the first time, you could look at them one cell at a time in real time
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ูˆู„ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ู… ูƒุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ูˆุงุญุฏ.
07:14
and see what was going on -- that was very exciting.
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ูˆุชุฑู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ...ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
07:17
But one day, Rob noticed some faint signals
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ู„ุงุญุธ ุฑูˆุจ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ
07:20
coming out of the instrument
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ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู„ุฉ
07:21
that we dismissed as electronic noise
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุนุชุจุฑู†ุงู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุถูˆุถุงุก ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ
07:25
for probably a year
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ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุนุงู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹
07:27
before we realized that it wasn't really behaving like noise.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุชุชุตุฑู ูƒุถูˆุถุงุก.
07:31
It had some regular patterns to it.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุฉ.
07:34
To make a long story short,
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ูˆู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉุŒ
07:36
it was tiny, tiny little cells,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
07:39
less than one-one hundredth the width of a human hair
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ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุนุฑุถ ุดุนุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†
07:42
that contain chlorophyl.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑูˆููŠู„.
07:44
That was Prochlorococcus.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ.
07:47
So remember this slide that I showed you?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุฐูƒุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุถุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŸ
07:50
If you shine blue light on that same sample,
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุณู„ูŠุท ุถูˆุก ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ
07:53
this is what you see:
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ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุณุชุฑูˆู†ู‡:
07:55
two tiny little red light-emitting cells.
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ุฎู„ูŠุชุงู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุชุงู† ุจุงุนุซุชุงู† ู„ู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
07:59
Those are Prochlorococcus.
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ู‡ุงุชุงู† ู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ.
08:02
They are the smallest and most abundant photosynthetic cell on the planet.
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ู‡ู…ุง ุฃุตุบุฑ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุถูˆุฆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆูุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
08:09
At first, we didn't know what they were,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉุŒ ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุงู‡ูŠุชู‡ู…ุงุŒ
ู„ุฐุง ุฃุทู„ู‚ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง "ุงู„ุฎุถุฑุงูˆุชุงู† ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุชุงู†".
08:11
so we called the "little greens."
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08:12
It was a very affectionate name for them.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุงุณู…ู‹ุง ุญู†ูˆู†ู‹ุง ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ู‡ู…ุง.
08:14
Ultimately, we knew enough about them to give them the name Prochlorococcus,
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ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุนุฑูู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ู…ุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ู…ู†ุญู‡ู…ุง ุงุณู… ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณุŒ
08:18
which means "primitive green berry."
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ "ุงู„ุชูˆุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุถุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ."
08:20
And it was about that time
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
08:23
that I became so smitten by these little cells
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุตุจุญุช ููŠู‡ ู…ุบุฑู…ุฉ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
08:26
that I redirected my entire lab to study them and nothing else,
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ุญูŠุซ ู‚ู…ุช ุจุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑูŠ ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ู… ูู‚ุทุŒ
08:31
and my loyalty to them has really paid off.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฌู†ูŠุช ุซู…ุงุฑ ูˆู„ุงุฆูŠ ู„ู‡ู….
08:34
They've given me a tremendous amount, including bringing me here.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุนุทูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุญุถุงุฑูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง.
08:39
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
08:45
So over the years, we and others, many others,
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุขุฎุฑูˆู† ูƒูุซุฑุŒ
08:48
have studied Prochlorococcus across the oceans
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุจุฑูˆูƒูŠู„ูˆุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
08:52
and found that they're very abundant over wide, wide ranges
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏูˆู† ุจูˆูุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ุงุช ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
08:56
in the open ocean ecosystem.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆุญ ู„ู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
08:59
They're particularly abundant in what are called the open ocean gyres.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏูˆู† ุจูˆูุฑุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉู‹ ููŠ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช.
09:03
These are sometimes referred to as the deserts of the oceans,
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ูˆูŠูุดุงุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ุจุตุญุงุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุชุŒ
09:07
but they're not deserts at all.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุตุญุงุฑูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
09:09
Their deep blue water is teeming
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ูู…ูŠุงู‡ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุนุฌ
09:12
with a hundred million Prochlorococcus cells per liter.
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ุจู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุจุฑูˆูƒูŠู„ูˆุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ ู„ูƒู„ ู„ุชุฑ.
09:16
If you crowd them together like we do in our cultures,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฌู…ุนุชู‡ู… ู…ุนุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ ููŠ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุงุŒ
09:19
you can see their beautiful green chlorophyl.
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ุณุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑูˆููŠู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุถุฑ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„.
09:22
One of those test tubes has a billion Prochlorococcus in it,
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุŒ
09:27
and as I told you earlier,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุฃุฎุจุฑุชูƒู… ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ุŒ
09:28
there are three billion billion billion of them on the planet.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
09:31
That's three octillion,
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ุฃูŠ ุฑู‚ู… ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุชุจูˆุนุงู‹ ุจ 27 ุตูุฑุงู‹ุŒ
09:34
if you care to convert.
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชู‡ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„.
09:36
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
09:38
And collectively, they weigh more than the human population
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ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฒู†ูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู†ูŠ
09:42
and they photosynthesize as much as all of the crops on land.
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฃุฏุงุก ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
09:47
They're incredibly important in the global ocean.
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ูˆู‡ู… ู…ู‡ู…ูˆู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ.
09:51
So over the years, as we were studying them
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ู„ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฏุฑุณู‡ู…
09:53
and found how abundant they were,
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ูˆู†ูƒุชุดู ู…ุฏู‰ ูˆูุฑุชู‡ู…ุŒ
09:55
we thought, hmm, this is really strange.
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ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุบุฑูŠุจ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
09:57
How can a single species be so abundant across so many different habitats?
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ูƒูŠู ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู† ูุตูŠู„ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูˆููŠุฑุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŸ
10:02
And as we isolated more into culture,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุนุฒู„ู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุชู†ุงุŒ
10:04
we learned that they are different ecotypes.
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ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
10:06
There are some that are adapted to the high-light intensities
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุนุถ ูŠุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ู…ุน ุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
10:09
in the surface water,
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ููŠ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ุŒ
10:11
and there are some that are adapted to the low light in the deep ocean.
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ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ู…ุน ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎูุถ ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
10:14
In fact, those cells that live in the bottom of the sunlit zone
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุกุฉ ุจู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ
10:18
are the most efficient photosynthesizers of any known cell.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ูƒูุงุกุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
10:23
And then we learned that there are some strains
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„ุงุช
10:25
that grow optimally along the equator,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุฎุท ุงู„ุงุณุชูˆุงุกุŒ
10:28
where there are higher temperatures,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฃุนู„ู‰ุŒ
10:30
and some that do better at the cooler temperatures
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ูˆุจุนุถู‡ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูุถู„ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ
10:33
as you go north and south.
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุดู…ุงู„ุงู‹ ูˆุฌู†ูˆุจุงู‹.
10:34
So as we studied these more and more and kept finding more and more diversity,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงุณุชู…ุฑูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ูˆุนุŒ
10:38
we thought, oh my God, how diverse are these things?
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏู†ุงุŒ ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‡ูŠุŒ ู…ุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุชู†ูˆุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŸ
10:41
And about that time, it became possible to sequence their genomes
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ูˆููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู‡ู…
10:44
and really look under the hood and look at their genetic makeup.
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
10:49
And we've been able to sequence the genomes of cultures that we have,
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ูˆูƒู†ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูˆูุฑุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ุŒ
10:53
but also recently, using flow cytometry,
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ูˆู…ุคุฎุฑู‹ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠุŒ
10:56
we can isolate individual cells from the wild
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ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุนุฒู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฉ
10:59
and sequence their individual genomes,
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ูˆุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุฌูŠู†ูˆู…ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุชุณู„ุณู„ูŠุŒ
11:01
and now we've sequenced hundreds of Prochlorococcus.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุชุณู„ุณู„ูŠ ู„ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ.
11:04
And although each cell has roughly 2,000 genes --
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 2000 ุฌูŠู†ุฉ...
11:08
that's one tenth the size of the human genome --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุนูุดุฑ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ...
11:12
as you sequence more and more,
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุณู„ุณู„ุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ
11:13
you find that they only have a thousand of those in common
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ุชุฌุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณูˆู‰ ุฃู„ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ
11:18
and the other thousand for each individual strain
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู„ู ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ูƒู„ ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ
11:21
is drawn from an enormous gene pool,
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ู…ูุณุชู…ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชุฌู…ุน ุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุŒ
11:24
and it reflects the particular environment that the cell might have thrived in,
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ูˆุชุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู†ู…ุช ููŠู‡ุงุŒ
11:30
not just high or low light or high or low temperature,
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ุฃูˆ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉุŒ
11:33
but whether there are nutrients that limit them
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ุชู‚ูŠุฏู‡ุง
11:36
like nitrogen, phosphorus or iron.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ูุณููˆุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ.
11:39
It reflects the habitat that they come from.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุนูƒุณ ุงู„ู…ูˆุทู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡.
11:42
Think of it this way.
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ููƒุฑูˆุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ.
11:45
If each cell is a smartphone
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู„ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุงุชู ุฐูƒูŠ
11:48
and the apps are the genes,
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ูˆุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
11:51
when you get your smartphone, it comes with these built-in apps.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุงุชููƒ ุงู„ุฐูƒูŠุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถู…ู†ุฉ.
11:54
Those are the ones that you can't delete if you're an iPhone person.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ุณุญู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุขูŠููˆู†.
11:57
You press on them and they don't jiggle and they don't have x's.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชู‡ุชุฒ ูˆู„ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ "x".
12:00
Even if you don't want them, you can't get rid of them.
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏู‡ุงุŒ ูุฅู†ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
12:03
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:06
Those are like the core genes of Prochlorococcus.
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ.
12:09
They're the essence of the phone.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฌูˆู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู.
12:11
But you have a huge pool of apps to draw upon
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
12:16
to make your phone custom-designed for your particular lifestyle and habitat.
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุงุชููƒ ู…ุตู…ู…ุงู‹ ุฎุตูŠุตุงู‹ ู„ุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุญูŠุงุชูƒ.
12:22
If you travel a lot, you'll have a lot of travel apps,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชูŽ ุชูุณุงูุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุณูุฑุŒ
12:25
if you're into financial things, you might have a lot of financial apps,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชูŽ ู…ู‡ุชู…ู‘ู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
12:30
or if you're like me,
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ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชูŽ ู…ุซู„ูŠุŒ
12:32
you probably have a lot of weather apps,
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ููŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุนุฏุฉ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ู„ู„ุทู‚ุณุŒ
12:34
hoping one of them will tell you what you want to hear.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ุชุฎุจุฑูƒ ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ุง ุจู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุณู…ุงุนู‡.
12:36
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:38
And I've learned the last couple days in Vancouver
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุนู„ู…ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ููŠ ูุงู†ูƒูˆูุฑ
12:40
that you don't need a weather app -- you just need an umbrella.
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ุฃู†ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุทู‚ุณ... ูุฃู†ุช ุชุญุชุงุฌ ูู‚ุท ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุธู„ุฉ.
12:43
So --
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ...
12:44
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:47
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
12:49
So just as your smartphone tells us something about how you live your life,
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒู…ุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ู‡ุงุชููƒ ุงู„ุฐูƒูŠ ูƒูŠู ุชุนูŠุด ุญูŠุงุชูƒุŒ
12:55
your lifestyle,
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ุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุญูŠุงุชูƒุŒ
12:57
reading the genome of a Prochlorococcus cell
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ูุฅู† ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ
12:59
tells us what the pressures are in its environment.
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ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุถุบูˆุท ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุชู‡ุง.
13:04
It's like reading its diary,
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ุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ู…ุฐูƒุฑุงุชู‡ุงุŒ
13:06
not only telling us how it got through its day or its week,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุฅุฎุจุงุฑู†ุง ูƒูŠู ู…ุฑ ูŠูˆู…ู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุฃุณุจูˆุนู‡ุงุŒ
13:10
but even its evolutionary history.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑูŠ.
13:14
As we studied -- I said we've sequenced hundreds of these cells,
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ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุฏุฑุงุณุชู†ุง...ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู„ุช ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ุŒ
13:17
and we can now project
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู† ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน
13:19
what is the total genetic size --
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฌูŠู†...
13:23
gene pool --
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ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช...
13:24
of the Prochlorococcus federation, as we call it.
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ู…ู† ุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡.
13:28
It's like a superorganism.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ูƒู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ู†ุธู… ูŠุนู…ู„ ูƒุฌุณุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ.
13:29
And it turns out that projections are
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ูˆุงุชุถุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ุนุงุช ุชูุดูŠุฑ
13:32
that the collective has 80,000 genes.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง 80,000 ุฌูŠู†.
13:35
That's four times the size of the human genome.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดูƒู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุถุนุงู ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ.
13:38
And it's that diversity of gene pools
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุชุฌู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
13:43
that makes it possible for them
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู‘ูู†ู‡ู…
13:45
to dominate these large regions of the oceans
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
13:47
and maintain their stability
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ูˆุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑู‡ุง
13:49
year in and year out.
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ุณู†ุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุณู†ุฉ.
13:52
So when I daydream about Prochlorococcus,
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ู„ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑุงูˆุฏู†ูŠ ุฃุญู„ุงู… ูŠู‚ุธุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณุŒ
13:55
which I probably do more than is healthy --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุตุญูŠ...
13:58
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
14:00
I imagine them floating out there,
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ุฃุชุฎูŠู„ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุทููˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
14:03
doing their job,
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
14:04
maintaining the planet,
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ูˆูŠุญุงูุธูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
14:06
feeding the animals.
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ูˆูŠุทุนู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
14:09
But also I inevitably end up
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู
14:11
thinking about what a masterpiece they are,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุฑูˆุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุชุŒ
14:15
finely tuned by millions of years of evolution.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุถุจุทู‡ุง ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ุจูุนู„ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ.
14:19
With 2,000 genes,
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ู…ุน 2000 ุฌูŠู†ุŒ
14:21
they can do what all of our human ingenuity
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ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู„ู… ุชุณุชุทุน ุจุฑุงุนุชู†ุง ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ
14:24
has not figured out how to do yet.
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†.
14:26
They can take solar energy, CO2
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ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ุฃุฎุฐ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
14:29
and turn it into chemical energy in the form of organic carbon,
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ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุนุถูˆูŠุŒ
14:33
locking that sunlight in those carbon bonds.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุญุตุฑ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุจุท ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
14:37
If we could figure out exactly how they do this,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒูŠู ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ุถุจุทุŒ
14:41
it could inspire designs
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุตุงู…ูŠู…
14:44
that could reduce our dependency on fossil fuels,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู‚ู„ู„ ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠุŒ
14:47
which brings my story full circle.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠูุนูŠุฏ ู‚ุตุชูŠ ู„ู…ุญูˆุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ.
14:51
The fossil fuels that are buried that we're burning
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ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏููˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญุฑู‚ู‡
14:54
took millions of years for the earth to bury those,
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ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ู„ูƒูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจุฏูู†ู‡ุŒ
14:58
including those ancestors of Prochlorococcus,
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ู…ุชุถู…ู†ุงู‹ ุฃุณู„ุงู ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณุŒ
15:01
and we're burning that now in the blink of an eye
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุญุฑู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุบู…ุถุฉ ุนูŠู†
15:04
on geological timescales.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ.
15:06
Carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere.
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ูŠุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
15:09
It's a greenhouse gas.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุบุงุฒ ุฏููŠุก.
15:11
The oceans are starting to warm.
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ุจุฏุฃุช ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุจุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน.
15:13
So the question is, what is that going to do
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ู„ุฐุง ูุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ: ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุญุฏุซ
15:16
for my Prochlorococcus?
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ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ ุฎุงุตุชูŠุŸ
15:18
And I'm sure you're expecting me to say that my beloved microbes are doomed,
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุชูˆู‚ุน ู…ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุจูˆุจุฉ ูุดู„ุชุŒ
15:23
but in fact they're not.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
15:25
Projections are that their populations will expand as the ocean warms
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ุชูุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ุนุงุช ุจุฃู† ุณูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ุณูŠุชูˆุณุนูˆู† ู…ุน ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท
15:31
to 30 percent larger by the year 2100.
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ุฅู„ู‰ 30 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุนุงู… 2100.
15:36
Does that make me happy?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุณุนูŠุฏุฉุŸ
15:38
Well, it makes me happy for Prochlorococcus of course --
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน...
15:41
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
15:43
but not for the planet.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
15:46
There are winners and losers
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฑุงุจุญูˆู† ูˆุฎุงุณุฑูˆู†
15:47
in this global experiment that we've undertaken,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู‡ุงุŒ
15:51
and it's projected that among the losers
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฎุงุณุฑูŠู†
15:54
will be some of those larger phytoplankton,
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ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
15:56
those charismatic ones
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ
15:57
which are expected to be reduced in numbers,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ูŠู†ุฎูุถ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุงุŒ
16:00
and they're the ones that feed the zooplankton that feed the fish
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุบุฐูŠ ุงู„ุณู…ูƒ
16:03
that we like to harvest.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญุจ ุฃู† ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
16:08
So Prochlorococcus has been my muse for the past 35 years,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจุฑูˆูƒู„ูŠุฑูˆูƒูˆูƒุณ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุชุฃู…ู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ 35 ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉุŒ
16:13
but there are legions of other microbes out there
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุดุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
16:15
maintaining our planet for us.
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ุชุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู†ุง.
16:18
They're out there
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
16:20
ready and waiting for us to find them so they can tell their stories, too.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู…ุณุชุนุฏูˆู† ูˆูŠู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ู†ุง ู„ู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ู‚ุตุตู‡ู…ุŒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
16:24
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
16:25
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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