Craig Venter: On the verge of creating synthetic life

201,712 views ・ 2008-03-10

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seah Kang κ²€ν† : Young-ho Park
00:19
You know, I've talked about some of these projects before --
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, 전에도 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 연ꡬ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ— λŒ€ν•΄
00:21
about the human genome and what that might mean,
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κ°•μ—°ν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 인간 κ²Œλ†ˆκ³Ό 그것이 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ”μ§€,
00:25
and discovering new sets of genes.
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그리고 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μžμ˜ λ°œκ΅΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
00:28
We're actually starting at a new point:
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œμ μ— μ™€μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
we've been digitizing biology,
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ” 생물을 λ””μ§€ν„Έν™”ν–ˆκ³ 
00:35
and now we're trying to go from that digital code
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 이 디지털 μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
00:38
into a new phase of biology
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œκΈ°μ— μ ‘μ–΄λ“€κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
with designing and synthesizing life.
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생λͺ…을 λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³  ν•©μ„±ν•˜λ©΄μ„œμš”.
00:43
So, we've always been trying to ask big questions.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 항상 큰 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ˜μ Έμ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
"What is life?" is something that I think many biologists
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"생λͺ…μ΄λž€ 무엇인가?" λΌλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€
00:50
have been trying to understand
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λ§Žμ€ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ
00:52
at various levels.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
We've tried various approaches,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 접근법을 μ‹œλ„ν•˜μ—¬
00:57
paring it down to minimal components.
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생λͺ…μ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ΅œλŒ€ν•œμœΌλ‘œ μ€„μ˜€μ§€μš”.
01:01
We've been digitizing it now for almost 20 years;
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 거의 μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ„
01:03
when we sequenced the human genome,
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디지털화 ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 인간 κ²Œλ†ˆ
01:05
it was going from the analog world of biology
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μ„œμ—΄μ˜ 완성은 μ•„λ‚ λ‘œκ·Έμ μΈ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό
01:08
into the digital world of the computer.
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ 디지털 μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ λ³€ν™˜μ‹œμΌ°μ§€μš”.
01:12
Now we're trying to ask, "Can we regenerate life
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 디지털 μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ λΆ€ν„°
01:16
or can we create new life
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생λͺ…μ˜ 갱생 ν˜Ήμ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 생λͺ…μ˜
01:18
out of this digital universe?"
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μ°½μ‘°κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€ μ•Œμ•„ λ‚Όλ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
This is the map of a small organism,
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μ΄λŠ” μž‘μ€ μƒλ¬Όμ²΄μ˜ μœ μ „ μ§€λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
Mycoplasma genitalium,
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λ§ˆμ΄μ½”ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆ μ œλ‹ˆνƒˆλ¦¬μ›€ 이라고 ν•˜λŠ”
01:26
that has the smallest genome for a species
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 자기 λ³΅μ œκ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것 μ€‘μ—μ„œ
01:29
that can self-replicate in the laboratory,
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κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ μœ μ „μ²΄λ₯Ό 가진 쒅이죠.
01:32
and we've been trying to just see if
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이보닀도
01:34
we can come up with an even smaller genome.
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더 μž‘μ€ κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ 찾으렀고 λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
01:38
We're able to knock out on the order of 100 genes
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” 500개 정도 λ˜λŠ” μœ μ „μž μ€‘μ—μ„œ
01:40
out of the 500 or so that are here.
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백개 정도λ₯Ό μœ μ „μž 제거 μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
When we look at its metabolic map,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜
01:45
it's relatively simple
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λŒ€μ‚¬ μž‘μš© μ§€λ„λŠ” 우리의 것과 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄
01:47
compared to ours --
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맀우 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ 
01:49
trust me, this is simple --
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λ―Ώμ–΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”, 이 정도면 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
but when we look at all the genes
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œν˜„μ„ 막을 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:53
that we can knock out one at a time,
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λͺ¨λ“  μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© 보면
01:56
it's very unlikely that this would yield
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μžλ“€ 없이 세포가 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:58
a living cell.
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κ°€λŠ₯성은 거의 μ—†μ–΄ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
So we decided the only way forward
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰μ‹œν‚¬ μœ μΌν•œ 방법은
02:03
was to actually synthesize this chromosome
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μœ μ „μ²΄μ˜ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό λ§ˆμŒλŒ€λ‘œ 선택할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
02:06
so we could vary the components
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 염색체λ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν•˜μ—¬
02:09
to ask some of these most fundamental questions.
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이 기초적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ λ‹΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
02:13
And so we started down the road of:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•žμœΌλ‘œ
02:15
can we synthesize a chromosome?
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"염색체λ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€?" λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Can chemistry permit making
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ν™”ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³Όμ—°
02:21
these really large molecules
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아직 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 본적이 μ—†λŠ”
02:23
where we've never been before?
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이런 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
02:25
And if we do, can we boot up a chromosome?
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λ˜ν•œ, κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„λ•Œ ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
02:28
A chromosome, by the way, is just a piece of inert chemical material.
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참고둜 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λŠ” κ·Έλƒ₯ λΆˆν™œμ„±μ˜ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄μ§€μš”.
02:32
So, our pace of digitizing life has been increasing
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 생λͺ…을 λ””μ§€ν„Έν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ†λ„λŠ”
02:35
at an exponential pace.
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κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
Our ability to write the genetic code
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” μ†λ„λŠ”
02:41
has been moving pretty slowly
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맀우 천천히 μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:43
but has been increasing,
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점점 더 빨라지고 있으며
02:46
and our latest point would put it on, now, an exponential curve.
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이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ 인해 μ§€μˆ˜ 곑선에 λ†“μ΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
We started this over 15 years ago.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 μž‘μ—…μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•œμ§€ 15년도 λ„˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
It took several stages, in fact,
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이 μž‘μ—…μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 단계λ₯Ό κ±°μ³€λŠ”λ°, 첫 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κΈ° 전에
02:56
starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments.
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생λͺ… 윀리 μ‹¬μ˜λ₯Ό 걸쳐야 ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:00
But it turns out synthesizing DNA
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ DNAλ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 것은
03:02
is very difficult.
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생각보닀 훨씬 μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
There are tens of thousands of machines around the world
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μ„Έκ³„μ—λŠ” 30-50자 길이의 DNAλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 기계가
03:07
that make small pieces of DNA --
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μˆ˜λ§ŒλŒ€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:09
30 to 50 letters in length --
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이듀은 퇴행성 방식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:12
and it's a degenerate process, so the longer you make the piece,
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DNA 쑰각이 κΈΈμ–΄ 질 수둝
03:15
the more errors there are.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μ˜€μ°¨κ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
So we had to create a new method
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μž‘μ€ DNA 쑰각듀을 μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
03:19
for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors.
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였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
03:23
And this was our first attempt, starting with the digital information
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 파이-μ—‘μŠ€ 174 κ²Œλ†ˆμ˜ 디지털 μ •λ³΄λ‘œ
03:26
of the genome of phi X174.
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첫 μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
It's a small virus that kills bacteria.
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μ΄λŠ” 세균을 μ£½μ΄λŠ” μž‘μ€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
We designed the pieces, went through our error correction
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 쑰각듀을 λ””μžμΈν•˜κ³  였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜μ—¬
03:35
and had a DNA molecule
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5,000 자 정도 λ˜λŠ” 길이의
03:37
of about 5,000 letters.
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DNA λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
The exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical
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ν₯λ―Έμ§„μ§„ν•œ λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 λΆˆν™œμ„±μ˜ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„
03:44
and put it in the bacteria,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ μ•ˆμ— λ„£μ—ˆμ„λ•Œ,
03:46
and the bacteria started to read this genetic code,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 이 μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό 읽고
03:50
made the viral particles.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μž…μžλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
The viral particles then were released from the cells
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κ·Έ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 방좜된 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μž…μžλ“€μ€
03:54
and came back and killed the E. coli.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„μ™€μ„œ κ·Έ λŒ€μž₯균을 μ£½μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
I was talking to the oil industry recently
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μ œκ°€ μ΅œκ·Όμ— μ„μœ  μ—…κ³„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이 이야기λ₯Ό ν–ˆλ”λ‹ˆ
04:00
and I said they clearly understood that model.
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그듀은 이 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
04:03
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:06
They laughed more than you guys are. (Laughter)
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그듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 많이 μ›ƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
And so, we think this is a situation
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 상황이
04:12
where the software can actually build its own hardware
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생물 μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄κ°€ 자체의 ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
04:15
in a biological system.
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일둀라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
But we wanted to go much larger:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이보닀 더 큰 일을 ν•΄λ‚΄κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
we wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome --
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 염색체 전체λ₯Ό λ‹€ λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
it's over 580,000 letters of genetic code --
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μ½”λ“œκ°€ 58만 λ¬Έμžλ„ λ„˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
04:26
so we thought we'd build them in cassettes the size of the viruses
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이λ₯Ό λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 크기 정도 λ˜λŠ” μΉ΄μ„ΈνŠΈλ“€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ ν•©μ„±ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
04:29
so we could actually vary the cassettes
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이런 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μΉ΄μ„ΈνŠΈλ“€μ„ λ°”κΏ”κ°€λ©°
04:31
to understand
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ μ‹€μ œ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄
04:33
what the actual components of a living cell are.
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무엇인지 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
Design is critical,
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섀계과정은 κ²°μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ©°
04:38
and if you're starting with digital information in the computer,
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ 디지털 정보λ₯Ό 가지고 μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:41
that digital information has to be really accurate.
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이 μ •λ³΄λŠ” 맀우 μ •ν™•ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
When we first sequenced this genome in 1995,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ 1995년에 처음 μ„œμ—΄ν™”ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
04:48
the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs.
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μ •ν™•λ„μ˜ 기쀀은 만 개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒ λ‹Ή ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 였λ₯˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
We actually found, on resequencing it,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œ μž¬μ„œμ—΄ν™” ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ • 쀑에
04:54
30 errors; had we used that original sequence,
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30개의 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ° μ›λž˜μ˜ μ„œμ—΄μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ”λΌλ©΄
04:57
it never would have been able to be booted up.
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ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이 거의 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Part of the design is designing pieces
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λ””μžμΈμ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ”
05:02
that are 50 letters long
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50자 λ˜λŠ” 길이의 쑰각을 μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ” 것인데
05:05
that have to overlap with all the other 50-letter pieces
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이 쑰각은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 50자 쑰각듀과 κ²Ήμ³μ„œ
05:08
to build smaller subunits
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μž‘μ€ μ„œλΈŒ-μœ λ‹›λ“€μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
05:10
we have to design so they can go together.
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이듀은 또 μ„œλ‘œ ν•©μ³μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
We design unique elements into this.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것에 κ³ μœ ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μ‚½μž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
You may have read that we put watermarks in.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 여기에 μ›Œν„°λ§ˆν¬λ₯Ό μ‚½μž…ν•˜μ§€μš”.
05:18
Think of this:
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
05:20
we have a four-letter genetic code -- A, C, G and T.
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μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œμ—λŠ” A, C, G, T의 4 λ¬Έμžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
Triplets of those letters
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이 λ¬Έμžλ“€μ€ 3κ°œκ°€ ν•œ μŒμ„ 이루어
05:26
code for roughly 20 amino acids,
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μ•½20개의 아미노산을 μ½”λ“œν™” ν•  수 있고,
05:28
such that there's a single letter designation
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각 μ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚°μ—λŠ” 그에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμžκ°€
05:31
for each of the amino acids.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
So we can use the genetic code to write out words,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 단어,
05:36
sentences, thoughts.
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λ¬Έμž₯, 그리고 μƒκ°κΉŒμ§€λ„ 써낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
Initially, all we did was autograph it.
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μ²˜μŒμ— μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•œ 것은 μ„œλͺ… μ •λ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
Some people were disappointed there was not poetry.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ‹œ(θ©©)κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λ©° μ‹€λ§ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
05:44
We designed these pieces so
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 쑰각듀을
05:46
we can just chew back with enzymes;
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νš¨μ†Œλ‘œ μ ˆλ‹¨ν•  수 있게 μ„€κ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
there are enzymes that repair them and put them together.
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쑰각듀을 λ³΅κ΅¬μ‹œν‚€κ³  μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
And we started making pieces,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쑰각듀을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
05:55
starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters,
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5000 내지 7000 문자의 쑰각으둜 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
05:59
put those together to make 24,000-letter pieces,
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이듀을 2만4천자의 쑰각으둜 μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
06:03
then put sets of those going up to 72,000.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ„ΈνŠΈλ₯Ό ν•©μ³μ„œ 7만2μ²œμžκΉŒμ§€ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
06:07
At each stage, we grew up these pieces in abundance
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각 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 쑰각듀을 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
06:09
so we could sequence them
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μ„œμ—΄ν™”κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
because we're trying to create a process that's extremely robust
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 단 1뢄내에 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 확인할 수 μžˆλŠ”
06:14
that you can see in a minute.
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맀우 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 곡정을 λ§Œλ“œλ €κ³  ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:17
We're trying to get to the point of automation.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 μžλ™ν™” λ‹¨κ³„κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:20
So, this looks like a basketball playoff.
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μ΄λŠ” 마치 농ꡬ ν•„μŠΉμ „ 같은 κ±°μ£ .
06:22
When we get into these really large pieces
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 10만 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒλ„ λ„˜λŠ”
06:24
over 100,000 base pairs,
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맀우 큰 쑰각듀을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό μ―€μ—λŠ”
06:28
they won't any longer grow readily in E. coli --
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더 이상 λŒ€μž₯κ·  μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ‰½κ²Œ μžλž„ 수 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
it exhausts all the modern tools of molecular biology --
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μ΅œμ‹  λΆ„μžμƒλ¬Όν•™ 도ꡬ듀도 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€μš”.
06:34
and so we turned to other mechanisms.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•λ“€λ‘œ λˆˆμ„ λŒλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
We knew there's a mechanism called homologous recombination
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생물이 DNAλ₯Ό μˆ˜λ¦¬ν•˜κ³ 
06:41
that biology uses to repair DNA
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DNA 쑰각듀을 μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
06:44
that can put pieces together.
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μƒλ™μž¬μ‘°ν•© ν˜„μƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이미 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
06:47
Here's an example of it:
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μ—¬κΈ° ν•œ μ˜ˆκ°€ μžˆμ§€μš”.
06:48
there's an organism called
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λ‹€μ΄λ…Έμ½”μ»€μŠ€ λΌλ””μ˜€λ“€λŸ°μŠ€λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”
06:49
Deinococcus radiodurans
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μƒλ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” μ‚Όλ°±λ§Œ λž˜λ“œμ˜
06:51
that can take three millions rads of radiation.
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λ°©μ‚¬μ„ λŸ‰μ— λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ–΄λ„ 죽지 μ•Šμ§€μš”.
06:54
You can see in the top panel, its chromosome just gets blown apart.
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μ—¬κΈ° μœ„μͺ½ μ‚¬μ§„μ²˜λŸΌ μœ μ „μžλŠ” 산산쑰각 λ‚˜μ„œ λΆ„ν•΄λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:58
Twelve to 24 hours later, it put it
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그런데 12μ‹œκ°„μ—μ„œ 24μ‹œκ°„ 후에
07:01
back together exactly as it was before.
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자기 슀슀둜 염색체λ₯Ό μž¬μ‘°λ¦½ν•΄ λ³΅κ΅¬μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
We have thousands of organisms that can do this.
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수천개의 생물체가 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•  수 있죠.
07:06
These organisms can be totally desiccated;
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이듀은 μˆ˜λΆ„μ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ 결핍 λ˜μ–΄λ„ μ‚΄κ³ 
07:08
they can live in a vacuum.
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μ§„κ³΅μ—μ„œλ„ μ‚΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
I am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space,
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μ €λŠ” 우주 곡간에도 생λͺ…이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ©°, 이듀은 λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ‹€κ°€
07:14
move around, find a new aqueous environment.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μˆ˜μƒ ν™˜κ²½μ„ μ°Ύμ•„ 생λͺ…을 μœ μ§€ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
In fact, NASA has shown a lot of this is out there.
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사싀 NASAμ—μ„œλŠ” 이에 λŒ€ν•œ 예λ₯Ό 많이 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
Here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정듀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ λΆ„μžμ˜
07:25
using these processes, actually just using yeast mechanisms
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ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ 사진이 μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 사싀 효λͺ¨ λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λ©΄
07:29
with the right design of the pieces we put them in;
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μ μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ λ””μžμΈλœ DNA 쑰각을 λ„£μ–΄μ£ΌκΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄
07:32
yeast puts them together automatically.
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효λͺ¨λ“€μ΄ μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°λ¦½ν•΄μ£Όμ§€μš”.
07:35
This is not an electron micrograph;
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이것은 μ „μžν˜„λ―Έκ²½ 사진이 μ•„λ‹Œ
07:37
this is just a regular photomicrograph.
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일반적인 κ΄‘ν˜„λ―Έκ²½ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
It's such a large molecule
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이 λΆ„μžλŠ” 맀우 크기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:41
we can see it with a light microscope.
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κ΄‘ν•™ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œλ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
These are pictures over about a six-second period.
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이 사진듀은 6초 λ™μ•ˆμ— 찍은 κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
So, this is the publication we had just a short while ago.
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이것은 μ΅œκ·Όμ— μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΆœνŒν•œ λ…Όλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
This is over 580,000 letters of genetic code;
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이것은 58만개 μ΄μƒμ˜ 문자둜 된 μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
it's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure.
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μ΄λŠ” μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ„€κ³„λ˜μ–΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μΈκ³΅λΆ„μžμ€‘ κ°€μž₯ 큰 것이죠.
07:59
It's over 300 million molecular weight.
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λΆ„μžλŸ‰λ„ 3얡이 λ„˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
If we printed it out at a 10 font with no spacing,
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글씨 크기 10으둜 띄어쓰지 μ•Šκ³  이λ₯Ό μΈμ‡„ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
08:05
it takes 142 pages
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이 μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό 좜λ ₯ν•˜λŠ”λ°λ§Œ
08:07
just to print this genetic code.
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142μž₯이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
Well, how do we boot up a chromosome? How do we activate this?
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그럼 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹œλ™μ‹œν‚€λ‚˜μš”? μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚¬κΉŒμš”?
08:14
Obviously, with a virus it's pretty simple;
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λ¬Όλ‘ , λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 맀우 κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
it's much more complicated dealing with bacteria.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 훨씬 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
08:20
It's also simpler when you go
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λ‹€μ‹œ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 같은 μ§„ν•΅μƒλ¬Όμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„
08:22
into eukaryotes like ourselves:
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:24
you can just pop out the nucleus
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 핡을 λΉΌλ‚΄κ³ 
08:26
and pop in another one,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 핡을 μ‚½μž…ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜λŠ”λ°,
08:28
and that's what you've all heard about with cloning.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν΄λ‘œλ‹μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ“€μ–΄μ˜¨ λ‚΄μš©μ΄μ£ .
08:31
With bacteria and Archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ™€ κ³ μ„Έκ· μ˜ 경우 염색체가 세포 내에 ν†΅ν•©λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:35
but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 염색체λ₯Ό ν•œ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ
08:39
of a chromosome from one cell to another
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μ΄μ‹μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
08:41
and activate it.
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ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ‹œμœ„ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
08:44
We purified a chromosome from one microbial species --
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•œ 가지 μ’…μ˜ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ—μ„œ 염색체λ₯Ό μ •μ œν–ˆμ§€μš”.
08:48
roughly, these two are as distant as human and mice --
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이 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μœ μ „μ  μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ€ 인간과 μ₯μ˜ 거리 정도 μ˜€μ§€μš”.
08:51
we added a few extra genes
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 염색체λ₯Ό 선택할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
08:53
so we could select for this chromosome,
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κ·Έ 염색체에 좔가적 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λͺ‡κ°œ 더 λ„£μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
08:55
we digested it with enzymes
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
08:57
to kill all the proteins,
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λͺ¨λ“  λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ 죽이고 그것을
08:59
and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell --
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μ„Έν¬μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ£Όμž…ν–ˆμ„λ•Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
and you'll appreciate
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μ—¬κΈ° μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ„±λ“€μ—¬ μ€€λΉ„ν•œ
09:04
our very sophisticated graphics here.
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κ·Έλž˜ν”½μ΄ 보여 μ£ΌλŠ” 바와 같이
09:07
The new chromosome went into the cell.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 염색체가 μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
In fact, we thought this might be as far as it went,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사싀 막닀λ₯Έ 골λͺ©μ— λ„λ‹¬ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
09:12
but we tried to design the process a little bit further.
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이 과정을 쑰금 더 μ§„ν–‰μ‹œν‚€κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
This is a major mechanism of evolution right here.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것은 μ§„ν™”μ˜ μ£Όμš” λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
We find all kinds of species
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ’…μ˜ 생물체가
09:20
that have taken up a second chromosome
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제 2 λ˜λŠ” 제 3의 염색체λ₯Ό
09:22
or a third one from somewhere,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³³μ—μ„œ νšλ“ν•˜μ—¬
09:24
adding thousands of new traits
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수천개의 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νŠΉμ„±μ„
09:26
in a second to that species.
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μˆœμ‹κ°„μ— νšλ“ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
So, people who think of evolution
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μ§„ν™”κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μœ μ „μžκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ”©
09:30
as just one gene changing at a time
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바뀐닀고 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μƒλ¬Όμ˜
09:32
have missed much of biology.
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λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄을 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” μƒνƒœλ‘œ μ§€λ‚˜κ°”μ§€μš”.
09:35
There are enzymes called restriction enzymes
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μ œν•œνš¨μ†ŒλΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ“€μ€
09:37
that actually digest DNA.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ DNAλ₯Ό μ ˆλ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
The chromosome that was in the cell
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μ›λž˜ 세포에 있던 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ—λŠ”
09:41
doesn't have one;
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이 μ œν•œνš¨μ†Œκ°€ μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
09:43
the chromosome we put in does.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚½μž…ν•œ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ—λŠ” 그게 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
09:45
It got expressed and it recognized
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μ‚½μž…λœ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ μ œν•œνš¨μ†Œκ°€
09:47
the other chromosome as foreign material,
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λ°œν˜„λ˜λ©΄μ„œ μ›λž˜μ˜ 염색체λ₯Ό μ™ΈλΆ€λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ
09:50
chewed it up, and so we ended up
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μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μ ˆλ‹¨ν•˜μ—¬ μ£½μ—¬λ²„λ €μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄
09:52
just with a cell with the new chromosome.
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염색체λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œ μ„Έν¬λ§Œ λ‚¨κ²Œ 된 것이죠. 이 세포가 νŒŒλž€ μ΄μœ λŠ”
09:56
It turned blue because of the genes we put in it.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 염색체에 그런 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ„£μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:59
And with a very short period of time,
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그리고 맀우 짧은 μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆμ—
10:01
all the characteristics of one species were lost
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ν•œ μ’…μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œκ³ 
10:04
and it converted totally into the new species
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 세포에 μ£Όμž…ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ— 따라
10:07
based on the new software that we put in the cell.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
10:10
All the proteins changed,
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λͺ¨λ“  λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€κ³Ό
10:12
the membranes changed;
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세포막듀이 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆκ³ 
10:14
when we read the genetic code, it's exactly what we had transferred in.
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μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£Όμž…ν•œ 것과 μ™„μ „νžˆ μΌμΉ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
So, this may sound like genomic alchemy,
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μ  μ—°κΈˆμˆ μ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ
10:21
but we can, by moving the software of DNA around,
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DNA μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λ©΄
10:25
change things quite dramatically.
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κ½€ 극적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:29
Now I've argued, this is not genesis;
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μ œκ°€ 전에 λ§ν•œ 바와 같이 이것은 생λͺ…μ˜
10:31
this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution.
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기원이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš” -- 35μ–΅λ…„κ°„μ˜ 진화 μœ„μ— μ„Έμ›Œμ§„ κ²ƒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
10:36
And I've argued that we're about to perhaps
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 곧 μΊ„λΈŒλ¦¬μ•„ λŒ€ν­λ°œ 같은
10:38
create a new version of the Cambrian explosion,
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디지털 λ””μžμΈμ— μ˜ν•œ
10:41
where there's massive new speciation
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μ‹ μ’… 폭발이 곧 μ˜¬μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³ 
10:45
based on this digital design.
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λ§ν•œλ°” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
Why do this?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄λŸ°μΌμ„ ν• κΉŒμš”?
10:49
I think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs.
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ν•„μš”μ„±μ˜ μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ 보면 닡은 κ½€ λͺ…λ°±ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
We're about to go from six and a half
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ν–₯ν›„ 40λ…„κ°„ 전세계 μΈκ΅¬λŠ” 65μ–΅μ—μ„œ
10:53
to nine billion people over the next 40 years.
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90얡이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
To put it in context for myself:
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μ €λ‘œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄
10:58
I was born in 1946.
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μ €λŠ” 1946년에 νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:00
There are now three people on the planet
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1946년에 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒ 1λͺ… λ‹Ή
11:02
for every one of us that existed in 1946;
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ν˜„μž¬ μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ—λŠ” 3λͺ…이 μ‚΄κ³  있으며
11:06
within 40 years, there'll be four.
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40λ…„ μ΄λ‚΄λ‘œ 4λͺ… 꼴이 λ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
We have trouble feeding, providing fresh, clean water,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 65μ–΅ μΈκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ μŒμ‹, μ‹ μ„ ν•˜κ³  κΉ¨λ—ν•œ λ¬Ό,
11:12
medicines, fuel
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μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ, 그리고 μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό
11:14
for the six and a half billion.
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μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ”λ° 어렀움을 κ²ͺκ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
11:17
It's going to be a stretch to do it for nine.
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그리고 90얡이 되면 더 λΉ λ“―ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
We use over five billion tons of coal,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀년 50μ–΅ 톀이 λ„˜λŠ” 석탄과
11:22
30 billion-plus barrels of oil --
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300μ–΅ λ°°λŸ΄λ„ λ„˜λŠ” μ„μœ λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
that's a hundred million barrels a day.
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μ΄λŠ” ν•˜λ£¨μ— 1μ–΅ λ°°λŸ΄μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:29
When we try to think of biological processes
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이λ₯Ό λŒ€μ²΄ν• λ§Œν•œ 생물학적
11:31
or any process to replace that,
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λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μ˜ 해결책을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것은
11:34
it's going to be a huge challenge.
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κ±°μ°½ν•œ κ³Όμ œκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:36
Then of course, there's all that
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그리고 λ¬Όλ‘  μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
11:38
CO2 from this material
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λŒ€κΈ°λ‘œ λ°©μΆœλ˜λŠ”
11:40
that ends up in the atmosphere.
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ 생각해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
We now, from our discovery around the world,
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저희듀은 ν˜„μž¬, μ „μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ
11:45
have a database with about 20 million genes,
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2천만개의 μœ μ „μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 가지고 있고
11:49
and I like to think of these as the design components of the future.
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μ΄λŠ” 미래의 λ””μžμΈ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ¦¬λΌ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
The electronics industry only had a dozen or so components,
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μ „μž μ—…κ³„λŠ” 뢈과 μˆ˜μ‹­κ°œμ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
11:56
and look at the diversity that came out of that.
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수 없이 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ œν’ˆλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄μ§€μš”.
12:00
We're limited here primarily
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우리의 ν•œκ³„λŠ”
12:02
by a biological reality
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생물학적 ν˜„μ‹€κ³Ό
12:04
and our imagination.
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우리의 상상λ ₯에 λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
We now have techniques,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제
12:09
because of these rapid methods of synthesis,
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μ‹ μ†ν•œ μœ μ „μ²΄ ν•©μ„± 방식을 톡해
12:12
to do what we're calling combinatorial genomics.
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μ‘°ν•©μœ μ „μ²΄ν•™μ„ ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°–μΆ”κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
We have the ability now to build a large robot
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 ν•˜λ£¨μ— 100만개의 염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ”
12:19
that can make a million chromosomes a day.
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λŒ€ν˜• λ‘œλ΄‡μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
12:23
When you think of processing these 20 million different genes
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이 이천만 κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό κ°€κ³΅ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
12:26
or trying to optimize processes
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이 과정을 μ΅œμ ν™”ν•˜μ—¬
12:28
to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals,
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μ˜₯νƒ„μ΄λ‚˜ μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ, ν˜Ήμ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 백신을
12:31
new vaccines,
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μƒμ‚°ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄
12:34
we can just with a small team,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μž‘μ€ νŒ€μœΌλ‘œλ„
12:37
do more molecular biology
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μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λͺ¨λ“  κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μ„±μ·¨ν•œ 것보닀
12:39
than the last 20 years of all science.
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더 λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μžμƒλ¬Όν•™μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
And it's just standard selection:
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μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μž λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€μ˜ ν‘œμ€€ μ„ νƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„
12:44
we can select for viability,
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€μš”. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 성곡 κ°€λŠ₯μ„±,
12:46
chemical or fuel production,
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ν™”ν•™ν’ˆ λ˜λŠ” μ—°λ£Œμ˜ μƒμ‚°μ΄λ‚˜ λ°±μ‹  생산 등을 μœ„ν•΄
12:48
vaccine production, etc.
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선택할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:50
This is a screen snapshot
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이것은 저희듀이 컴퓨터 μ•žμ— 앉아
12:53
of some true design software
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쒅을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 있게 ν•˜λŠ”
12:56
that we're working on to actually be able to sit down
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ν˜„μž¬ κ°œλ°œμ€‘μΈ μ‹€μ œ μœ μ „μž λ””μžμΈ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜
12:59
and design species in the computer.
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ν™”λ©΄ μŠ€λƒ…μƒ·μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
You know, we don't know necessarily what it'll look like:
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ 쒅이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²ΌλŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λ”라도
13:06
we know exactly what their genetic code looks like.
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κ·Έ μ’…μ˜ μœ μ „μ²΄ μ½”λ“œλŠ” μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
We're focusing on now fourth-generation fuels.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 제4μ„ΈλŒ€ μ—°λ£Œμ— μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
You've seen recently, corn to ethanol
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— λ³΄μ…¨λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό μ˜₯수수둜 μ—νƒ„μ˜¬μ„ λ§Œλ“  것은
13:17
is just a bad experiment.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ 잘λͺ»λœ μ‹€ν—˜μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:19
We have second- and third-generation fuels
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 곧 제2μ„ΈλŒ€ λ˜λŠ” 제3μ„ΈλŒ€ μ—°λ£Œλ‘œ
13:21
that will be coming out relatively soon
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μ„€νƒ•μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ˜₯νƒ„μ΄λ‚˜
13:24
that are sugar, to much higher-value fuels
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λΆ€νƒ„μ˜¬μ²˜λŸΌ
13:27
like octane or different types of butanol.
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더 κ³ λΆ€κ°€ κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
But the only way we think that biology
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μŒμ‹κ°’μ„ μ˜¬λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ μŒμ‹μ˜ 곡급에 영ν–₯을 주지 μ•Šκ³ 
13:33
can have a major impact without
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생물이 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 곡급에 크게 κΈ°μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
13:36
further increasing the cost of food and limiting its availability
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μœ μΌν•œ 방법은 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό
13:39
is if we start with CO2 as its feedstock,
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κ³΅κΈ‰μ›λ£Œλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 방법이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
13:42
and so we're working with designing cells to go down this road.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ°©ν–₯으둜 세포λ₯Ό 섀계할 것이고
13:47
And we think we'll have the first fourth-generation fuels
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첫 제4μ„ΈλŒ€ μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό 18κ°œμ›” 후에
13:50
in about 18 months.
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얻을 수 μžˆμ„ 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
Sunlight and CO2 is one method ...
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νƒœμ–‘λΉ›κ³Ό μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ„ ν•œκ°€μ§€ λ°©λ²•μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
13:54
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
13:59
but in our discovery around the world,
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저희듀은 세계 각ꡭ의
14:01
we have all kinds of other methods.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법듀도 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
14:03
This is an organism we described in 1996.
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이것은 저희듀이 1996년에 λ°œν‘œν–ˆλ˜ μƒλ¬Όμ²΄λ‘œμ„œ
14:07
It lives in the deep ocean,
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1.5마일 정도 λ˜λŠ” 깊이의
14:09
about a mile and a half deep,
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κΉŠμ€ ν•΄μ–‘μ—μ„œ
14:11
almost at boiling-water temperatures.
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거의 λ“λŠ” 물의 μ˜¨λ„μ— μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:13
It takes CO2 to methane
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이것은 μˆ˜μ†ŒλΆ„μž(H2)λ₯Ό μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
14:16
using molecular hydrogen as its energy source.
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 메탄을 μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:19
We're looking to see if we can take
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 포획된 μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό
14:21
captured CO2,
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μ—°λ£Œλ‘œ μ „ν™˜μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ„€λΉ„λ‘œ μ‰½κ²Œ μš΄λ°˜μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
14:23
which can easily be piped to sites,
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그것을 μ—°λ£Œλ‘œ μ „ν™˜μ‹œμΌœ
14:25
convert that CO2 back into fuel
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이 과정이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€
14:28
to drive this process.
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연ꡬ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:31
So, in a short period of time,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 짧은 μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆμ—
14:33
we think that we might be able to increase
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"생λͺ…μ΄λž€ 무엇인가" λΌλŠ” 기초적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ
14:37
what the basic question is of "What is life?"
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이해λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
We truly, you know,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ „ μ„μœ ν™”ν•™ 산업을
14:42
have modest goals
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λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜κ² λ‹€λŠ”
14:44
of replacing the whole petrol-chemical industry --
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κ²Έμ†ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:47
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)(λ°•μˆ˜)
14:50
Yeah. If you can't do that at TED, where can you? --
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TEDμ—μ„œ λͺ» ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
14:53
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:55
become a major source of energy ...
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μ£Όμš” μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ΄ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
14:57
But also, we're now working on using these same tools
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λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 도ꡬ듀을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
15:00
to come up with instant sets of vaccines.
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즉각적인 λ°±μ‹  μ„ΈνŠΈλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:03
You've seen this year with flu;
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μ˜¬ν•΄ ν”Œλ£¨μ—μ„œλ„ 보셨듯이
15:05
we're always a year behind and a dollar short
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•„μš”μ‹œ μ •ν™•ν•œ 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λ € ν•  λ•Œ
15:08
when it comes to the right vaccine.
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항상 μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό 돈이 λͺ¨μžλΌμ£ .
15:10
I think that can be changed
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μ΄λŠ” 쑰합백신을 미리 κ°œλ°œν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
15:12
by building combinatorial vaccines in advance.
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ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:16
Here's what the future may begin to look like
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μ„Έκ· κ³Ό κ³ μ„Έκ· , 그리고
15:19
with changing, now, the evolutionary tree,
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κΆκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 진핡생물을 ν•©μ„±ν•©μœΌλ‘œμ¨
15:23
speeding up evolution
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진화가 κ°€μ†ν™”λ˜κ³ 
15:25
with synthetic bacteria, Archaea
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μ§„ν™”κ³„ν†΅μˆ˜κ°€ μ•žμœΌλ‘œλŠ”
15:28
and, eventually, eukaryotes.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 변할지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:32
We're a ways away from improving people:
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아직 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 λ©€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:34
our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance
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우리의 λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” κ·Έμ € 이 λͺ¨λ“  것을 ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
15:37
to survive long enough to maybe do that. Thank you very much.
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μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 였래 μ‚¬λŠ” 것일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:40
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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