The fascinating physics of everyday life | Helen Czerski

298,317 views ใƒป 2017-09-28

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ehab Aboelkhair ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mohamed Hussein
00:13
As you heard, I'm a physicist.
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ูƒู…ุง ุณู…ุนุชู…ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
00:15
And I think the way we talk about physics needs a little modification.
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุจู‡ุง ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุชุญุชุงุฌ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนุฏูŠู„.
00:19
I am from just down the road here; I don't live here anymore.
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู„ู… ุฃุนุฏ ุฃู‚ูŠู… ู‡ู†ุง ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุขู†.
00:22
But coming from round here means that I have a northern nana,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูˆู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุฌุฏุฉ ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
00:27
my mum's mom.
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ุฃู… ุฃู…ูŠ.
00:28
And Nana is very bright; she hasn't had much formal education,
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ูˆุฌุฏุชูŠ ู†ูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ูŠ ู„ู… ุชุชู„ู‚ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุŒ
00:32
but she's sharp.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฐูƒูŠุฉ.
00:33
And when I was a second-year undergraduate studying physics at Cambridge,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุทุงู„ุจุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ (ูƒุงู…ุจุฑูŠุฏุฌ)ุŒ
00:37
I remember spending an afternoon at Nana's house in Urmston
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ุฃุชุฐูƒุฑ ู‚ุถุงุฆูŠ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุฌุฏุชูŠ ููŠ (ุฃูˆุฑู…ุณุชูˆู†)
00:42
studying quantum mechanics.
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ุฃุฏุฑุณ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ูƒู….
00:44
And I had these folders open in front of me
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุฏุงุช ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉ ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ
00:46
with this, you know, hieroglyphics -- let's be honest.
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ูˆููŠู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„..ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ูŠุฑูˆุบู„ูŠููŠุงุช ู„ู†ูƒูˆู† ุตุฑูŠุญูŠู†.
00:49
And Nana came along, and she looked at this folder,
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ูˆุฌุงุกุช ุฌุฏุชูŠุŒ ูˆุฃู„ู‚ุช ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุฏุŒ
00:54
and she said, "What's that?"
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ุซู… ู‚ุงู„ุชุŒ "ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŸ"
00:56
I said, "It's quantum mechanics, Nana."
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ู‚ู„ุชุŒ "ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ูƒู…ุŒ ูŠุง ุฌุฏุชูŠ"
00:59
And I tried to explain something about what was on the page.
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ูˆุญุงูˆู„ุช ุดุฑุญ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูุญุฉ.
01:03
It was to do with the nucleus and Einstein A and B coefficients.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ูˆู…ุนุงู…ู„ุงุช (ุขูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู†) A ูˆB.
01:07
And Nana looked very impressed.
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ูˆุจุฏุง ุฃู† ุฌุฏุชูŠ ู…ู†ุจู‡ุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
01:10
And then she said, "Oh.
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ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ู‚ุงู„ุชุŒ "ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ
01:12
What can you do when you know that?"
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูุนู„ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูŠู† ุฐู„ูƒุŸ"
01:14
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:19
"Don't know, ma'am."
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"ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ูŠุง ุฌุฏุชูŠ"
01:20
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:21
I think I said something about computers,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฐูƒุฑุช ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจุŒ
01:23
because it was all I could think of at the time.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง.
01:26
But you can broaden that question out, because it's a very good question --
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชูˆุณูŠุน ู†ุทุงู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุณุคุงู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹
01:30
"What can you do when you know that?" when "that" is physics?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุงู„"ุฐู„ูƒ"ุŸ
01:33
And I've come to realize that when we talk about physics in society
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ูˆุฃุฏุฑูƒุช ุฃู†ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน
01:36
and our sort of image of it,
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ูˆุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†ู†ุงุŒ
01:38
we don't include the things that we can do when we know that.
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง.
01:41
Our perception of what physics is needs a bit of a shift.
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ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ู„ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุŒ
01:44
Not only does it need a bit of a shift,
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุŒ
01:46
but sharing this different perspective matters for our society,
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ุจู„ ุฅู† ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุดูŠุก ุฐูˆ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุงุŒ
01:51
and I'm not just saying that because I'm a physicist and I'm biased
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ูˆู„ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‚ุท ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุชุญูŠุฒุฉ
01:54
and I think we're the most important people in the world.
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ูˆู„ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
ุตุฑุงุญุฉู‹
01:57
Honest.
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01:58
So, the image of physics -- we've got an image problem, let's be honest --
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑุŒ ู„ู†ูƒู† ุตุฑูŠุญูŠู†.
02:02
it hasn't moved on much from this.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡.
02:04
This is a very famous photograph that's from the Solvay Conference in 1927.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ (ุณูˆู„ูุงูŠ) ุนุงู… 1927.
02:08
This is when the great minds of physics were grappling
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุชุชุตุงุฑุน
02:12
with the nature of determinism
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ู…ุน ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุชู…ูŠุฉ
02:15
and what it means only to have a probability
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ูˆู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
02:17
that a particle might be somewhere,
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ุฃู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุงุŒ
02:18
and whether any of it was real.
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ูˆู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุตุญูŠุญุงู‹.
02:20
And it was all very difficult.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ.
02:22
And you'll notice they're all very stern-looking men in suits.
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ูˆุณุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุฑุฌุงู„ ุตุงุฑู…ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุงุช ุจุจุฏู„ุงุช.
02:25
Marie Curie -- I keep maybe saying, "Marie Antoinette,"
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(ู…ุงุฑูŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠ)ุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุฃุณุชู…ุฑ ุจู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ู…ุงุฑูŠ ุฃู†ุทูˆุงู†ูŠุช"
02:27
which would be a turn-up for the books --
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-ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุญุฏุซุงู‹ ู…ูุงุฌุฆุงู‹-
02:29
Marie Curie, third from the left on the bottom there,
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(ู…ุงุฑูŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠ)ุŒ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุตู ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ุŒ
02:32
she was allowed in, but had to dress like everybody else.
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ุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชู„ุจุณ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠู†.
02:35
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:36
So, this is what physics is like -- there's all these kinds of hieroglyphics,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡. ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฑูˆุบู„ูŠููŠุงุชุŒ
02:40
these are to do with waves and particles.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช.
02:42
That is an artist's impression of two black holes colliding,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ูู†ูŠ ู„ุชุตุงุฏู… ุซู‚ุจูŠู† ุฃุณูˆุฏูŠู†ุŒ
02:45
which makes it look worth watching, to be honest.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุฃู…ุงู†ุฉ ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุณุชุญู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ.
02:47
I'm glad I didn't have to write the risk assessment
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ุฃู†ุง ุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนู„ูŠ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
02:50
for whatever was going on there.
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ุงู„ู‚ุตุฏ ู‡ูˆ: ู‡ุฐุง ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
02:51
The point is: this is the image of physics, right?
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ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ูˆุตุนุจุฉุŒ
ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุฃู†ุงุณ ุบุฑุจุงุก ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠู„ุจุณูˆู† ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
02:54
It's weird and difficult,
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02:55
done by slightly strange people dressed in a slightly strange way.
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ูˆูŠุชุนุฐุฑ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ
02:58
It's inaccessible, it's somewhere else
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ูˆุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃู‡ุชู…ุŸ
03:00
and fundamentally, why should I care?
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03:03
And the problem with that is that I'm a physicist,
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ูˆู…ุดูƒู„ุชูŠ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
03:07
and I study this.
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ูˆุฃุฏุฑุณ ู‡ุฐุง.
03:08
This -- this is my job, right?
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
03:11
I study the interface between the atmosphere and the ocean.
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ุฃุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
03:14
The atmosphere is massive, the ocean is massive,
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ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ู‡ุงุฆู„ุŒ
03:17
and the thin layer that joins them together
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ูˆุงู„ุทุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑุจุทู‡ู…ุง ู…ุนุงู‹
ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
03:19
is really important,
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ู„ุฃู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ุฎุฒุงู† ุถุฎู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
03:20
because that's where things go from one huge reservoir to the other.
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03:23
You can see that the sea surface -- that was me who took this video --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ุฃู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุญุฑุŒ -ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุทุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ-
03:27
the average height of those waves by the way, was 10 meters.
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ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุทูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ูƒุงู† ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃู…ุชุงุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ.
03:30
So this is definitely physics happening here --
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ู„ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุชุญุฏุซ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
03:33
there's lots of things -- this is definitely physics.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ููŠุฒูŠุงุก.
03:35
And yet it's not included in our cultural perception of physics,
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุชุถู…ู†ุงู‹ ููŠ ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠ ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ
03:39
and that bothers me.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฒุนุฌู†ูŠ.
03:41
So what is included in our cultural perception of physics?
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ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠ ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŸ
03:44
Because I'm a physicist, there has to be a graph, right?
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฑุณู… ุจูŠุงู†ูŠุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
03:47
That's allowed.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุณู…ูˆุญ ุจู‡.
03:48
We've got time along the bottom here, from very fast things there,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ุจุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
03:52
to things that take a long time over here.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ูˆู‚ุชุงู‹ ุทูˆูŠู„ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง.
03:56
Small things at the bottom, big things up there.
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ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰.
03:58
So, our current cultural image of physics looks like this.
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ุตูˆุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุชุจุฏูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง.
04:01
There's quantum mechanics down in that corner,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ูƒู… ุจุงู„ุฃุณูู„ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉุŒ
04:04
it's very small, it's very weird,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุนุฌูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
04:06
it happens very quickly,
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ูˆุชุญุฏุซ ุจู…ู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉุŒ
04:08
and it's a long way down in the general ...
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ุงูˆูŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…ุŒ
04:11
on the scale of anything that matters for everyday life.
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ู‚ูŠุงุณุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ูŠู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
04:14
And then there's cosmology, which is up there;
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ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุชุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰
04:16
very large, very far away,
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ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
04:18
also very weird.
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ูˆุนุฌูŠุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
04:20
And if you go to some places
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู†
04:22
like black holes in the beginning of the universe,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุก ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุงู† ุงู„ุงุซู†ุงู† ูŠู†ุฏู…ุฌุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ู
04:25
we know that these are frontiers in physics, right?
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
04:28
There's lots of work being done to discover new physics
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
04:31
in these places.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู†.
04:33
But the thing is, you will notice there's a very large gap in the middle.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุณุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู† ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฌูˆุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู.
04:36
And in that gap, there are many things.
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ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฌูˆุฉุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
04:38
There are planets and toasts and volcanoes and clouds
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆุฎุจุฒ ู…ุญู…ุต ูˆุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† ูˆุณุญุจ
04:41
and clarinets and bubbles and dolphins
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ูˆู…ุฒุงู…ูŠุฑ ูˆูู‚ุงุนุงุช ูˆุฏู„ุงููŠู†
04:43
and all sorts of things that make up our everyday life.
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ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
04:46
And these are also run by physics, you'd be surprised --
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุฏุงุฑ ุฃูŠุถุง ุจุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุณุชูุงุฌุฃูˆู†.
04:50
there is physics in the middle, it's just that nobody talks about it.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตูุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
04:53
And the thing about all of these is that they all run
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠู…ูŠุฒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃู† ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู†
04:57
on a relatively small number of physical laws,
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ูˆูู‚ ุนุฏุฏ ุตุบูŠุฑ ู†ุณุจูŠุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ
05:00
things like Newton's laws of motion,
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ู…ุซู„ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ู„(ู†ูŠูˆุชู†)ุŒ
05:02
thermodynamics,
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ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ
05:04
some rotational dynamics.
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ุจุนุถ ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู†ูŠุฉ.
05:05
The physics in the middle applies over a huge range,
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ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู ุชู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ูˆุงุณุนุŒ
05:09
from very, very small things to very, very big things.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
05:12
You have to try very hard to get outside of this.
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ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุจู…ู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
05:14
And there is also a frontier in research physics here,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุญุฏ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู„ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุจุญุซูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
05:18
it's just that nobody talks about it.
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡.
05:20
This is the world of the complex.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ.
05:21
When these laws work together, they bring about
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู…ุนุงู‹ุŒ ูู‡ู… ูŠุคุฏูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰
05:24
the beautiful, messy, complex world we live in.
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ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ููˆุถูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡.
05:26
Fundamentally, this is the bit that really matters to me
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ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‡ู…ู†ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹
05:30
on an everyday basis.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ูŠูˆู…ูŠ.
05:31
And this is the bit that we don't talk about.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡.
05:33
There's plenty of physics research going on here.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุชุฌุฑูŠ ู‡ู†ุง.
05:36
But because it doesn't involve pointing at stars,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชู†ุทูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ุŒ
05:38
people for some reason think it's not that.
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ูŠุธู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุณุจุจ ู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
05:40
Now, the cool thing about this is that there are so many things
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุน ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
05:44
in this middle bit,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุทุŒ
05:46
all following the same physical laws,
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุชุจุน ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
05:49
that we can see those laws at work
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
05:51
almost all the time around us.
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05:53
I've got a little video here.
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ู„ุฏูŠ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ู‡ู†ุง.
ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ูƒุงู„ุขุชูŠุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถุชูŠู† ู†ูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชู… ุบู„ูŠู‡ุง.
05:55
So the game is, one of these eggs is raw and one of them has been boiled.
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05:59
I want you to tell me which one is which.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฎุจุฑูˆู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุชู‡ู…ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุฃูŠุชู‡ู…ุง ุชู„ูƒ.
06:02
Which one's raw?
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ุฃูŠุชู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ู†ูŠุฆุฉุŸ
06:04
(Audience responds)
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(ูŠุณุชุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ)
06:05
The one on the left -- yes!
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑุŒ ุตุญูŠุญ!
06:07
And even though you might not have tried that, you all knew.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ู… ุชุฌุฑุจูˆุง ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุนูƒู… ุนุฑูุชู….
06:09
The reason for that is, you set them spinning,
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ูˆุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฏูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถุชูŠู†ุŒ
06:12
and when you stop the cooked egg, the one that's completely solid,
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ูˆุชูˆู‚ููˆู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู‡ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฌุงู…ุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
06:15
you stop the entire egg.
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ุชูˆู‚ููˆู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถุฉ ูƒูƒู„.
06:16
When you stop the other one, you only stop the shell;
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูˆู‚ููˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุชูˆู‚ููˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ูู‚ุทุŒ
06:19
the liquid inside is still rotating because nothing's made it stop.
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ูุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏ ู…ุง ูŠูˆู‚ูู‡.
06:22
And then it pushes the shell round again, so the egg starts to rotate again.
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ุซู… ูŠุฏูุน ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ ูุชุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุจูŠุถุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู† ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
06:27
This is brilliant, right?
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุงุฆุนุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
06:29
It's a demonstration of something in physics
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุนุฑุถ ู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก
06:31
that we call the law of conservation of angular momentum,
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ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุŒ
06:34
which basically says that if you set something spinning
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุต ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุชุฏูˆูŠุฑ ุดูŠุฆ
06:37
about a fixed axis,
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุญูˆุฑ ุซุงุจุชุŒ
06:38
that it will keep spinning unless you do something to stop it.
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ูุณูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู† ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุนู„ุช ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู„ุฅูŠู‚ุงูู‡.
06:41
And that's really fundamental in how the universe works.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
06:45
And it's not just eggs that it applies to,
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ูู‚ุทุŒ
06:47
although it's really useful if you're the sort of person --
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ููŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ
06:50
and apparently, these people do exist --
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- ูˆูƒู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆุŒ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูˆู† -
06:52
who will boil eggs and then put them back in the fridge.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุบู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ุซู… ูŠุถุนู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
ู…ู† ูŠูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ ู„ุง ุชุนุชุฑููˆุงุŒ ู„ุง ุจุฃุณ. ูู„ู† ู†ุญูƒู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู….
06:55
Who does that? Don't admit to it -- it's OK. We won't judge you.
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06:58
But it's also got much broader applicabilities.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆุณุน ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุฐุง.
07:01
This is the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุชู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ู‡ุงุจู„ ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠ.
07:03
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, which is a very tiny part of the sky.
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ู…ุฌุงู„ ู‡ุงุจู„ ูุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุนู…ู‚ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒุฆ ุถุฆูŠู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก.
07:06
Hubble has been floating in free space for 25 years,
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ู‡ุงุจู„ ูŠุทููˆ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุญุฑ ู„25 ุนุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
07:09
not touching anything.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฑุชูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก.
07:11
And yet it can point to a tiny region of sky.
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ูุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุชูˆุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก
07:14
For 11 and a half days, it did it in sections,
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ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 11 ูŠูˆู…ุงู‹ ูˆู†ุตู ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ู‚ุทุงุนุงุชุŒ
07:18
accurately enough to take amazing images like this.
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ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉ ู„ูŠู„ุชู‚ุท ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ ูƒู‡ุฐู‡.
07:21
So the question is:
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ูุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ:
07:22
How does something that is not touching anything
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุดูŠุก ู„ุง ูŠุฑุชูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก
07:24
know where it is?
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ุฃู† ูŠุนุฑู ุฃูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณู‡ุŸ
07:26
The answer is that right in the middle of it, it has something
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ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตูู‡ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก
07:29
that, to my great disappointment, isn't a raw egg,
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ู„ูŠุณ ุจูŠุถุฉ ู†ูŠุฆุฉ ู„ุฎูŠุจุฉ ุฃู…ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
07:31
but basically does the same job.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุฐุงุชู‡ุง.
07:32
It's got gyroscopes which are spinning,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฌูŠุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจุงุช ุชุฏูˆุฑุŒ
07:34
and because of the law of conservation of angular momentum,
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ูˆุจุณุจุจ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุŒ
07:37
they keep spinning with the same axis, indefinitely.
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ูŠุณุชู…ุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู† ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ุญูˆุฑุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณู…ู‰.
07:40
Hubble kind of rotates around them, and so it can orient itself.
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ูˆู‡ุงุจู„ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุญูˆู„ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ ู†ูุณู‡.
07:43
So the same little physical law we can play with in the kitchen and use,
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ุงุฐุงู‹ ูู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ูˆู†ู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุจุฎุŒ
07:47
also explains what makes possible some of the most advanced technology
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ูŠูุณุฑ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูŠุญ ุจุนุถ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุชู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹ ููŠ ุนุตุฑู†ุง.
07:52
of our time.
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07:53
So this is the fun bit of physics, that you learn these patterns
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ูู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุน ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุชุนู„ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท
07:57
and then you can apply them again and again and again.
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ุซู… ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ุง ู…ุฑุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑุงู‹.
08:00
And it's really rewarding when you spot them in new places.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุฌุฒ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒุชุดูู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
08:03
This is the fun of physics.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุชุนุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก.
08:04
I have shown that egg video to an audience full of businesspeople once
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ุฐุงุช ู…ุฑุฉ ุนุฑุถุช ู…ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ุฐุงูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ู…ู„ูŠุก ุจุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„
08:09
and they were all dressed up very smartly and trying to impress their bosses.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู„ุงุจุณู‡ู… ูƒู„ู‡ู… ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุงู‚ุฉ ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุฅุนุฌุงุจ ุฑุคุณุงุฆู‡ู….
08:13
And I was running out of time, so I showed the egg video and then said,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูŠู†ูุฐ ู…ู†ูŠุŒ ู„ุฐุง ุนุฑุถุช ู…ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ุซู… ู‚ู„ุชุŒ
08:17
"Well, you can work it out, and ask me afterwards to check."
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"ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฅุฌุงุจุฉุŒ ุซู… ุณุคุงู„ูŠ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง."
08:20
Then I left the stage.
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ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุบุงุฏุฑุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฉ.
08:21
And I had, literally,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุฏู‡ุงุŒ ุญุฑููŠุงู‹ุŒ
08:22
middle-aged grown men tugging on my sleeve afterwards,
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ุฑุฌุงู„ ู†ุงุถุฌูˆู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ูŠุดุฏูˆู†ู†ูŠ ู…ู† ูƒู…ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุงุŒ
08:25
saying, "Is it this? Is it this?"
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ูˆูŠุณุฃู„ูˆู†ุŒ "ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŸ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŸ"
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู„ุชุŒ "ู†ุนู…." ู‚ุงู„ูˆุงุŒ "ู…ุฑุญู‰!"
08:27
And when I said, "Yes." They went, "Yes!"
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:29
(Laughter)
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ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท
08:30
The joy that you get from spotting these patterns
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08:32
doesn't go away when you're an adult.
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ู„ุง ุชุฒูˆู„ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุบูŠู†.
08:34
And that's really important,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
08:36
because physics is all about patterns,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุทุŒ
08:39
and a small number of patterns give you access
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ูˆุนุฏุฏ ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ูŠุชูŠุญ ู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„
08:41
to almost all of the physics in our everyday world.
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
08:45
The thing that's best about this is it involves playing with toys.
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ูˆุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุดู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ.
08:48
Things like the egg shouldn't be dismissed as the mundane little things
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู„ุง ุชูู‡ู…ู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุถุฉ ูƒุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ุฉ
08:52
that we just give the kids to play with on a Saturday afternoon
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ุง ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ู†ุง ู„ูŠู„ุนุจูˆุง ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุธู‡ูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ูŠูˆู… ุณุจุช ู„ู†ุจู‚ูŠู‡ู… ู‡ุงุฏุฆูŠู†.
08:55
to keep them quiet.
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08:56
This is the stuff that actually really matters,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
08:58
because this is the laws of the universe and it applies to eggs
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูŠุถ
09:01
and toast falling butter-side down and all sorts of other things,
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ูˆุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ู…ุบุทู‰ ุจุงู„ุฒุจุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู†ุทุจู‚ ุจู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ
09:05
just as much as it applies to modern technology
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09:07
and anything else that's going on in the world.
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ูˆุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
09:09
So I think we should play with these patterns.
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท.
09:13
Basically, there are a small number of concepts
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู…
09:15
that you can become familiar with using things in your kitchen,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุง ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ูŠู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ููŠ ู…ุทุงุจุฎูƒู…ุŒ
09:18
that are really useful for life in the outside world.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ.
09:21
If you want to learn about thermodynamics, a duck is a good place to start,
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ุฃุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุชุชุนู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุญุฑุงูŠุฉุŒ ููŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุจุทุŒ
09:25
for example, why their feet don't get cold.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุณุจุจ ุนุฏู… ุจุฑูˆุฏุฉ ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ู‡ู….
09:27
Once you've got a bit of thermodynamics with the duck,
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ูˆู…ุง ุฅู† ุชุชุนู„ู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุทุŒ
09:29
you can also explain fridges.
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ูุณูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุดุฑุญ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุฌุงุช.
09:31
Magnets that you can play with in your kitchen
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ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ุทุจุฎูƒ
09:34
get you to wind turbines and modern energy generation.
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ุชุฃุฎุฐูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูˆุฑุจูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุญ ูˆุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุจุทุฑู‚ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
09:38
Raisins in [fizzy] lemonade, which is always a good thing to play with.
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ุงู„ุฒุจูŠุจ ููŠ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠู…ูˆู† (ุงู„ุบุงุฒูŠ)ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุดูŠุก ู…ุณู„ ุฃู† ุชู„ุนุจ ุจู‡.
09:41
If you're at a boring party, fish some raisins out of the bar snacks,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุญูู„ุฉ ู…ู…ู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชู‚ุท ุจุนุถ ุฒุจูŠุจุงุช ู…ู† ูˆุฌุจุงุช ุงู„ุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฎููŠูุฉุŒ
09:44
put them in some lemonade.
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ูˆุถุนู‡ู… ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠู…ูˆู† (ุงู„ุบุงุฒูŠ).
09:46
It's got three consequences.
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ุณุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ.
09:48
First thing is, it's quite good to watch; try it.
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ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุณู„ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุฌุฑุจู‡ุง.
09:50
Secondly, it sends the boring people away.
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ูˆุซุงู†ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุณูŠุจุชุนุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูˆู† ุนู†ูƒ.
09:53
Thirdly, it brings the interesting people to you.
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ูˆุซุงู„ุซุงู‹ุŒ ุณูŠู‚ุชุฑุจ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุนูˆู† ู…ู†ูƒ.
09:55
You win on all fronts.
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ุณุชูƒุณุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฌุจู‡ุงุช.
09:56
And then there's spin and gas laws and viscosity.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู† ูˆุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ูˆุงู„ู„ุฒูˆุฌุฉ.
10:00
There's these little patterns, and they're right around us everywhere.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ู… ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
10:03
And it's fundamentally democratic, right?
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฏูŠู…ูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠ ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:07
Everybody has access to the same physics; you don't need a big, posh lab.
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ู†ูุณ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุนุŒ ูู„ุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ูุฎู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
10:11
When I wrote the book, I had the chapter on spin.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุชุจุช ูƒุชุงุจูŠุŒ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ ูุตู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู„ู ุงู„ู…ุบุฒู„ูŠ.
ูƒุชุจุช ููŠู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ู…ุบุทู‰ ุจุงู„ุฒุจุฏุฉ.
10:15
I had written a bit about toast falling butter-side down.
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10:17
I gave the chapter to a friend of mine who's not a scientist,
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ูˆุฃุนุทูŠุช ุงู„ูุตู„ ู„ุตุฏูŠู‚ ู„ูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ุนุงู„ู…ุงู‹ุŒ
10:20
for him to read and tell me what he thought,
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠู‚ุฑุฃู‡ ูˆูŠุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุจุฑุฃูŠู‡ุŒ
10:22
and he took the chapter away.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูุตู„.
10:26
He was working overseas.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ.
10:27
I got this text message back from him a couple of weeks later,
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ูˆุชู„ู‚ูŠุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุตูŠุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฃุณุจูˆุนูŠู†ุŒ
10:30
and it said, "I'm at breakfast in a posh hotel in Switzerland,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ุฃู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงู„ูุทุงุฑ ููŠ ูู†ุฏู‚ ูุงุฎุฑ ููŠ ุณูˆูŠุณุฑุงุŒ
10:34
and I really want to push toast off the table,
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุจุดุฏุฉ ุฃู† ุฃุฏูุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ุต ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉุŒ
10:37
because I don't believe what you wrote."
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ู„ุฃู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุตุฏู‚ ู…ุง ูƒุชุจุชูŠู‡."
10:39
And that was the good bit -- he doesn't have to.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุตุฏู‚ู†ูŠ.
10:42
He can push the toast off the table and try it for himself.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฏูุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ุต ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉ ูˆุณูŠุฑู‰ ุจู†ูุณู‡.
10:45
And so there's two important things to know about science:
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุฆุงู† ู…ู‡ู…ุงู† ู„ู†ุนุฑูู‡ู…ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…:
10:49
the fundamental laws we've learned through experience and experimentation,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
10:53
work.
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10:55
The day we drop an apple and it goes up,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุณู‚ุท ููŠู‡ ุชูุงุญุฉ ูุชุฑุชูุนุŒ ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุฉ ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ.
10:57
then we'll have a debate about gravity.
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ุญุชู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉุŒ
10:59
Up to that point, we basically know how gravity works,
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11:01
and we can learn the framework.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุนู„ู… ุฅุทุงุฑ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง.
11:03
Then there's the process of experimentation:
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช:
11:05
having confidence in things, trying things out,
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ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ ูˆุฃู† ุชุฌุฑุจ ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
11:07
critical thinking -- how we move science forward --
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ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฏูŠ - ูƒูŠู ู†ู…ุถูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุนู„ู… -
11:10
and you can learn both of those things
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุนู„ู… ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุดูŠุฆูŠู†
11:12
by playing with toys in the everyday world.
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ุจุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ.
11:15
And it's really important,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
11:17
because there's all this talk about technology,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุŒ
11:19
we've heard talks about quantum computing
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ุณู…ุนู†ุง ุฃุญุงุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูˆุณุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
11:21
and all these mysterious, far-off things.
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ูˆูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุบุงู…ุถุฉ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ.
11:23
But fundamentally, we still live in bodies that are about this size,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ู„ุง ู†ุฒุงู„ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ
11:27
we still walk about, sit on chairs that are about this size,
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ู„ุง ู†ุฒุงู„ ู†ุชู…ุดู‰ุŒ ูˆู†ุฌู„ุณ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุฑุงุณูŠ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฌู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ
11:30
we still live in the physical world.
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ู„ุง ู†ุฒุงู„ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ.
11:32
And being familiar with these concepts means we're not helpless.
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ูˆูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ู…ุนุฏูˆู…ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠู„ุฉ.
11:36
And I think it's really important that we're not helpless,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ุจู…ุนุฏูˆู…ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠู„ุฉุŒ
11:39
that society feels it can look at things,
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ุฃู† ูŠุดุนุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑุŒ
11:41
because this isn't about knowing all the answers.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุงู‹ ุจู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช.
11:44
It's about having the framework so you can ask the right questions.
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ุจู„ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฅุทุงุฑ ุนู…ู„ ูุชุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
11:47
And by playing with these fundamental little things in everyday life,
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉุŒ
11:51
we gain the confidence to ask the right questions.
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ู†ูƒุชุณุจ ุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ ู„ู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
11:54
So, there's a bigger thing.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
11:55
In answer to Nana's question
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ุฑุฏุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุคุงู„ ุฌุฏุชูŠ
11:57
about what can you do when you know that --
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ุจุฎุตูˆุต ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ
11:59
because there's lots of stuff in the everyday world
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ
12:01
that you can do when you know that,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูุนู„ู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
12:03
especially if you've got eggs in the fridge --
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ุฎุตูˆุตุงู‹ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุจูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุฌุฉ
12:06
there's a much deeper answer.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุฃุนู…ู‚ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ.
12:08
And so there's all the fun and the curiosity
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญ ูˆุงู„ูุถูˆู„
12:10
that you could have playing with toys.
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ุงู„ู„ุฐุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุด ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชู„ุนุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ.
12:12
By the way -- why should kids have all the fun, right?
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ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู‚ุชุตุฑ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŸ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
12:16
All of us can have fun playing with toys,
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ุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุชุงุน ุจู„ุนุจ ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจุŒ
12:18
and we shouldn't be embarrassed about it.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู…ุญุฑุฌูŠู† ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชู„ูˆู…ูˆู†ูŠุŒ ู„ุง ุจุฃุณ.
12:20
You can blame me, it's fine.
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12:22
So when it comes to reasons for studying physics, for example,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุฃุณุจุงุจ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
12:27
here is the best reason I can think of:
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ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ุณุจุจ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠู‡:
12:30
I think that each of us has three life-support systems.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุชุฏุนู… ุญูŠุงุชู‡.
12:34
We've got our own body, we've got a planet
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุฌุณุงุฏู†ุงุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูƒูˆูƒุจ
12:36
and we've got our civilization.
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญุถุงุฑุชู†ุง.
12:38
Each of those is an independent life-support system,
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุธุงู… ุฏุนู… ุญูŠุงุฉ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุŒ
12:41
keeping us alive in its own way.
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ูŠุจู‚ูŠู†ุง ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ.
12:43
And they all run on the fundamental physical laws
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ูˆูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠูุฏุงุฑูˆู† ุจู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
12:46
that you can learn in the kitchen with eggs and teacups and lemonade,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุจุฎ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠุถ ูˆุฃูƒูˆุงุจ ุงู„ุดุงูŠ ูˆุนุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠู…ูˆู† (ุงู„ุบุงุฒูŠ)ุŒ
12:50
and everything else you can play with.
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ูˆูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุง.
12:52
This is the reason, for example,
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ูู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
12:53
why something like climate change is such a serious problem,
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ู„ูƒูˆู† ุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉุŒ
12:56
because It's two of these life-support systems,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ
12:59
our planet and our civilization,
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ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ูˆุญุถุงุฑุชู†ุงุŒ
13:00
kind of butting up against each other;
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ูŠู†ุงุทุญุงู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุงุŒ
13:02
they're in conflict, and we need to negotiate that boundary.
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ูู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุตุฑุงุนุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุญู† ุฃู† ู†ุชูุงูˆุถ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ.
13:05
And the fundamental physical laws that we can learn
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ุง
13:08
that are the way the world around us works,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุงุŒ
13:10
are the tools at the basis of everything;
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
13:13
they're the foundation.
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ูู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช.
13:14
There's lots of things to know about in life,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ู†ุนู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
13:16
but knowing the foundations is going to get you a long way.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูˆู†ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช ุณูŠุฌุนู„ูƒ ู†ุงุฌุญุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ู‡ุชู…ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุชุงุน ุจุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก
13:19
And I think this, if you're not interested in having fun with physics
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13:23
or anything like that -- strange, but apparently, these people exist --
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ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„ู‡ุง - ุบุฑูŠุจ ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูˆู† -
13:27
you surely are interested in keeping yourself alive
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ูุฃู†ุช ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู…ู‡ุชู… ุจุฅุจู‚ุงุก ู†ูุณูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
13:31
and in how our life-support systems work.
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ูˆููŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฎุงุตุชู†ุง.
13:33
The framework for physics is remarkably constant;
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ู„ุฃู† ุฅุทุงุฑ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุซุงุจุช ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ
13:38
it's the same in lots and lots of things that we measure.
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ูู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูŠุณู‡ุง.
13:40
It's not going to change anytime soon.
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ูˆู„ู† ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู‚ุฑูŠุจ.
13:42
They might discover some new quantum mechanics,
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒุชุดููˆู† ุจุนุถ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
13:44
but apples right here are still going to fall down.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชูุงุญุงุช ู‡ู†ุง ุณุชุณู‚ุท ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
13:47
So, the question is --
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ุฅุฐุฃู‹ ูุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ
13:49
I get asked sometimes: How do you start?
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ูŠุณุฃู„ูˆู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹: ูƒูŠู ู†ุจุฏุฃุŸ
13:52
What's the place to start
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ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุชุจุฏุฃ
13:53
if you're interested in the physical world, in not being helpless,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ู‡ุชู…ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุŒ ูˆุจุฃู† ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุฏูˆู… ุงู„ุญูŠู„ุฉุŒ
13:56
and in finding some toys to play with?
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ูˆุจุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ู„ุชู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุงุŸ
13:58
Here is my suggestion to you:
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญูŠ ู„ูƒ:
14:00
the place to start is that moment -- and adults do this --
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ุงุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ - ูˆุงู„ุจุงู„ุบูˆู† ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ -
14:06
you're drifting along somewhere,
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ุฃู†ุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุงุŒ
14:08
and you spot something and your brain goes, "Oh, that's weird."
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ุซู… ุชู„ุงุญุธ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ุŒ ูˆูŠู†ุทู„ู‚ ุฏู…ุงุบูƒ "ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุบุฑูŠุจ"
14:11
And then your consciousness goes, "You're an adult. Keep going."
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ุซู… ูŠู†ุทู„ู‚ ูˆุนูŠูƒุŒ "ุฃู†ุช ุจุงู„ุบุŒ ุงุณุชู…ุฑ"
14:15
And that's the point -- hold that thought --
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ - ุฃู…ุณูƒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ -
14:18
that bit where your brain went, "Oh, that's a bit odd,"
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุงู†ุทู„ู‚ ุฏู…ุงุบูƒุŒ " ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุบุฑูŠุจ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก"
14:21
because there's something there to play with,
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู„ูŠูู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุŒ
ูˆูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุฃู† ุชู„ุนุจ ุฃู†ุช ุจู‡ุŒ
14:23
and it's worth you playing with it,
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14:24
so that's the place to start.
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ูู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชุญุธ ุจุฃูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
14:26
But if you don't have any of those little moments
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14:28
on your way home from this event,
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ูˆุฃู†ุช ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุนุงุฆุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ
14:30
here are some things to start with.
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ู‡ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจู‡ุง.
14:31
Put raisins in [fizzy] lemonade; highly entertaining.
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ุถุน ุงู„ุฒุจูŠุจ ููŠ ุนุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠู…ูˆู† (ุงู„ุบุงุฒูŠ) ูู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุณู„ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
14:34
Watch a coffee spill dry.
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ุดุงู‡ุฏ ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ู…ุณูƒูˆุจุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุฌู.
14:36
I know that sounds a little bit like watching paint dry,
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‡ุงู† ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุฌูุŒ
14:38
but it does do quite weird things; it's worth watching.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุชูุนู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุฌู ูู‡ูŠ ุชุณุชุญู‚ ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ.
14:42
I'm an acquired taste at dinner parties if there are teacups around.
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ูŠุญุจู†ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ููŠ ุญูู„ุงุช ุงู„ุนุดุงุกุŒ ูู„ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู„ุงุนู‚ ุดุงูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ
14:46
There are so many things you can do to play with teacups, it's brilliant.
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ูู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ูุนู„ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุนุจ ุจู…ู„ุงุนู‚ ุงู„ุดุงูŠุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ.
14:49
The most obvious one is to get a teacup, get a spoon,
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ุฃุจุฑุฒู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุจูƒูˆุจ ุดุงูŠุŒ ูˆู…ู„ุนู‚ุฉุŒ
14:53
tap the teacup around the rim and listen,
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ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ู„ุนู‚ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจ ูˆุงุณุชู…ุนุŒ
14:55
and you will hear something strange.
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ูˆุณุชุณู…ุน ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุบุฑูŠุจุงู‹.
14:57
And the other thing is, push your toast off the table
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฏูุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ุต ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉ
15:00
because you can, and you'll learn stuff from it.
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุณุชุทูŠุนุŒ ูˆู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุณุชุชุนู„ู… ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
15:03
And if you're feeling really ambitious,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ุทู…ูˆุญ ูุนู„ุงู‹ุŒ
15:05
try and push it off in such a way that it doesn't fall butter-side down,
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ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชุฏูุนู‡ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุณู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ู…ุบุทู‰ ุจุงู„ุฒุจุฏุฉุŒ
15:09
which is possible.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู†.
15:11
The point of all of this is that,
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตุฏ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ
15:13
first of all, we should all play with toys.
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ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ูˆู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ.
15:15
We shouldn't be afraid to investigate the physical world for ourselves
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู„ุง ู†ุฎุงู ู…ู† ุฃู† ู†ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
15:19
with the tools around us,
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ุจุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญูˆู„ู†ุงุŒ
15:20
because we all have access to them.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹.
15:22
It matters, because if we want to understand society,
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ
15:25
if we want to be good citizens,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ุตุงู„ุญูŠู†ุŒ
15:26
we need to understand the framework on which everything else must be based.
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ูู†ุญู† ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุงู… ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
15:31
Playing with toys is great.
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ุฃู† ู†ู„ุนุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุดูŠุก ุนุธูŠู….
15:32
Understanding how to keep our life-support systems going is great.
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ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู… ูƒูŠู ู†ุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฎุงุตุชู†ุง ุดูŠุก ุนุธูŠู….
15:35
But fundamentally, the thing that we need to change
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุŒ ุงู„ุดูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑู‡
15:38
in the way that we talk about physics,
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ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ
15:40
is we need to understand
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู…
15:41
that physics isn't out there with weird people
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ุฃู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุน ุบุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃุทูˆุงุฑ
15:43
and strange hieroglyphics
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ูˆุงู„ู‡ูŠุฑูˆุบู„ูŠููŠุงุช ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ
15:45
for somebody else in a posh lab.
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ู„ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ูุงุฎุฑ.
15:46
Physics is right here; it's for us, and we can all play with it.
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ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ู„ู†ุง ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุจู‡ุง.
15:49
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง ู„ูƒู….
15:51
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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