The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet | Penny Chisholm

105,650 views ใƒป 2018-07-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Shin Jong Hyeon ๊ฒ€ํ† : Tae-Hoon Chung
00:12
I'd like to introduce you to a tiny microorganism
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
that you've probably never heard of:
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์•„๋งˆ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์…จ์„ ํ…๋ฐ
00:18
its name is Prochlorococcus,
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ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜
00:20
and it's really an amazing little being.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
For one thing, its ancestors
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์šฐ์„  ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์€
00:26
changed the earth in ways that made it possible for us to evolve,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
and hidden in its genetic code
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์•”ํ˜ธ ์†์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
00:32
is a blueprint
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00:34
that may inspire ways to reduce our dependency on fossil fuel.
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ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
But the most amazing thing
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
00:42
is that there are three billion billion billion
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 30์–ต์˜ 10์–ต์˜ 10์–ต ๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:45
of these tiny cells on the planet,
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00:46
and we didn't know they existed until 35 years ago.
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35๋…„ ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:51
So to tell you their story,
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
00:52
I need to first take you way back,
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๋จผ์ € ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
four billion years ago, when the earth might have looked something like this.
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40์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋žฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
There was no life on the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:02
there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:05
So what happened to change that planet into the one we enjoy today,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด
์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:11
teeming with life,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:12
teeming with plants and animals?
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๋™์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:15
Well, in a word, photosynthesis.
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ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
About two and a half billion years ago,
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์•ฝ 25์–ต ๋…„ ์ „
01:21
some of these ancient ancestors of Prochlorococcus evolved
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ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€
ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:25
so that they could use solar energy
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01:27
and absorb it
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๊ทธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ
01:28
and split water into its component parts of oxygen and hydrogen.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์›์†Œ์ธ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And they used the chemical energy produced
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ™”ํ•™์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
01:36
to draw CO2, carbon dioxide, out of the atmosphere
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
01:40
and use it to build sugars and proteins and amino acids,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋‹น, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
01:44
all the things that life is made of.
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01:47
And as they evolved and grew more and more
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์  ๋” ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:50
over millions and millions of years,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์— ๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
01:52
that oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ธต์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ฒ™๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Until about 500 million years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋žต 5์–ต ๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š”
02:00
there was enough in the atmosphere that larger organisms could evolve.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:03
There was an explosion of life-forms,
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ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
02:05
and, ultimately, we appeared on the scene.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
While that was going on,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
02:11
some of those ancient photosynthesizers died
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ
02:14
and were compressed and buried,
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์••์ถ•๋˜์–ด ๋•…์— ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:17
and became fossil fuel
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
with sunlight buried in their carbon bonds.
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ํ–‡๋น›์ด ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:23
They're basically buried sunlight in the form of coal and oil.
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ํ–‡๋น›์ด ์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ์„์œ ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋•…์†์— ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Today's photosynthesizers,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
02:30
their engines are descended from those ancient microbes,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ์…ˆ์ด๊ณ 
02:36
and they feed basically all of life on earth.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Your heart is beating using the solar energy
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋›ฐ๊ณ 
02:43
that some plant processed for you,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
and the stuff your body is made out of
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋„
02:48
is made out of CO2
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
02:50
that some plant processed for you.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
02:53
Basically, we're all made out of sunlight and carbon dioxide.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ–‡๋น›๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:58
Fundamentally, we're just hot air.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:04
So as terrestrial beings,
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์ง€์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ
03:06
we're very familiar with the plants on land:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
the trees, the grasses, the pastures, the crops.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด, ํ’€, ์ดˆ์›, ๊ณก์‹ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:14
But the oceans are filled with billions of tons of animals.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ํ†ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Do you ever wonder what's feeding them?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹  ์  ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
03:21
Well there's an invisible pasture
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ดˆ์›์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
of microscopic photosynthesizers called phytoplankton
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์›์ด
03:27
that fill the upper 200 meters of the ocean,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊นŠ์ด 200m๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:32
and they feed the entire open ocean ecosystem.
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์ด๋“ค ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Some of the animals live among them and eat them,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ ์†์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:37
and others swim up to feed on them at night,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐค์— ์œ„๋กœ ํ—ค์—„์ณ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
while others sit in the deep and wait for them to die and settle down
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค
03:44
and then they chow down on them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
So these tiny phytoplankton,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์€
03:50
collectively, weigh less than one percent of all the plants on land,
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๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์ณ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œก์ƒ ์‹๋ฌผ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ 1%๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:54
but annually they photosynthesize as much as all of the plants on land,
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๋งค๋…„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œก์ƒ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
including the Amazon rainforest
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ—ˆํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
04:01
that we consider the lungs of the planet.
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์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์„ ๋‹ค ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:04
Every year, they fix 50 billion tons of carbon
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์ด๋“ค ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์€ ๋งค๋…„ 500์–ต ํ†ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ
04:08
in the form of carbon dioxide into their bodies
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ 
04:11
that feeds the ocean ecosystem.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
How does this tiny amount of biomass
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด
04:17
produce as much as all the plants on land?
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์ง€์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹๋ฌผ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:19
Well, they don't have trunks and stems
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ฑธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ
04:22
and flowers and fruits and all that to maintain.
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๊ฝƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ด๋งค๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
04:25
All they have to do is grow and divide and grow and divide.
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด ํ•  ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์—ด, ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์—ด๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
They're really lean little photosynthesis machines.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ตฐ์‚ด ์—†๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
04:33
They really crank.
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์ •๋ง ์ผ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ํ•ด์š”.
04:39
So there are thousands of different species of phytoplankton,
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์„ธ์ƒ์—” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ข…์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:43
come in all different shapes and sizes,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:45
all roughly less than the width of a human hair.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Here, I'm showing you some of the more beautiful ones,
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋ฐ์š”.
04:52
the textbook versions.
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๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:54
I call them the charismatic species of phytoplankton.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
And here is Prochlorococcus.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
I know,
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๋„ค, ์•Œ์•„์š”.
05:05
it just looks like a bunch of schmutz on a microscope slide.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์ด ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
05:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:10
But they're in there,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ๋งž์•„์š”.
05:12
and I'm going to reveal them to you in a minute.
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๊ณง ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:15
But first I want to tell you how they were discovered.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์„  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
05:20
About 38 years ago,
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์•ฝ 38๋…„ ์ „
05:22
we were playing around with a technology in my lab called flow cytometry
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋™์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ €๊ฒƒ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:27
that was developed for biomedical research for studying cells like cancer cells,
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์ƒ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ
์•”์„ธํฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
but it turns out we were using it for this off-label purpose
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
which was to study phytoplankton, and it was beautifully suited to do that.
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ ํ•ฉํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:41
And here's how it works:
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์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
so you inject a sample in this tiny little capillary tube,
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์šฐ์„  ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€์— ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
and the cells go single file by a laser,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ค„๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
and as they do, they scatter light according to their size
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น›์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ 
05:55
and they emit light according to whatever pigments they might have,
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น›์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
whether they're natural or whether you stain them.
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์ž์—ฐ์ƒ‰์ด๋“  ์ฐฉ์ƒ‰์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด์š”.
06:01
And the chlorophyl of phytoplankton,
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์˜ ์—ฝ๋ก์†Œ๋Š”
06:05
which is green,
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์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
06:06
emits red light when you shine blue light on it.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋น›์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋น›์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
And so we used this instrument for several years
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
to study our phytoplankton cultures,
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06:15
species like those charismatic ones that I showed you,
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์•„๊นŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์˜
06:19
just studying their basic cell biology.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:22
But all that time, we thought, well wouldn't it be really cool
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž์ฃ .
06:25
if we could take an instrument like this out on a ship
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๊ทธ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์— ์‹ฃ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ
06:27
and just squirt seawater through it
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
06:29
and see what all those diversity of phytoplankton would look like.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ‹์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:34
So I managed to get my hands
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ ๋™์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
06:36
on what we call a big rig in flow cytometry,
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
a large, powerful laser
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06:43
with a money-back guarantee from the company
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ํ™˜๋ถˆ๋ณด์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ
06:46
that if it didn't work on a ship, they would take it back.
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๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:48
And so a young scientist that I was working with at the time,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ์ ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๋กญ ์˜ฌ์Šจ(Rob Olson)์ด
06:52
Rob Olson, was able to take this thing apart,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์— ์‹ฃ๊ณ 
06:54
put it on a ship, put it back together and take it off to sea.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
And it worked like a charm.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:59
We didn't think it would, because we thought the ship's vibrations
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž‘๋™ ์•ˆ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:03
would get in the way of the focusing of the laser,
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:05
but it really worked like a charm.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
And so we mapped the phytoplankton distributions across the ocean.
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07:10
For the first time, you could look at them one cell at a time in real time
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๋‚œ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
07:14
and see what was going on -- that was very exciting.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
But one day, Rob noticed some faint signals
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋กญ์ด
๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํฌ์ฐฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:20
coming out of the instrument
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07:21
that we dismissed as electronic noise
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์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
for probably a year
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์•„๋งˆ 1๋…„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:27
before we realized that it wasn't really behaving like noise.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์—์•ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์žก์Œ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ฃ .
๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
07:31
It had some regular patterns to it.
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07:34
To make a long story short,
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋งŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
07:36
it was tiny, tiny little cells,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜€์–ด์š”.
07:39
less than one-one hundredth the width of a human hair
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ 1/100๋„ ์•ˆ๋์ง€๋งŒ
07:42
that contain chlorophyl.
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์—ฝ๋ก์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:44
That was Prochlorococcus.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
So remember this slide that I showed you?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
07:50
If you shine blue light on that same sample,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ € ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์— ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋น›์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด
07:53
this is what you see:
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
two tiny little red light-emitting cells.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋น›์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:59
Those are Prochlorococcus.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์˜ˆ์š”.
08:02
They are the smallest and most abundant photosynthetic cell on the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃ .
08:09
At first, we didn't know what they were,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์„œ
08:11
so we called the "little greens."
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ "์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ๋ก๋™์ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
08:12
It was a very affectionate name for them.
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์•„์ฃผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์ž–์•„์š”.
08:14
Ultimately, we knew enough about them to give them the name Prochlorococcus,
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ›„ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ง€์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:18
which means "primitive green berry."
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"์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๋ก ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ"๋ž€ ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
And it was about that time
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š”
08:23
that I became so smitten by these little cells
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌํ•œํ…Œ ํ™€๋”ฑ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ
08:26
that I redirected my entire lab to study them and nothing else,
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํ‹€์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด ๋ง๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
and my loyalty to them has really paid off.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
08:34
They've given me a tremendous amount, including bringing me here.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์–ป์—ˆ์„๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:45
So over the years, we and others, many others,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ €ํฌ๋ž‘ ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
08:48
have studied Prochlorococcus across the oceans
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ํ•ด์–‘ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:52
and found that they're very abundant over wide, wide ranges
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ
์™ธํ•ด(ๅค–ๆตท) ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
in the open ocean ecosystem.
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08:59
They're particularly abundant in what are called the open ocean gyres.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์™ธํ•ด ํ™˜๋ฅ˜(้‚„ๆต)๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:03
These are sometimes referred to as the deserts of the oceans,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
09:07
but they're not deserts at all.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ „ํ˜€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
Their deep blue water is teeming
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๊ทธ ๊นŠ๊ณ  ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:12
with a hundred million Prochlorococcus cells per liter.
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๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
If you crowd them together like we do in our cultures,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค๊ฐ™์ด ํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋Œ์–ด ๋ชจ์œผ๋ฉด
09:19
you can see their beautiful green chlorophyl.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์˜ ์—ฝ๋ก์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
One of those test tubes has a billion Prochlorococcus in it,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 10์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:27
and as I told you earlier,
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์•ž์—์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:28
there are three billion billion billion of them on the planet.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ 30์–ต์˜ 10์–ต์˜ 10์–ต ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
That's three octillion,
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3์˜ ์˜ฅํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์–ธ(1000์˜ 9์ œ๊ณฑ)๊ฐœ์ฃ .
09:34
if you care to convert.
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๊ตณ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
09:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:38
And collectively, they weigh more than the human population
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๋‹ค ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ 
09:42
and they photosynthesize as much as all of the crops on land.
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์ „์ฒด ์œก์ƒ ์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
They're incredibly important in the global ocean.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ํ•ด์–‘์— ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:51
So over the years, as we were studying them
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
09:53
and found how abundant they were,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ”ํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:55
we thought, hmm, this is really strange.
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"ํ , ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•œ๋ฐ" ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:57
How can a single species be so abundant across so many different habitats?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ข…์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
And as we isolated more into culture,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:04
we learned that they are different ecotypes.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœํ˜•์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
10:06
There are some that are adapted to the high-light intensities
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น›์— ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:09
in the surface water,
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ์‹ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ ์€ ๋น›์— ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:11
and there are some that are adapted to the low light in the deep ocean.
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10:14
In fact, those cells that live in the bottom of the sunlit zone
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ–‡๋น›์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋งจ ๋ฐ‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
10:18
are the most efficient photosynthesizers of any known cell.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
And then we learned that there are some strains
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:25
that grow optimally along the equator,
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10:28
where there are higher temperatures,
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๋”์šฑ ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ
10:30
and some that do better at the cooler temperatures
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๋” ์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
as you go north and south.
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10:34
So as we studied these more and more and kept finding more and more diversity,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
"์„ธ์ƒ์—, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•  ์ค„์ด์•ผ" ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
we thought, oh my God, how diverse are these things?
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10:41
And about that time, it became possible to sequence their genomes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ์ฏค์— ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋์–ด์š”.
10:44
and really look under the hood and look at their genetic makeup.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:49
And we've been able to sequence the genomes of cultures that we have,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:53
but also recently, using flow cytometry,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—” ์œ ๋™์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ
10:56
we can isolate individual cells from the wild
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์•ผ์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด
๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
and sequence their individual genomes,
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11:01
and now we've sequenced hundreds of Prochlorococcus.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์ฃ 
11:04
And although each cell has roughly 2,000 genes --
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๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 2,000๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
that's one tenth the size of the human genome --
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์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด 1/10 ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์ฃ .
11:12
as you sequence more and more,
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๋”์šฑ ๋” ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํž์ˆ˜๋ก
11:13
you find that they only have a thousand of those in common
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1,000๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋งŒ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
11:18
and the other thousand for each individual strain
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 1,000๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๊ณ ์œ ์˜
11:21
is drawn from an enormous gene pool,
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์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฌถ์Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์–ด์š”.
11:24
and it reflects the particular environment that the cell might have thrived in,
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์ด๊ฑด ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์™•์„ฑํžˆ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ–ˆ์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
not just high or low light or high or low temperature,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์กฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜จ๋„๋‚˜ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:33
but whether there are nutrients that limit them
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์ธ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ฒ ๋ถ„๊ฐ™์€
11:36
like nitrogen, phosphorus or iron.
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์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ ์—†๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
11:39
It reflects the habitat that they come from.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฑ„์ง‘๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Think of it this way.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ด๊ณ 
11:45
If each cell is a smartphone
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11:48
and the apps are the genes,
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์•ฑ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์น˜์ฃ .
์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ์•ฑ์ด ๋”ธ๋ ค์˜ค์ฃ .
11:51
when you get your smartphone, it comes with these built-in apps.
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11:54
Those are the ones that you can't delete if you're an iPhone person.
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์•„์ดํฐ ์œ ์ €๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์•ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
You press on them and they don't jiggle and they don't have x's.
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์•ฑ์„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๋Œ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  x ํ‘œ์‹œ๋„ ์•ˆ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
12:00
Even if you don't want them, you can't get rid of them.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:03
(Laughter)
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์ด๊ฑด ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:06
Those are like the core genes of Prochlorococcus.
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12:09
They're the essence of the phone.
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ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ์ฃ .
12:11
But you have a huge pool of apps to draw upon
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์•ฑ ๋”๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„
12:16
to make your phone custom-designed for your particular lifestyle and habitat.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์Šต์„ฑ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๋งž์ถค ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:22
If you travel a lot, you'll have a lot of travel apps,
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์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์—ฌํ–‰ ์•ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
12:25
if you're into financial things, you might have a lot of financial apps,
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ชฝ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ด€๋ จ ์•ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
or if you're like me,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:32
you probably have a lot of weather apps,
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๋‚ ์”จ ์•ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ ์”จ ์˜ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
12:34
hoping one of them will tell you what you want to hear.
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12:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:38
And I've learned the last couple days in Vancouver
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ดํ‹€์„ ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ„์— ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
12:40
that you don't need a weather app -- you just need an umbrella.
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๋‚ ์”จ ์•ฑ์€ ํ•„์š”์—†๋”๊ตฐ์š” -- ์šฐ์‚ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
12:43
So --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ --
12:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:47
(Applause)
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12:49
So just as your smartphone tells us something about how you live your life,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:55
your lifestyle,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์•Œ๋“ฏ์ด
12:57
reading the genome of a Prochlorococcus cell
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ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด
12:59
tells us what the pressures are in its environment.
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์„ฑ์žฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
It's like reading its diary,
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์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
13:06
not only telling us how it got through its day or its week,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:10
but even its evolutionary history.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:14
As we studied -- I said we've sequenced hundreds of these cells,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋•๋ถ„์—
13:17
and we can now project
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
what is the total genetic size --
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:23
gene pool --
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13:24
of the Prochlorococcus federation, as we call it.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ดˆ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
It's like a superorganism.
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13:29
And it turns out that projections are
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
13:32
that the collective has 80,000 genes.
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด 80,000๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
13:35
That's four times the size of the human genome.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ 4๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:38
And it's that diversity of gene pools
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋•๋ถ„์—
13:43
that makes it possible for them
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์ด๋“ค ์ข…์ด ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์ด ๋„“์€ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ 
13:45
to dominate these large regions of the oceans
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13:47
and maintain their stability
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
year in and year out.
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13:52
So when I daydream about Prochlorococcus,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณต์ƒ์— ๋น ์ ธ ์žˆ์„ ๋•
13:55
which I probably do more than is healthy --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ •์ƒ๋ณด๋‹จ ์ข€ ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ --
13:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:00
I imagine them floating out there,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ—ˆ๊ณต์„ ๋‘ฅ๋‘ฅ ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
doing their job,
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14:04
maintaining the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ 
14:06
feeding the animals.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:09
But also I inevitably end up
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ๋์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
14:11
thinking about what a masterpiece they are,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ์ž‘์ธ์ง€ ๋†€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
finely tuned by millions of years of evolution.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ฃ .
14:19
With 2,000 genes,
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2,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
14:21
they can do what all of our human ingenuity
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•„์ง ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€
14:24
has not figured out how to do yet.
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๋ชป ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
They can take solar energy, CO2
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
14:29
and turn it into chemical energy in the form of organic carbon,
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์œ ๊ธฐ ํƒ„์†Œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
14:33
locking that sunlight in those carbon bonds.
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๊ทธ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๊ฐ€๋‘์ฃ .
14:37
If we could figure out exactly how they do this,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:41
it could inspire designs
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์†Œ๋น„ํ• ์ง€
14:44
that could reduce our dependency on fossil fuels,
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:47
which brings my story full circle.
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
The fossil fuels that are buried that we're burning
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋•… ์†์˜ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Š”
14:54
took millions of years for the earth to bury those,
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์ˆ˜์–ต ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
including those ancestors of Prochlorococcus,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋„ ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:01
and we're burning that now in the blink of an eye
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ˆˆ ๊นœ์งํ•  ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค ํƒœ์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
15:04
on geological timescales.
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:06
Carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
It's a greenhouse gas.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์ฃ .
15:11
The oceans are starting to warm.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋„ ๋ฐ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
So the question is, what is that going to do
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค์—๊ฒŒ
15:16
for my Prochlorococcus?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
And I'm sure you're expecting me to say that my beloved microbes are doomed,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ด์   ๋์žฅ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
15:23
but in fact they're not.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
Projections are that their populations will expand as the ocean warms
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์˜ˆ์ธก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
to 30 percent larger by the year 2100.
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2100๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 30% ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:36
Does that make me happy?
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15:38
Well, it makes me happy for Prochlorococcus of course --
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๋ญ, ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธฐ์˜๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ --
15:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:43
but not for the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
15:46
There are winners and losers
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์Šน์ž๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํŒจ์ž๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
in this global experiment that we've undertaken,
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์ €ํฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:51
and it's projected that among the losers
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์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํŒจ์ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š”
๋” ํฐ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
will be some of those larger phytoplankton,
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15:56
those charismatic ones
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๊ทธ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ๋…€์„๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:57
which are expected to be reduced in numbers,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
and they're the ones that feed the zooplankton that feed the fish
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ฑ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žก๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
16:03
that we like to harvest.
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16:08
So Prochlorococcus has been my muse for the past 35 years,
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ํ”„๋กœํด๋กœ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 35๋…„๊ฐ„ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:13
but there are legions of other microbes out there
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„
16:15
maintaining our planet for us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ผ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
They're out there
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ € ๋ฐ–์—์„œ
16:20
ready and waiting for us to find them so they can tell their stories, too.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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