Craig Venter: On the verge of creating synthetic life

202,386 views ใƒป 2008-03-10

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Anwar Dafa-Alla ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mahmoud Aghiorly
00:19
You know, I've talked about some of these projects before --
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู† ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ุŒ
00:21
about the human genome and what that might mean,
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ูˆู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
00:25
and discovering new sets of genes.
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ูˆุฅูƒุชุดุงู ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช.
00:28
We're actually starting at a new point:
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ูู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ:
00:31
we've been digitizing biology,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุŒ
00:35
and now we're trying to go from that digital code
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ
00:38
into a new phase of biology
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุŒ
00:40
with designing and synthesizing life.
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ู…ุน ุชุตู…ูŠู… ูˆุฅุตุทู†ุงุน ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
00:43
So, we've always been trying to ask big questions.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุทุฑุญ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
00:48
"What is life?" is something that I think many biologists
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" ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ" ู‡ูˆ ุดุฆ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ
00:50
have been trying to understand
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ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูู‡ู…ู‡
00:52
at various levels.
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ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
00:54
We've tried various approaches,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุงุช ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉุŒ
00:57
paring it down to minimal components.
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ู†ุฑุฌุนู‡ ู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ.
01:01
We've been digitizing it now for almost 20 years;
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ูƒู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฑู‚ู…ู†ุชู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20 ุณู†ุฉ.
01:03
when we sequenced the human genome,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุŒ
01:05
it was going from the analog world of biology
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ู†ู†ุชู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ ู„ู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
01:08
into the digital world of the computer.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
01:12
Now we're trying to ask, "Can we regenerate life
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ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
01:16
or can we create new life
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ุฃูˆ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฎู„ู‚ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
01:18
out of this digital universe?"
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ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุŸ
01:21
This is the map of a small organism,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ
01:24
Mycoplasma genitalium,
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ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒูˆุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ
01:26
that has the smallest genome for a species
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฃุตุบุฑ ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุญูŠ
01:29
that can self-replicate in the laboratory,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุตู†ุน ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุทุจู‚ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ.
01:32
and we've been trying to just see if
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅุฐุง
01:34
we can come up with an even smaller genome.
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ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชูˆุตู„ ู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุฃุตุบุฑ ุญุชู‰.
01:38
We're able to knock out on the order of 100 genes
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ูู†ุญู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
01:40
out of the 500 or so that are here.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ 500 ุฃูˆ ุดุจู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุง.
01:43
When we look at its metabolic map,
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ู„ูƒู† ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุŒ
01:45
it's relatively simple
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ูุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู†ุณุจูŠุงู‹
01:47
compared to ours --
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ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุฎุงุตุชู†ุง.
01:49
trust me, this is simple --
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ุซู‚ูˆุง ุจูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุณู‡ู„.
01:51
but when we look at all the genes
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ู„ูƒู† ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช
01:53
that we can knock out one at a time,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุตู†ุนู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุฉุŒ
01:56
it's very unlikely that this would yield
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ูู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌุญ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠู‚ูˆุฏ
01:58
a living cell.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุญูŠุฉ.
02:01
So we decided the only way forward
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฑุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…
02:03
was to actually synthesize this chromosome
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ูˆ ุชุตู†ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช
02:06
so we could vary the components
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุฃุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช
02:09
to ask some of these most fundamental questions.
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ู„ู†ุณุฃู„ ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
02:13
And so we started down the road of:
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุŒ
02:15
can we synthesize a chromosome?
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"ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุชุŸ"
02:19
Can chemistry permit making
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ู‡ู„ ุณุชุณู…ุญ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุจุตู†ุน
02:21
these really large molecules
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹
02:23
where we've never been before?
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ู†ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุชุงุชุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ุŸ
02:25
And if we do, can we boot up a chromosome?
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ูˆุŒ ุฅู† ุฅุณุชุทุนู†ุงุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุŸ
02:28
A chromosome, by the way, is just a piece of inert chemical material.
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ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุณูˆู‰ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ู„ุฉ.
02:32
So, our pace of digitizing life has been increasing
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ููˆุชูŠุฑุชู†ุง ู„ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฒุงูŠุฏุช
02:35
at an exponential pace.
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ุจู…ุนุฏู„ ุฃุณูŠ.
02:38
Our ability to write the genetic code
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ุฅู† ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุดูุฑุฉ ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ
02:41
has been moving pretty slowly
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุจุทุก ุดุฏูŠุฏุŒ
02:43
but has been increasing,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฃุตุจุญุช ุชุชุณุงุฑุน.
02:46
and our latest point would put it on, now, an exponential curve.
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ูˆุฃู† ุฅูƒุชุดุงูู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุณูŠุถุนู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุญู†ู‰ ุฃุณูŠ.
02:51
We started this over 15 years ago.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ 15 ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช.
02:53
It took several stages, in fact,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุณุชุบุฑู‚ุช ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฑุงุญู„ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
02:56
starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments.
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ุจุฏุก ุจู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ุชุฌุฑุจุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰.
03:00
But it turns out synthesizing DNA
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ู„ูƒู† ูˆุถุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฅุตุทู†ุงุนูŠ
03:02
is very difficult.
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ุตุนุจ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
03:04
There are tens of thousands of machines around the world
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
03:07
that make small pieces of DNA --
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู†ุน ู‚ุทุน ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ
03:09
30 to 50 letters in length --
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ุทูˆู„ู‡ 30 ุฅู„ู‰ 50 ุญุฑูุงู‹ ุŒ
03:12
and it's a degenerate process, so the longer you make the piece,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฐุง ููƒู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุฃุทูˆู„ุŒ
03:15
the more errors there are.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุตุงุญุจู‡ุง ุฃุฎุทุฃ ุฃูƒุซุฑ.
03:17
So we had to create a new method
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฅู‚ุชุฑุงุญ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
03:19
for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors.
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ู„ูˆุถุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุณูˆูŠุงู‹ ูˆุชุตุญูŠุญ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุงุก
03:23
And this was our first attempt, starting with the digital information
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ
03:26
of the genome of phi X174.
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ู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… Phi X 174.
03:28
It's a small virus that kills bacteria.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุตุบูŠุฑ ูŠู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง.
03:32
We designed the pieces, went through our error correction
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตู…ู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุŒ ูˆู…ุฑุฑู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชุตุญูŠุญ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู…ู„ู†ุงู‡ุŒ
03:35
and had a DNA molecule
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ูˆุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฒูŠุก ุญู…ุถ ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
03:37
of about 5,000 letters.
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ู…ู† ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 5ุŒ000 ุญุฑูุงู‹.
03:40
The exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุงุกุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงู…ู„ุฉ
03:44
and put it in the bacteria,
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ูˆูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุงุŒ
03:46
and the bacteria started to read this genetic code,
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ูˆุจุฏุฃุช ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง ููŠ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
03:50
made the viral particles.
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ูˆุตู†ุนุช ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณูŠุฉ.
03:52
The viral particles then were released from the cells
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ุซู… ุฃุทู„ู‚ุช ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุงุŒ
03:54
and came back and killed the E. coli.
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ุซู… ุฑุฌุนุช ูˆู‚ุชู„ุช ุงู„ุฅุดุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
03:57
I was talking to the oil industry recently
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ ู…ุน ู‚ุทุงุน ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุทุŒ
04:00
and I said they clearly understood that model.
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ูˆู‚ู„ุช ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠูู‡ู…ูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุจูƒู„ ูˆุถูˆุญ.
04:03
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
04:06
They laughed more than you guys are. (Laughter)
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุถุญูƒูˆุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ.
04:10
And so, we think this is a situation
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„
04:12
where the software can actually build its own hardware
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุจุฑู…ุฌูŠุงุช ุจุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุงุณุจู‡ุง
04:15
in a biological system.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ.
04:17
But we wanted to go much larger:
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุถูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ.
04:19
we wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome --
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ุฑุบุจู†ุง ุจุจู†ุงุก ูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ู„ู„ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง.
04:22
it's over 580,000 letters of genetic code --
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 580ุŒ000 ุญุฑูุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
04:26
so we thought we'd build them in cassettes the size of the viruses
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ููƒุฑู†ุง ุจุจู†ุงุฆู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฑูŠุท ููŠ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุชุŒ
04:29
so we could actually vary the cassettes
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‚ุฏ ุฃู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชู†ูˆูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดุฑุทุฉ
04:31
to understand
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ู„ูู‡ู…
04:33
what the actual components of a living cell are.
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ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ.
04:36
Design is critical,
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ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ
04:38
and if you're starting with digital information in the computer,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑุŒ
04:41
that digital information has to be really accurate.
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ูุงู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹.
04:45
When we first sequenced this genome in 1995,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุณู„ุณู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุนุงู… 1995ุŒ
04:48
the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs.
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ูุฃู† ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุฎุทุฃ ู„ูƒู„ 10ุŒ000 ุฒูˆุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ.
04:52
We actually found, on resequencing it,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุจุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุณู„ุณู„ุชู‡ุงุŒ
04:54
30 errors; had we used that original sequence,
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30 ุฎุทุงุกู‹. ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู…ู‡ูŠุฏุงู‹ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู„ุณู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุตู„ุŒ
04:57
it never would have been able to be booted up.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฃุจุฏุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŠุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒ.
05:00
Part of the design is designing pieces
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ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู‡ูˆ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ู‚ุทุน
05:02
that are 50 letters long
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ุนู† 50 ุญุฑูุงู‹
05:05
that have to overlap with all the other 50-letter pieces
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑู ุงู„ 50 ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
05:08
to build smaller subunits
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ู„ุจู†ุงุก ูˆุญุฏุงุช ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ
05:10
we have to design so they can go together.
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ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุตู…ูŠู…ู‡ุง ุจุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุงู‹.
05:13
We design unique elements into this.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุตู…ู… ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู…ุชูุฑุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง.
05:16
You may have read that we put watermarks in.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฃุชู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ูˆุถุนู†ุง ุนู„ุงู…ุงุช ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ุง.
05:18
Think of this:
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ููƒุฑูˆุง ุจู‡ุฐุง:
05:20
we have a four-letter genetic code -- A, C, G and T.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุญุฑู ู„ู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ: A, C, G ูˆ T.
05:23
Triplets of those letters
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ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู
05:26
code for roughly 20 amino acids,
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ุดูุฑุฉ ู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ 20 ุญู…ุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ--
05:28
such that there's a single letter designation
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุนูŠูŠู† ู„ุญุฑู
05:31
for each of the amino acids.
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ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ูƒู„ ุญู…ุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ.
05:33
So we can use the genetic code to write out words,
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ
05:36
sentences, thoughts.
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ุฌูู…ู„ุŒ ุฃููƒุงุฑ.
05:39
Initially, all we did was autograph it.
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ู…ุจุฏุฆูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุงู‡ ูƒุงู† ุชูˆู‚ูŠุนู‡ุง.
05:41
Some people were disappointed there was not poetry.
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ูƒุงู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุบุงุถุจุงู‹ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‚ุตูŠุฏุฉ.
05:44
We designed these pieces so
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตู…ู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุจุญูŠุซ
05:46
we can just chew back with enzymes;
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ู…ุถู‚ู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช.
05:50
there are enzymes that repair them and put them together.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฅุตู„ุงุญู‡ุง-ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู- ูˆูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุณูˆูŠุงู‹.
05:53
And we started making pieces,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุŒ
05:55
starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters,
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ุจุฏุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจู„ุบ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ 7ุŒ000 ุญุฑูุงู‹ุŒ
05:59
put those together to make 24,000-letter pieces,
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ุถุน ุฃุคู„ุฆูƒ ู…ุนุงู‹ ู„ุชุตู†ุน 24ุŒ000 ู‚ุทุนุฉุŒ
06:03
then put sets of those going up to 72,000.
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ุซู… ุถุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒุŒ ูŠุฑุชูุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุฅู„ู‰ 72ุŒ000.
06:07
At each stage, we grew up these pieces in abundance
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉุŒ ู†ู†ู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุจูˆูุฑุฉ
06:09
so we could sequence them
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ุจุญูŠุซ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุณู„ุณู„ุชู‡ุง
06:11
because we're trying to create a process that's extremely robust
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุตู†ุน ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ--
06:14
that you can see in a minute.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:17
We're trying to get to the point of automation.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠ.
06:20
So, this looks like a basketball playoff.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุจุงุฑุงุฉ ูƒุฑุฉ ุณู„ุฉ.
06:22
When we get into these really large pieces
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุตู„ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹--
06:24
over 100,000 base pairs,
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ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ 100ุŒ000 ุฒูˆุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ--
06:28
they won't any longer grow readily in E. coli --
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ูุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ู† ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุดุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ูŠุฉ.
06:30
it exhausts all the modern tools of molecular biology --
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑู‡ู‚ ูƒู„ ู…ุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
06:34
and so we turned to other mechanisms.
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
06:38
We knew there's a mechanism called homologous recombination
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ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุŒ
06:41
that biology uses to repair DNA
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ
06:44
that can put pieces together.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุณูˆูŠุงู‹.
06:47
Here's an example of it:
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ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ.
06:48
there's an organism called
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒุงุฆู† ุญูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰
06:49
Deinococcus radiodurans
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ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง Deinococcus radiodurans
06:51
that can take three millions rads of radiation.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฅุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุดุนุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ.
06:54
You can see in the top panel, its chromosome just gets blown apart.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ููŠ ู‚ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉุŒ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ู‡ุง ูŠุญุชุฑู‚ ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹.
06:58
Twelve to 24 hours later, it put it
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12 ุฅู„ู‰ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ุŒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจูˆุถุนู‡
07:01
back together exactly as it was before.
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ุณูˆูŠุงู‹ ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
07:03
We have thousands of organisms that can do this.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุขู„ุงู„ุงู ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูุนู„ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุฆ.
07:06
These organisms can be totally desiccated;
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุงูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
07:08
they can live in a vacuum.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ.
07:11
I am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space,
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ
07:14
move around, find a new aqueous environment.
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ุชุชู†ู‚ู„ุŒ ุชุฌุฏ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
07:17
In fact, NASA has shown a lot of this is out there.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนุฑุถุช ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
07:21
Here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุฒูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจู†ูŠู†ุงู‡
07:25
using these processes, actually just using yeast mechanisms
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ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช -- ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠุฑ
07:29
with the right design of the pieces we put them in;
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู„ู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุถุนู‡ุง ุณูˆูŠุงู‹.
07:32
yeast puts them together automatically.
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ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠุฑ ูŠุถุนู‡ู… ุณูˆูŠุงู‹ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขู„ูŠุฉ.
07:35
This is not an electron micrograph;
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ.
07:37
this is just a regular photomicrograph.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ.
07:39
It's such a large molecule
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌุฒูŠุก ูƒุจูŠุฑ
07:41
we can see it with a light microscope.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจ ุถูˆุฆูŠ.
07:44
These are pictures over about a six-second period.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุช ุซูˆุงู†ูŠ.
07:47
So, this is the publication we had just a short while ago.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุชูˆ ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„.
07:51
This is over 580,000 letters of genetic code;
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 580ุŒ000 ุญุฑูุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
07:54
it's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฌุฒูŠุก ุชู… ุตู†ุนู‡ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู„ุดูƒู„ ู…ุนุฑูˆู.
07:59
It's over 300 million molecular weight.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฒู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุฒู† 300 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฌุฒูŠุก.
08:02
If we printed it out at a 10 font with no spacing,
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ุฅุฐุง ุทุจุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุจุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฎุท 10 ุจุฏูˆู† ูุฑุงุบุงุชุŒ
08:05
it takes 142 pages
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ 142 ุตูุญุฉ
08:07
just to print this genetic code.
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ูู‚ุท ู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
08:11
Well, how do we boot up a chromosome? How do we activate this?
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุŸ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชู†ุดูŠุทู‡ุŸ
08:14
Obviously, with a virus it's pretty simple;
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ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ.
08:17
it's much more complicated dealing with bacteria.
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ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุฃุนู‚ุฏ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ .
08:20
It's also simpler when you go
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุจุณุท ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฏุฎู„
08:22
into eukaryotes like ourselves:
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ู…ุซู„ู†ุง:
08:24
you can just pop out the nucleus
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูู‚ุท ุณุญุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ
08:26
and pop in another one,
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ูˆุฅุฏุฎุงู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
08:28
and that's what you've all heard about with cloning.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุณู…ุนุชู…ูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ุฅุณุชู†ุณุงุฎ.
08:31
With bacteria and Archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell,
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ู…ุน ุนุชุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุงุŒ ูุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ูŠุฏู…ุฌ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ
08:35
but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ ุจุฅุซุจุงุช ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ
08:39
of a chromosome from one cell to another
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ู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
08:41
and activate it.
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ูˆุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
08:44
We purified a chromosome from one microbial species --
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ู‚ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ู…ู† ูƒุงุฆู† ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุจูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ.
08:48
roughly, these two are as distant as human and mice --
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุซู†ุชูŠู† ุจุนูŠุฏุชุงู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู†.
08:51
we added a few extra genes
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุถูู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ
08:53
so we could select for this chromosome,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู….
08:55
we digested it with enzymes
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ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฎู„ุทู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช
08:57
to kill all the proteins,
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ู„ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช.
08:59
and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell --
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฐู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆุถุนู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ --
09:02
and you'll appreciate
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ุณูˆู ู†ู‚ุฏู‘ุฑ
09:04
our very sophisticated graphics here.
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ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง --
09:07
The new chromosome went into the cell.
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ุฅู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
09:10
In fact, we thought this might be as far as it went,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ุชุŒ
09:12
but we tried to design the process a little bit further.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆุณุน ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„.
09:15
This is a major mechanism of evolution right here.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง.
09:18
We find all kinds of species
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฌุฏ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช
09:20
that have taken up a second chromosome
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฎุฐุช ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุซุงู†ูŠ
09:22
or a third one from somewhere,
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ุฃูˆ ุซุงู„ุซ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑุŒ
09:24
adding thousands of new traits
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ู…ุถูŠูุฉู‹ ุขู„ุงู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
09:26
in a second to that species.
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ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช.
09:28
So, people who think of evolution
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ู„ุฐุง ูุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุคู…ู†ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ
09:30
as just one gene changing at a time
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ูƒู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ
09:32
have missed much of biology.
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ู‚ุฏ ุถูŠู‘ุนูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ.
09:35
There are enzymes called restriction enzymes
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุชุณู…ู‰ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠุฏ
09:37
that actually digest DNA.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชู‡ุถู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
09:39
The chromosome that was in the cell
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ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
09:41
doesn't have one;
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง.
09:43
the chromosome we put in does.
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ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ -- ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง -- ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุฃุญุฏุงู‡ุง.
09:45
It got expressed and it recognized
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุฅุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰
09:47
the other chromosome as foreign material,
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ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูƒู…ุงุฏุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉุŒ
09:50
chewed it up, and so we ended up
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ุชู… ู…ุถุบู‡ุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰
09:52
just with a cell with the new chromosome.
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ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
09:56
It turned blue because of the genes we put in it.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู„ุช ู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠู‡ุง.
09:59
And with a very short period of time,
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ูˆู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฒู…ู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
10:01
all the characteristics of one species were lost
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ูƒู„ ุตูุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุชูุช
10:04
and it converted totally into the new species
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู„ุช ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุงุฆู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ
10:07
based on the new software that we put in the cell.
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ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู†ุญู† ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
10:10
All the proteins changed,
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ุชุบูŠุฑุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
10:12
the membranes changed;
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ูˆุชุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ --
10:14
when we read the genetic code, it's exactly what we had transferred in.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู†ู‚ู„ู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง.
10:18
So, this may sound like genomic alchemy,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
10:21
but we can, by moving the software of DNA around,
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุงุŒ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ
10:25
change things quite dramatically.
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ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉู‹.
10:29
Now I've argued, this is not genesis;
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุฏู„ุช ุจุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุชูƒูˆู‘ู† --
10:31
this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุŒ
10:36
And I've argued that we're about to perhaps
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุฏู„ุช ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุฑุจู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ
10:38
create a new version of the Cambrian explosion,
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ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจุฑูŠ
10:41
where there's massive new speciation
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ุญูŠุซ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุดูˆุก
10:45
based on this digital design.
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ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ.
10:47
Why do this?
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ู„ู… ู†ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
10:49
I think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช.
10:51
We're about to go from six and a half
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ู†ุญู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฃู† ู†ุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุณุชุฉ ูˆู†ุตู
10:53
to nine billion people over the next 40 years.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู†ุณู…ุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ 40 ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ.
10:56
To put it in context for myself:
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ู„ุฃุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ ู„ู†ูุณูŠ:
10:58
I was born in 1946.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆูู„ุฏุช ุนุงู… 1946.
11:00
There are now three people on the planet
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
11:02
for every one of us that existed in 1946;
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ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู†ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงู‹ ุนุงู… 1946.
11:06
within 40 years, there'll be four.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ 40 ุณู†ุฉุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ.
11:09
We have trouble feeding, providing fresh, clean water,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุกุŒ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธูŠูุŒ
11:12
medicines, fuel
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ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุกุŒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ
11:14
for the six and a half billion.
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ู„ู„ุณุชุฉ ูˆู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู†ุณู…ุฉ.
11:17
It's going to be a stretch to do it for nine.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู…ุฏุฏุงู‹ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู„ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ู†ุณู…ุฉ.
11:19
We use over five billion tons of coal,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ 5 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูุญู…ุŒ
11:22
30 billion-plus barrels of oil --
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30 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุฑู…ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูุท.
11:25
that's a hundred million barrels a day.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุจุฑู…ูŠู„ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹.
11:29
When we try to think of biological processes
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ
11:31
or any process to replace that,
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ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุฅุญู„ุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
11:34
it's going to be a huge challenge.
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ูุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุญุฏูŠุงู‹ ุถุฎู…ุงู‹.
11:36
Then of course, there's all that
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ุซู…ุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
11:38
CO2 from this material
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ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
11:40
that ends up in the atmosphere.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
11:43
We now, from our discovery around the world,
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ู† ุฅุณุชูƒุดุงูู†ุง ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
11:45
have a database with about 20 million genes,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู„ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
11:49
and I like to think of these as the design components of the future.
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ูˆุฃุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจู‡ุง ูƒู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
11:53
The electronics industry only had a dozen or so components,
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ุฅู† ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุงุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูู‚ุท ุญูู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุชุŒ
11:56
and look at the diversity that came out of that.
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ูˆุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง ู„ู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุงุก ุฌุฑุงุก ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:00
We're limited here primarily
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ู†ุญู† ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ
12:02
by a biological reality
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ุจุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ
12:04
and our imagination.
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ูˆุจุฎูŠุงู„ู†ุง.
12:07
We now have techniques,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจุŒ
12:09
because of these rapid methods of synthesis,
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ุจุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุนุŒ
12:12
to do what we're calling combinatorial genomics.
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ู„ุชู†ููŠุฐ ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฏู…ุงุฌูŠ.
12:16
We have the ability now to build a large robot
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุถุฎู…
12:19
that can make a million chromosomes a day.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุตู†ุน ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹.
12:23
When you think of processing these 20 million different genes
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ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ุชููƒุฑ ุจู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ 20 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
12:26
or trying to optimize processes
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช
12:28
to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals,
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ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุฃูˆูƒุชุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
12:31
new vaccines,
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ู„ู‚ุงุญุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
12:34
we can just with a small team,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุบูŠู‘ุฑุŒ ูู‚ุท ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ูุฑูŠู‚ ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ
12:37
do more molecular biology
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ุนู…ู„ ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ
12:39
than the last 20 years of all science.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู….
12:42
And it's just standard selection:
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ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ.
12:44
we can select for viability,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู„ู„ูˆูุฑุฉุŒ
12:46
chemical or fuel production,
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏุŒ
12:48
vaccine production, etc.
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ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู„ู‚ุงุญุงุชุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู…ุฌุฑุง.
12:50
This is a screen snapshot
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ
12:53
of some true design software
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ู„ุจุนุถ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
12:56
that we're working on to actually be able to sit down
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ
12:59
and design species in the computer.
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ูˆุชุตู…ูŠู… ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
13:03
You know, we don't know necessarily what it'll look like:
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุง ุณุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
13:06
we know exactly what their genetic code looks like.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุดูุฑุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
13:09
We're focusing on now fourth-generation fuels.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ู„ู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ.
13:15
You've seen recently, corn to ethanol
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดู‡ุฏู†ุง ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ ุฃู† ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุซุงู†ูˆู„
13:17
is just a bad experiment.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ.
13:19
We have second- and third-generation fuels
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฌูŠู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ูˆุซุงู„ุซ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ
13:21
that will be coming out relatively soon
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุฃุชูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู†ุณุจูŠุงู‹
13:24
that are sugar, to much higher-value fuels
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ
13:27
like octane or different types of butanol.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุชุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ุจูŠูˆุชุงู†ูˆู„.
13:30
But the only way we think that biology
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
13:33
can have a major impact without
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจุฏูˆู†
13:36
further increasing the cost of food and limiting its availability
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ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุณุนุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ูˆูุฑุชู‡
13:39
is if we start with CO2 as its feedstock,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูƒู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุณูŠุทุฉุŒ
13:42
and so we're working with designing cells to go down this road.
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตู…ูŠู…ุงุช ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุชุฌุงู‡ุŒ
13:47
And we think we'll have the first fourth-generation fuels
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ูˆู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน
13:50
in about 18 months.
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ููŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 18 ุดู‡ุฑุงู‹.
13:52
Sunlight and CO2 is one method ...
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ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ --
13:54
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
13:59
but in our discovery around the world,
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-- ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฅุณุชูƒุดุงูู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
14:01
we have all kinds of other methods.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚.
14:03
This is an organism we described in 1996.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุตูู†ุงู‡ ุนุงู… 1996.
14:07
It lives in the deep ocean,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุงู„ุจุญุงุฑุŒ
14:09
about a mile and a half deep,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู‚ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ูŠู„ ูˆู†ุตู
14:11
almost at boiling-water temperatures.
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุบู„ูŠุงู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก.
14:13
It takes CO2 to methane
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู†
14:16
using molecular hydrogen as its energy source.
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ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠุก ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ูƒู…ุตุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ.
14:19
We're looking to see if we can take
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุจุญุซ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุจู…ุณุชุทุงุนู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐ
14:21
captured CO2,
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ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุชู‚ุทุŒ
14:23
which can easily be piped to sites,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุฅูŠุตุงู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
14:25
convert that CO2 back into fuel
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ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏุŒ
14:28
to drive this process.
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ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ.
14:31
So, in a short period of time,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุฎู„ุงู„ ูˆู‚ุช ู‚ุตูŠุฑุŒ
14:33
we think that we might be able to increase
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
14:37
what the basic question is of "What is life?"
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ " ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ"
14:40
We truly, you know,
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ู†ุญู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†--
14:42
have modest goals
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃู‡ุฏุงู ู…ุชูˆุงุถุนุฉ
14:44
of replacing the whole petrol-chemical industry --
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ู„ุฅุญู„ุงู„ ูƒู„ ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุจุชุฑูˆูƒูŠู…ุงูˆูŠุงุช.
14:47
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ุถุญูƒ) (ุชุตููŠู‚)
14:50
Yeah. If you can't do that at TED, where can you? --
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ู†ุนู…. ุฅู† ู„ู… ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ "ุชูŠุฏ"ุŒ ุฃูŠู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูุนู„ู‡ุŸ
14:53
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
14:55
become a major source of energy ...
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ู„ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ุตุฏุฑุงู‹ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุงู‹ ู„ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ.
14:57
But also, we're now working on using these same tools
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช
15:00
to come up with instant sets of vaccines.
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ู„ู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุญุธูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‚ุงู‚ูŠุฑ.
15:03
You've seen this year with flu;
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดู‡ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ูู„ูˆู†ุฒุงุŒ
15:05
we're always a year behind and a dollar short
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ู†ุญู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู…ุชุฎู„ููˆู† ุจุณู†ุฉ ูˆูŠู†ู‚ุตู†ุง ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
15:08
when it comes to the right vaccine.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
15:10
I think that can be changed
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ
15:12
by building combinatorial vaccines in advance.
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ุจุจู†ุงุก ุนู‚ุงู‚ูŠุฑ ุฅู†ุฏู…ุงุฌูŠุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹.
15:16
Here's what the future may begin to look like
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ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุง ุณูŠุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
15:19
with changing, now, the evolutionary tree,
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ุจุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุŒ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุŒ
15:23
speeding up evolution
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ุชุณุฑูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุดูˆุก
15:25
with synthetic bacteria, Archaea
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ุจุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฅุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ archeaุŒ
15:28
and, eventually, eukaryotes.
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ูˆููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ.
15:32
We're a ways away from improving people:
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ู†ุญู† ุจุนูŠุฏูˆู† ู…ู† ุชุญุณูŠู† ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
15:34
our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance
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ูˆู‡ุฏูู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูุฑุตุฉ
15:37
to survive long enough to maybe do that. Thank you very much.
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ู„ู„ุตู…ูˆุฏ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุจู…ุง. ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
15:40
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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