Neil Turok: 2008 TED Prize wish: An African Einstein

64,987 views ใƒป 2008-03-21

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: AR Elsharawy ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:13
It was an incredible surprise to me
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูุงุฌุฃุฉ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ
00:16
to find out that there was actually an organization that cared about both parts of my life.
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ู„ุฃุฌุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุญู‚ุง ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุงู‡ุชู…ุช ุจูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู† ู…ู† ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ
00:22
Because, basically,
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ู„ุฃู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ
00:23
I work as a theoretical physicist.
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ุฃุนู…ู„ ูƒููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠ
00:25
I develop and test models of the Big Bang,
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ุฃุทูˆุฑ ูˆ ุฃุฎุชุจุฑ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ู„ู„ุฅู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…
00:28
using observational data.
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ
00:31
And I've been moonlighting for the last five years
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ู‚ุถูŠุช ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ
00:34
helping with a project in Africa.
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ุฃุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุจุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
00:37
And, I get a lot of flak for this at Cambridge.
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ , ุฃู„ู‚ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุฏ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฃู† ููŠ ูƒุงู…ุจุฑูŠุฏุฌ
00:41
People wonder, you know, "How do you have time to do this?" And so on.
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† , ูŠุชุณุงุกู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ " ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุงุŸ" , ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ
00:45
And so it was simply astonishing to me
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ , ุฃุซุงุฑ ุฐู‡ูˆู„ูŠ
00:48
to find an organization that actually appreciated both those sides.
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ุฃู† ุฃุฌุฏ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ู‚ุฏุฑุช ูƒู„ุง ู‡ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู†
00:52
So I thought I'd start off by just telling you a little bit about myself
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุฑุชุฃูŠุช ุฃู† ุฃุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุนู† ู†ูุณูŠ
00:55
and why I lead this schizophrenic life.
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ูˆ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃุฎุชุฑุช ุญูŠุงุฉ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู†ูุตุงู…
00:59
Well, I was born in South Africa and my parents were imprisoned
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ุญุณู†ุง, ูˆู„ุฏุช ุจุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง , ูˆ ุณุฌู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
01:04
for resisting the racist regime.
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ู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุชู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠ
01:06
When they were released, we left and we went as refugees to Kenya and Tanzania.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุทู„ู‚ ุณุฑุงุญู…ู‡ุง , ุบุงุฏุฑู†ุง ูˆ ุฐู‡ุจู†ุง ูƒู„ุงุฌุฆูŠูŠู† ู„ูƒูŠู†ูŠุง ูˆ ุชู†ุฒุงู†ูŠุง
01:13
Both were very young countries then,
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ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุง ุจู„ุฏูŠู† ูุชูŠูŠู† ุขู†ุฐุงูƒ
01:15
and full of hope for the future.
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ูˆ ู…ู„ูŠุฆูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฃู…ู„ ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
01:18
We had an amazing childhood. We didn't have any money,
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ุนุดุช ุทููˆู„ุฉ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ. ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠ ู…ุงู„
01:20
but we were outdoors most of the time.
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ูˆ ูƒู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
01:23
We had fantastic friends and we saw the wonders of the world,
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุก ุฑุงุฆุนูˆู† ูˆ ุดู‡ุฏู†ุง ุนุฌุงุฆุจ ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง
01:28
like Kilimanjaro, Serengeti and the Olduvai Gorge.
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ู…ุซู„ ูƒู„ู…ู†ุฌุงุฑูˆ , ุณูŠุฑูŠู†ุฌูŠุชูŠ , ูˆ ุงูˆู„ุฏูˆุงููŠ ุฌูˆุฑุฌ
01:34
Well, then we moved to London for high school.
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ุญุณู†ุง ,ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู„ู†ุฏู† ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ
01:36
And after that -- there's nothing much to say about that.
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ -- ู„ุง ุดุฆ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ุงุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู†ู‡
01:41
It was rather dull. But I came back to Africa
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู…ู…ู„ุฉ . ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุนุฏุช ู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
01:45
at the age of 17, as a volunteer teacher
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ูˆ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุณุงุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ , ูƒู…ุนู„ู… ู…ุชุทูˆุน
01:49
to Lesotho, which is a tiny country,
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ู„ุชูŠู„ูˆุณูˆุชูˆ , ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุจู„ุฏ ุตุบูŠุฑ
01:52
surrounded at that time by apartheid South Africa.
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ู…ุญุงุท ุขู†ุฐุงูƒ ุจุงู„ูุตู„ ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠ ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุงูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
01:57
Well, 80 percent of the men in Lesotho
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุซู…ุงู†ูˆู† ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุจุชูŠู„ูˆุณูˆุชูˆ
02:00
worked in the mines over the border,
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ุนู…ู„ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ
02:04
in brutal conditions.
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ููŠ ุธุฑูˆู ูˆุญุดูŠุฉ
02:07
Nevertheless, I -- as I'm sure -- as a rather irritating young, white man
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ , ุฃู†ุง -- ูƒู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ูˆุงุซู‚ -- ูƒุดุงุจ ุงุจูŠุถ ู…ุฒุนุฌ
02:13
coming into their village, I was welcomed with incredible hospitality and warmth.
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ุฃุชู‰ ู„ู‚ุฑูŠุชู‡ู… , ุฃุณุชู‚ุจู„ูˆู†ูŠ ุจุชุฑุญุงุจ ูˆ ุฏูุก ุนุธูŠู…ูŠู†
02:19
But the kids were the best part.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูุถู„
02:21
The kids were amazing: extremely eager and often very bright.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู…ุฏู‡ุดูˆู† : ุดุฏูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุงุณ ูˆ ุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุชู‚ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก
02:26
And I'm just going to tell you one story,
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ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ู‚ุตุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูู‚ุท
02:28
which got through to me.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูƒุช ููŠ ุฃุซุฑุง
02:31
I used to try to take the kids outside as often as possible,
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุขุฎุฏ ุงู„ุงุทูุงู„ ุฎุงุฑุฌุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฃุชูŠุญุช ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ
02:33
to try to connect the academic stuff with the real world.
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ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ุงูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠุงุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
02:38
And they weren't used to that.
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ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุนุชุงุฏูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุจู„ุง
02:41
But I took them outside one day and I said,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุฃุฎุฐุชู‡ู… ุฎุงุฑุฌุง ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู… ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช
02:43
"I want you to estimate the height of the building."
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰
02:46
And I expected them to put a ruler next to the wall,
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ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ุชูˆู‚ุนุช ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠุถุนูˆุง ู…ุณุทุฑุฉู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุญุงุฆุท
02:49
size it up with a finger, and make an estimate of the height.
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ูŠู‚ุฏุฑูˆุง ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ุจุงู„ุฅุตุจุน , ูˆ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆุง ุจุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุทูˆู„
02:54
But there was one little boy, very small for his age.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูˆู„ุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุตุบูŠุฑ , ุถุฆูŠู„ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุนู…ุฑู‡
02:58
He was the son of one of the poorest families in the village.
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ูƒุงู† ุงุจู†ุง ู„ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ
03:01
And he wasn't doing that. He was scribbling with chalk on the pavement.
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ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูŠูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ. ูƒุงู† ูŠุฎุฑุจุด ุจุทุจุดูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุตูŠู
03:06
And so, I said -- I was annoyed -- I said, "What are you doing?
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ูˆ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ, ู‚ู„ุช -- ูƒู†ุช ู…ุชุถุงูŠู‚ุง -- , ู…ุงุฐุง ุชูุนู„ ุŸ
03:09
I want you to estimate the height of the building."
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุจู†ู‰
03:11
He said, "OK. I measured the height of a brick.
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ู‚ุงู„, "ุญุณู†ุงู‹. ู‚ู…ุช ุจู‚ูŠุงุณ ุทูˆู„ ุทูˆุจุฉ
03:14
I counted the number of bricks and now I'm multiplying."
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ุญุณุจุชุช ุงู„ุทูˆุจ ูˆ ุงู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุขู† ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุฑุจ
03:19
Well -- (Laughter) -- I hadn't thought of that one.
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ุญุณู†ุง -- ( ุถุญูƒ) -- ู„ู… ุฃููƒุฑ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
03:24
And many experiences like this happened to me.
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ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุจู‡ู‡ ุญุตู„ุช ู„ูŠ
03:28
Another one is that I met a miner. He was home on his three-month leave from the mines.
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ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ูŠ ู‚ุงุจู„ุช ุนุงู…ู„ุง ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…. ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุช ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฅุฌุงุฒุฉ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฌู…
03:36
Sitting next to him one day, he said, "There's only one thing that I really loved at school.
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ุฌุงู„ุณุง ุจุฌุงู†ุจู‡ ููŠ ูŠูˆู…, ู‚ุงู„ " ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุดูŠุฆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃุญุจุจุชุฉ ูุนู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ"
03:42
And you know what it was? Shakespeare." And he recited some to me.
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนู„ู… ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุŸ ุดูƒุณุจูŠุฑ . ูˆ ุชู„ุง ุจุนุถุง ู…ู† ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ ู„ูŠ
03:49
And these and many similar experiences convinced me
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู…ุงุซู„ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู†ุนู†ูŠ
03:53
that there are just tons of bright kids in Africa
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ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุทู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุจุบ ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
03:57
-- inventive kids, intellectual kids --
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-- ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุฑุงุน , ุฃุทูุงู„ ู…ููƒุฑูŠู† --
04:01
and starved of opportunity.
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ูˆ ู…ุชุนุทุดูŠู† ู„ู„ูุฑุตุฉ
04:02
And if Africa is going to get fixed, it's by them, not by us.
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ูˆ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุฃู† ุชุตู„ุญ , ูุจู‡ู… , ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู†ุง
04:08
Well, after -- (Applause) -- that's the truth.
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุจุนุฏ -- (ุชุตููŠู‚) -- ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
04:14
Well, after Lesotho, I traveled across Africa
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุจุนุฏ ู„ูŠุณูˆุชูˆ , ุฌุจุช ู‚ุงุทุนุง ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
04:17
before returning to England
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ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ุชุฑุง
04:20
-- so gray and depressing, in comparison.
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-- ุฑู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆ ุชุจุนุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅูƒุชุฆุงุจ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ
04:23
And I went to Cambridge. And there, I fell for theoretical physics.
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ูˆ ุฐู‡ุจุช ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุงู…ุจุฑูŠุฏุฌ . ูˆ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูˆู‚ุนุช ุจุญุจ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ
04:30
Well, I'm not going to explain this equation,
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ุญุณู†ุง , ู„ู† ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุดุฑุญ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ
04:32
but theoretical physics is really an amazing subject.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ุฏู‡ุด ุญู‚ุง
04:36
We can write down all the laws of physics we know in one line.
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ูƒุชุจ ูƒู„ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุฑู ููŠ ุณุทุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ
04:42
And, admittedly, it's in a very shorthand notation.
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ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ุฅุนุชุฑุงู , ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุฏูˆูŠู† ุดุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅู‚ุชุถุงุจ
04:47
And it contains 18 free parameters,
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ูˆ ุชุญูˆูŠ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ู„ ุญุฑ
04:51
OK, which we have to fit to the data.
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ุญุณู†ุง , ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุงุณุจ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช
04:54
So it's not the final story,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ
04:56
but it's an incredibly powerful summary of everything we know
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู…ู„ุฎุต ุดุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑู
05:01
about nature at the most basic level.
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ุนู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‡ุง ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
05:05
And apart from a few very important loose ends, which you've heard about here --
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ูˆ ุจุนูŠุฏุง ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุง , ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู…ุนุชู… ุนู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง --
05:09
like dark energy and dark matter --
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ูƒุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ --
05:12
this equation describes,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุชุตู --
05:14
seems to describe everything about the universe and what's in it.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุชุตู ูƒู„ ุดูŠุฆ ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆ ู…ุง ููŠู‡
05:19
But there's one big puzzle remaining,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู„ุบุฒ ูˆ ุงุญุฏูŒ ุจุงู‚ู
05:21
and this was most succinctly put to me by my primary school math teacher in
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ูˆ ุจุฃุดุฏ ุงู‚ุชุถุงุจ ูˆ ุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ู…ุนู„ู…ุฉ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ููŠ ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ููŠ
05:26
Tanzania, who's a wonderful Scottish lady
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ุชู†ุฒุงู†ูŠุง , ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุณูŠุฏุฉ ุงุณูƒุชู„ู†ุฏูŠุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ
05:29
who I still stay in touch with.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุฒุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชูˆุงุตู„ู ู…ุนู‡ุง
05:32
And she's now in her 80s.
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ูŠุงุชู‡ุง
05:34
And when I try to explain my work to her, she waved away all the details, and she said,
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ูˆ ุญูŠู† ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุฃุดุฑุญ ุนู…ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ุง , ุฃุดุงุญุช ุนู†ู‡ุง ูƒู„ ุชูุตูŠู„ุงุชู‡ , ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ุช
05:39
"Neil, there's only one question that really matters.
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"ู†ูŠูŠู„ , ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุณุคุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
05:44
What banged?" (Laughter)
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงู†ูุฌุฑ ุŸ " (ุถุญูƒ)
05:48
"Everyone talks about the Big Bang. What banged?"
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" ุงู„ูƒู„ ูŠุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฅู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ . ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงู†ูุฌุฑ ุŸ"
05:53
And she's right. It's a question we've all been avoiding.
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุญู‚ุฉ . ู‡ูˆ ุณุคุงู„ ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ุชุญุงุดูŠู†ุงู‡
05:58
The standard explanation is that the universe somehow sprang into existence,
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ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠุงุฑูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉู ู…ุง ุฅู†ุดุทุฑ ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
06:03
full of a strange kind of energy
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ู…ู„ูŠุฆ ุจุทุงู‚ุฉู ู…ุง ุบุฑุจูŠุฉู
06:05
-- inflationary energy -- which blew it up.
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-- ุทุงู‚ุฉู ู…ุชุถุงุฎู…ุฉู -- ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูุฌุฑุชู‡
06:10
But the puzzle of why the universe emerged in that peculiar state
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู„ุบุฒ ูŠูƒู…ู† ููŠ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู†ุจุซู‚ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉู ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช
06:14
is completely unsolved.
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ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚
06:18
Now, I worked on that theory for a while, with Stephen Hawking and others.
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ุงู„ุขู† , ุงู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ู„ูุชุฑุฉู, ู…ุน ุณุชูŠูู† ู‡ูˆูƒู†ุฌ ูˆ ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
06:22
But then I began to explore another alternative.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูˆ ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุณุชูƒุดู ุจุฏูŠู„ุง ุขุฎุฑ
06:25
The alternative is that the Big Bang wasn't the beginning.
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ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„ ูƒุงู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
06:28
Perhaps the universe existed before the bang,
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ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ
06:31
and the bang was just a violent event in a pre-existing universe.
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ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ูƒุงู† ูู‚ุท ุญุฏุซุงู‹ ุนู†ูŠูุง ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู ู‚ุจู„ุง
06:36
Well, this possibility is actually suggested
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ุญุณู†ุง , ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ู…ู‚ุชุฑุญูŒ ูุนู„ุง
06:39
by the latest theories, the unified theories,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุซ , ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุญุฏุฉ
06:42
which try to explain all those 18 free parameters
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุดุฑุญ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุญุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ
06:45
in a single framework, which will hopefully predict all of them.
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ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ , ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ูŠุชู†ุจุฃ ุจู‡ู… ุฌู…ุนูŠุง
06:52
And I'll just share a cartoon of this idea here.
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ูˆ ุณุฃุดุงุฑูƒูƒู… ุฑุณู…ุงู‹ ูƒุฑุชูˆู†ูŠุง ู„ู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุง
06:55
It's all I can convey. According to these theories,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฌูู„ู ู…ุง ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฅุจู„ุงุบู‡ . ุทุจู‚ุง ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช
06:58
there are extra dimensions of space, not just the three we're familiar with,
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก , ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุซู„ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆููŠู† ู„ู†ุง
07:01
but at every point in the room there are more dimensions.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ
07:05
And in particular, there's one rather strange one,
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ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ , ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุญุฑูŠ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชุบุฑุงุจ
07:07
in the most elegant unified theories we have.
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ููŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุชู†ุง ุฃู†ุงู‚ุฉูŽ ูˆ ุชูˆุญุฏุง
07:10
The strange one looks likes this:
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ :
07:12
that we live in a three-dimensional world.
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ
07:15
We live in one of these worlds, and I can only show it as a sheet,
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ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… , ูˆ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุนุฑุถู‡ุง ูู‚ุท ูƒูˆุฑู‚ุฉ
07:19
but it's really three-dimensional.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ
07:22
And a tiny distance away, there's another sheet,
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ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุถุฆูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง , ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
07:26
also three-dimensional, and they're separated by a gap.
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ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุจุนุงุฏ ุฃูŠุถุง , ูˆ ู‡ู…ุง ู…ูุตูˆู„ุชุงู† ุจูุฌูˆุฉ
07:28
The gap is very tiny, and I've blown it up so you can see it.
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ุงู„ูุฌูˆุฉ ุถูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุง , ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุถุฎู…ุชู‡ุง ู„ุชู‚ุฏุฑูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง
07:31
But it's really a tiny fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู†ุดุฒ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุญุฌู… ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ
07:36
I won't go into the details of why we think the universe is like this,
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ู„ู† ุฃุฏู„ู ู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุญูˆู„ ู„ู… ู†ุธู† ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู‡ูƒุฐุง
07:39
but it comes out of the math and trying to explain the physics that we know.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถุจุงุช ูˆ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉู ู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุฑู.
07:43
Well, I got interested in this because it seemed to me that it was an obvious question.
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ุญุณู†ุง , ู…ุง ุฃุซุงุฑ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ูŠ ุจู‡ุฐุง , ู„ู…ุง ูŠูŒุธู‡ูุฑู ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ูˆุงุถุญ
07:47
Which is, what happens if these two, three-dimensional worlds
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ , ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ู‡ุงุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ุซู„ุงุซูŠูŠ ุงู„ุงุจุนุงุฏ
07:50
should actually collide?
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ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุงุตุทุฏู…ุง ุŸ
07:54
And if they collide, it would look a lot like the Big Bang.
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ูˆ ุฅุฐุง ุงุตุทุฏู…ุง , ูุฅู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠุดุจู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ
07:57
But it's slightly different than in the conventional picture.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูŠุฎุชู„ู ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ
08:00
The conventional picture of the Big Bang is a point.
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู†ู‚ุทุฉ
08:02
Everything comes out of a point;
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุฆ ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
08:04
you have infinite density. And all the equations break down.
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒุซุงูุฉ ู„ุงู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุฉ . ูˆ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช ุชู†ูƒุณุฑ
08:08
No hope of describing that.
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ู„ุง ุฃู…ู„ ู„ูˆุตู ุฐู„ูƒ
08:10
In this picture, you'll notice,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ, ุณุชู„ุงุญุธ
08:12
the bang is extended. It's not a point.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ู…ุชูˆุณุน. ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู†ู‚ุทุฉ
08:14
The density of matter is finite, and we have a chance
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ู…ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏ , ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ
08:17
of a consistent set of equations that can describe the whole process.
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ู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุฑู…ุชู‡ุง
08:22
So, to cut a long story short, we've explored this alternative.
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ูˆ ู„ู†ุฎุชุตุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ . ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„
08:25
We've shown that it can fit
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุฃูˆุถุญู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุทุงุจู‚ุชู‡
08:27
all of the data that we have about the formation of galaxies,
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ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุชูƒูˆูŒู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช
08:31
the fluctuations in the microwave background.
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ุงู„ุชุฐุจุฐุจ ููŠ ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ุงู„ู…ุตุบุฑุฉ
08:34
Furthermore, there's an experimental way
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง , ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุฌุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ
08:36
to tell this theory, apart from the inflationary explanation that I told you before.
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ู„ู†ูุตู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุถุฎู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฐูƒุฑุช ุณุงุจู‚ุง
08:43
It involves gravitational waves.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูˆูŠ ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ุชุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ
08:46
And in this scenario, not only was the Big Bang not the beginning,
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ูˆ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ , ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
08:49
as you can see from the picture,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ
08:52
it can happen over and over again.
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ูุฅู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ุฑุฉ ุชู„ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
08:54
It may be that we live in an endless universe,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ู„ุง ู…ุชู†ุงู‡
08:57
both in space and in time.
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ููŠ ูƒูู„ุง ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
09:01
And there've been bangs in the past, and there will be bangs in the future.
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ , ูˆ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
09:04
And maybe we live in an endless universe.
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ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ู„ุง ู…ุชู†ุงู‡
09:08
Well, making and testing models of the universe
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุตู†ุน ูˆ ุชุฌุฑูŠุจ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ู„ู„ูƒูˆู†
09:13
is, for me, the best way I have of enjoying and appreciating the universe.
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ู‡ูˆ , ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ , ุฃูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณุชู…ุชุงุน ูˆ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
09:20
We need to make the best mathematical models we can,
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ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุตู†ุน ุฃูุถู„ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุตู†ุนู‡ุง
09:22
the most consistent ones.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑู‡ุง ุชูˆุงูู‚ุง
09:24
And then we scrutinize them, logically and with data.
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ูˆ ุญูŠู† ู†ู…ุชุญู†ู‡ุง , ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุง ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช
09:28
And we try to convince ourselves --
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ูˆ ุญูŠู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง --
09:31
we really try to convince ourselves they're wrong.
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ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุญู‚ุง ุฅู‚ู†ุงุน ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ
09:33
That's progress: when we prove things wrong.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… : ุญูŠู† ู†ุซุจุช ุฎุทุฃ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
09:36
And gradually, we hopefully move closer and closer to understanding the world.
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ูˆ ุดูŠุฆุง ูุดูŠุฆุง , ู†ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ุชุฑุจ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
09:42
As I pursued my career, something was always gnawing away inside me.
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ููŠู…ุง ุณุนูŠุช ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠ , ุชุขูƒู„ู†ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุดุนูˆุฑ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ.
09:47
What about Africa?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุŸ
09:50
What about those kids I'd left behind?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุฑูƒุชู‡ู… ุฎู„ููŠ ุŸ
09:55
Instead of developing, as we'd all hoped in the '60s,
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ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ , ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู…ู„ู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ูŠุงุช,
09:58
things had gotten worse.
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ุขู„ุช ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ .
10:00
Africa was gripped by poverty, disease and war.
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ุฃุทุจู‚ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
10:04
This is very graphically shown by the Worldmapper website and project.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ูˆุถู‘ุญ ุจูŠุงู†ูŠุงู‹ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ูˆูˆุฑู„ุฏ ู…ุงุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ .
10:10
And so the idea is to represent each country
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ูˆ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฃู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ู…ุซู„ ูƒู„ ุจู„ุฏ
10:13
on a map, but scale the area according to some quantity.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ , ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุง.
10:19
So here's just the standard area map of the world.
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ูˆ ู„ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู….
10:21
By the way, Africa is very large.
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ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ , ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
10:23
And the next map now shows Africa's GDP in 1960,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุฅุฌู…ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠ ู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ููŠ ุนุงู… 1960.
10:28
around the time of independence for many African states.
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ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ูˆู‚ุช ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุงูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุฉ.
10:33
Now, this is 1990, and then 2002. And here's a projection for 2015.
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ุงู„ุขู† , ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ 1990 ุซู… 2002. ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุชูˆู‚ุน ู„ 2015.
10:44
Big changes are happening in the world,
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ุชุบูŠุฑุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
10:45
but they're not helping Africa.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุดู…ู„ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
10:48
What about Africa's population? The population isn't out of proportion to its area,
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุนุฏุฏ ุณูƒุงู† ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุงุŸ ุงู„ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู†ูุตู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ,
10:52
but Africa leads the world in deaths from often preventable causes:
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ููŠ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู†ุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุฅุญูŠุงู†
10:57
malnutrition, simple infections and birth complications.
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ุณูˆุก ุงู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ , ุฅุตุงุจุงุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ , ูˆ ู…ุถุงุนูุงุช ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ.
11:04
Then there's HIV/AIDS. And then there are deaths from war.
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฏุฒ . ูŠุชู„ูˆู‡ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆูุงู‡ ุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุญุฑูˆุจ.
11:09
OK, currently there are 45,000 people a month dying in the Congo,
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ 45,000 ูุฑุฏุง ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ุดู‡ุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบูˆ
11:14
as a consequence of the war
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ุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ
11:16
there over coltan and diamonds and other things.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจู„ุช ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุณ ูˆ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงุฎุฑู‰.
11:20
It's still going on.
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ .
11:24
What about Africa's capacity to do something about these problems?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุง ุญูŠุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ุŸ
11:27
Well, here's the number of physicians in Africa.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
11:32
Here's the number of people in higher education.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ .
11:37
And here -- most shocking to me --
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง -- ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุนุซุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุฏู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ --
11:39
the number of scientific research papers coming out of Africa.
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ุนุฏุฏ ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
11:43
It just doesn't exist scientifically.
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ุงู†ู‡ ูู‚ุท ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุจุฑุฑ ุนู„ู…ูŠุง
11:48
And this was very eloquently argued at TED Africa:
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุชู… ู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุชู‡ ุจูุตุงุญุฉ ููŠ ุชูŠุฏ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง:
11:51
that all of the aid that's been given
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุชู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‡ุง
11:53
has completely failed to put Africa onto its own two feet.
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ูุดู„ุช ููŠ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ู„ุชู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ุง.
12:01
Well, the transition to democracy in South Africa in 1994
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ููŠ 1994
12:04
was literally a dream come true for many of us.
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ูƒุงู† ุญุฑููŠุง ุญู„ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู„ู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุง.
12:08
My parents were both elected to the first parliament,
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ูƒู„ุง ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูƒุงู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ุงู†ุชูุฎูุจุง ู„ู…ุฌู„ุณ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„,
12:11
alongside Nelson and Winnie Mandela. They were the only other couple.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ูˆ ูˆูŠู†ูŠ ู…ุงู†ุฏู„ุง .ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ุง ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏูŠู†.
12:16
And in 2001, I took a research leave to visit them.
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ูˆ ููŠ 2001 . ุฃุฎุฐุช ุฅุฌุงุฒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ู„ุฒูŠุงุฑุชู‡ู…ุง.
12:20
And while I was busy working -- I was working on these colliding worlds, in the day.
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ูˆ ููŠู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ุดุบูˆู„ุง ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ -- ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŽู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุชุตุงุฏู…ูŠู† ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
12:27
But I learned that there was a desperate shortage of skills,
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ูˆ ุนู„ู…ุช ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ู‚ุตุง ุดุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช,
12:30
especially mathematical skills, in industry, in government, in education.
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ุฎุงุตุฉ ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช , ููŠ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ , ููŠ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ , ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู….
12:38
The ability to make and test models has become essential,
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ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุตู†ุน ูˆ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงู‹
12:42
not only to every single area of science today,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุฌุงู„ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
12:45
but also to modern society itself.
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ุจู„ ูˆ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุจู†ูุณู‡
12:49
And if you don't have math, you're not going to enter the modern age.
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ูˆ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช , ู„ู† ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ
12:55
So I had an idea. And the idea was very simple.
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ . ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏุง
12:58
The idea was to set up an African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, or AIMS.
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุฃูˆ ุขูŠู…ุฒ
13:04
And let's recruit students from the whole of Africa,
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ูˆ ู„ู†ูˆุธู ุทู„ุงุจุง ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
13:08
bring them together with lecturers from all over the world,
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ูˆ ู„ู†ุฌู…ุนู‡ู… ุจู…ุญุงุถุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
13:12
and we'll try to give them a fantastic education.
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ูˆ ู„ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ู… ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุง ุฑุงุฆุนุง
13:17
Well, as a Cambridge professor, I had many contacts.
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ุญุณู†ุง , ูˆ ูƒุจุฑูุณูˆุฑ ุจุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูƒู…ุจุฑูŠุฏุฌ , ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑู
13:20
And to my astonishment, they backed me 100 percent.
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ูˆ ู„ุฏู‡ุดุชูŠ , ุฏุนู…ูˆู†ูŠ 100 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ
13:23
They said, "Go and do it,
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ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ู„ูŠ " ุฃุฐู‡ุจ ูˆ ู‚ู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ
13:25
and we'll come and lecture."
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ูˆ ุณู†ุญุถุฑ ูˆ ุณู†ุญุงุถุฑ"
13:29
And I knew it would be amazing fun to bring brilliant students
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ูˆ ุนู„ู…ุช ูƒู… ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุนุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉู‹ ุฃู† ุชุฌู…ุน ุทู„ุงุจุงู‹ ู†ุงุจุบูŠู†
13:33
from these countries -- where they don't have any opportunities -- together
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ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† , ุญูŠุซ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃูŠุฉ ูุฑุตุฉ , ู…ุนุง
13:37
with the best lecturers in the world --
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ุจุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
13:39
who I knew would come, because of the interest in Africa --
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ูˆ ุงู„ู„ุฐูŠู† ุนู„ู…ุช ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ุณูŠุญุถุฑูˆู† , ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ู‡ู… ุจุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
13:42
and put them together and just let the sparks fly.
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ูˆ ู„ู†ุถุนู‡ู… ู…ุนุง ูˆ ูู‚ุท ู„ู†ุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุฑุช ุชุชุทุงูŠุฑ.
13:49
So we bought a derelict hotel near Cape Town.
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ู„ุฐุง ุงุดุชุฑูŠู†ุง ูู†ุฏู‚ุง ู…ู‡ุฌูˆุฑุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ู† ูƒูŠุจ ุชุงูˆู†.
13:53
It's an 80-room Art Deco hotel from the 1920s.
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ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†80 ุบุฑูุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑุงุฒ ูู† ุงู„ุฒุฎุฑูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ูŠุงุช.
13:56
The area was kind of seedy, so we got an 80-room hotel for 100,000 dollars.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุจุงุฆุณุฉ , ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูู†ุฏู‚ู ุจ80 ุบุฑูุฉ ู„ู‚ุงุก 100,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
14:02
It's a beautiful building. We decided we would refurbish it
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุจู†ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠู„ . ู‚ุฑุฑู†ุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุนู…ูŠุฑู‡.
14:06
and then put out the word:
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ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุญุฏุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู‡ุฏู:
14:08
we're going to start the best math institute in Africa
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ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุจุฏุก ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ููŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
14:12
in this hotel.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูู†ุฏู‚
14:13
Well, the new South Africa is a very exciting country.
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจู„ุฏ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง
14:16
And those of you who haven't been there, you should go.
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ูˆ ู„ู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆุง ู…ู†ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุจู„ุง , ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ.
14:19
It's very, very interesting what's happening.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุฌุฏู ุจุงุนุซู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
14:22
And we recruited wonderful staff,
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ูˆุธูู†ุง ุทุงู‚ู…ุง ุฑุงุฆุนุง,
14:25
highly motivated staff.
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ุทุงู‚ู… ู…ุชุญู…ุณ ุฌุฏุง.
14:27
The other thing that's happened, which was good for us, is the Internet.
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ุดูŠุฆ ุขุฎุฑ ุญุตู„ , ูˆูƒุงู† ุฌูŠุฏุง ู„ู†ุง ุญู‚ุง , ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
14:31
Even though the Internet is very expensive all over Africa,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุบุงู„ูŠุง ุฌุฏุง ููŠ ูƒุงูุฉ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง,
14:34
there are Internet cafes everywhere.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู‚ุงู‡ูŠ ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
14:36
And bright young Africans are desperate to join the global community,
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ูˆ ุดุจุงุจ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ู†ุงุจุบูŠู† ูŠุชุทู„ุนูˆู† ู„ู„ุฅู†ุถู…ุงู… ู„ู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ,
14:41
to be successful -- and they're very ambitious.
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ู„ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู†ุงุฌุญูŠู† -- ูˆ ู‡ู… ุทู…ูˆุญูŠู† ุฌุฏุง .
14:44
They want to be the next Einstein.
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ู‡ู… ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุขูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู….
14:50
And so when word came out that AIMS was opening,
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ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃูุนู„ู† ุฃู† ุขูŠู…ุฒ ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุฅูุชุชุงุญ
14:53
it spread very quickly via e-mail and our website.
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ุฃู†ุชุดุฑ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ ูˆ ุนุจุฑ ู…ูˆู‚ุนู†ุง
14:57
And we got lots of applicants.
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ูˆุฑุงุณู„ู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†
14:59
Well, we designed AIMS as a 24-hour learning environment,
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุตู…ู…ู†ุง ุขูŠู…ุฒ ู„ุชูƒูˆู† ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ู ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉ
15:02
and it was fantastic to start a university from the beginning.
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ูƒุงู† ุฑุงุฆุนุง ุจุฏุก ุฌุงู…ุนุฉู ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
15:06
You have to rethink, what is the university for?
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ , ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุŸ
15:10
And that's really exciting.
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ูุนู„ุง
15:12
So we designed it to have interactive teaching.
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ู„ุฐุง ุตู…ู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ู„ุชุญูˆูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุง ุชูุงุนู„ูŠุง
15:15
No droning on at the chalkboard.
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ู„ูŠุณ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุง ู…ู…ู„ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู„ูˆุญ ุงู„ุทุจุงุดูŠุฑ
15:19
We emphasize problem-solving, working in groups,
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ุฑูƒุฒู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ , ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช
15:23
every student discovering and maximizing their own potential
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ูƒู„ ุทุงู„ุจ ูŠูƒุชุดู ูˆ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡
15:27
and not chasing grades.
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ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุณุงุนูŠุง ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุงุช
15:30
Everyone lives together in this hotel -- lecturers and students --
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ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠุนูŠุด ุณูˆูŠุฉู‹ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูู†ุฏู‚ , ู…ุญุงุถุฑูŠู†ูŽ ูˆ ุทู„ุงุจุงู‹
15:32
and it's not surprising at all to find an impromptu tutorial at 1 a.m.
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ูˆ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุงุฌุฆ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑุณุง ู…ุฑุชุฌู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูุฌุฑุง.
15:38
The students don't usually leave the computer lab till 2 or 3 a.m.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุบุงุฏุฑูˆู† ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจู‡ู… ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ูุฌุฑุง.
15:42
And then they're up again at eight in the morning.
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ูˆ ุชุฌุฏู‡ู… ู…ุณุชูŠู‚ุธูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู…ู†ุฉ ุตุจุงุญุง.
15:44
Lectures, problem-solving and so on. It's an extraordinary place.
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ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุชู , ุญู„ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ู ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฏูˆุงู„ูŠูƒ . ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุฎุงุฑู‚ ู„ู„ุนุงุฏุฉ.
15:51
We especially emphasize areas of great relevance to Africa's development,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุดุฏุฉ ุจุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
15:56
because, in those areas, scientists working in Africa will have a competitive advantage.
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ู„ุฃู† ูˆ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ููŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง , ูˆ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู… ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุชู†ุงูุณูŠุฉ
16:02
They'll publish, be invited to conferences.
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ุณูŠู†ุดุฑูˆู† , ูˆ ุณูŠุฏุนูŽูˆู†ูŽ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑุงุช.
16:04
They'll do well. They'll have successful careers.
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ุณูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ, ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู…ู‡ู†ูŠ ุจุงู‡ุฑ.
16:10
And AIMS has done extremely well.
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ูˆ ู‚ุงู…ุช ุขูŠู…ุฒ ุจุนู…ู„ ู…ู…ูŠุฒ ูุนู„ุง .
16:12
Here is a list of last year's graduates, graduated in June,
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ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุงุฆุญุฉ ุจุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ูุงุฆุช , ุชุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ููŠ ูŠูˆู†ูŠูˆ ,
16:16
and what they're currently doing -- 48 of them.
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ูˆ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุขู† , ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุงู„48 .
16:19
And where they are is indicated over here.
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ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ุนู…ู„ู‡ู… ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ู‡ู†ุง .
16:23
And where they've gone. So these are all postgraduate students.
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ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠู† ุฐู‡ุจูˆุง . ู„ุฐุง ูƒู„ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ูˆุงุตู„ูˆุง ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุนู„ูŠุง
16:27
And they've all gone on to master's and Ph.D. degrees in excellent places.
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ูˆ ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุฌุณุชูŠุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงุฉ ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ู…ุชุงุฒุฉ.
16:34
Five students can be educated at AIMS
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุทู„ุงุจ ููŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ
16:36
for the cost of educating one in the U.S. or Europe.
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ุจุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุทุงู„ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง.
16:40
But more important, the pan-African student body
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ , ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจูŠ ุงู„ุฅู‚ุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ุจุฃุฌู…ุนู‡
16:43
is a continual source of strength, pride and commitment to Africa.
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ู…ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุฉ , ุงู„ูุฎุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู„ุชุฒุงู… ุจุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
16:49
We illustrate AIMS' progress by coloring in the countries of Africa.
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ู†ุธู‡ุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ุฅู†ุชุดุงุฑ ุขูŠู…ุฒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชู„ูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ููŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
16:54
So here you can see behind this list.
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ู„ุฐุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฎู„ู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุงุฆุญุฉ
16:56
When a county is colored yellow, we've received an application;
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ุนู†ุฏุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ู…ู„ูˆู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฃุตูุฑ : ุชู„ู‚ูŠู†ุง ุทู„ุจ ุงู„ุชุญุงู‚
17:00
orange, we've accepted an application; and green,
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ุจุฑุชู‚ุงู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุทู„ุจ , ูˆ ุจุงู„ุงุฎุถุฑ :
17:05
a student has graduated.
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ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุทุงู„ุจ
17:07
So here is where we were after the first graduation in 2004.
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ุฃุฐู† ู‡ู†ุง ูƒุงู† ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ููŠ 2004
17:11
And we set ourselves a goal of turning the continent green.
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ูˆ ู†ุตุจู†ุง ู‡ุฏูู†ุง ุจุฃู† ู†ุญูˆู‘ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉูŽ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฎุถุฑ
17:15
So there's 2005, -6, -7, -8.
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง 2005 , -6, -7 , -8
17:19
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
17:29
We're well on the way to achieving our initial goal.
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ู†ุญู† ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู‡ุฏูู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠ
17:33
We had some of the students filmed at home before they came to AIMS.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุตูˆุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุจู„ุฏุงู†ู‡ู… ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ุฏูˆู…ู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุขูŠู…ุฒ
17:37
And I'll just show you one.
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ูˆ ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท
17:40
Tendai Mugwagwa: My name is Tendai Mugwagwa.
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ุชูู†ุฏุงูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุงุฌูˆุง : ุฅุณู…ูŠ ุชูู†ุฏุงูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุงุฌูˆุง
17:44
I have a Bachelor of Science with an education degree.
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ุฃุญู…ู„ ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุงู„ูˆุฑูŠูˆุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ู…ุน ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู…
17:47
I will be attending AIMS.
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ุณุฃุญุถุฑ ุขูŠู…ุฒ.
17:49
My understanding of the course is that it covers quite a lot.
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ูู‡ู…ูŠ ู„ู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุบุทูŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ.
17:53
You know, from physics to medicine,
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† , ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุจ,
17:57
in particular, epidemiology and also mathematical modeling.
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ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุฆุฉ ูˆ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠ .
18:03
Neil Turok: So Tendai came to AIMS and did very well.
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ู†ูŠูŠู„ ุชูˆุฑูˆูƒ : ู„ุฐุง ุญุถุฑุช ุชูู†ุฏูŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ , ูˆ ุฃุฏุช ุจุดูƒู„ู ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
18:08
And I'll let her take it from there.
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ูˆ ุณุฃุชุฑูƒู‡ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐูƒู… ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง.
18:16
TM: My name is Tendai Mugwagwa
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ุชูŠ ุฅู… : ุฅุณู…ูŠ ุชูู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุฌูˆุงุฌูˆุง
18:18
and I was a student at AIMS in 2003 and 2004.
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ูƒู†ุช ุทุงู„ุจุฉ ููŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ 2003 ูˆ 2004.
18:22
After leaving AIMS, I went on to do a master's in applied mathematics
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ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุชุฎุฑุฌุช ู…ู† ุขูŠู…ุฒ , ุฐู‡ุจุช ู„ุฃุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุฌุณุชูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ูŠุฉ .
18:27
at the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
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ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูƒุงูŠุจ ุชุงูˆู† ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
18:30
After that, I came to the Netherlands
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ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ , ุฃุชูŠุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆู„ู†ุฏุง
18:32
where I'm now doing a Ph.D. in theoretical immunology.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงู‡ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠ.
18:35
Professor: Tendai is working very independently.
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ุงู„ุจุฑูุณูˆุฑ : ุชูู†ุฏูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ ุชู…ุงู…ุง
18:38
She communicates well with the immunologists at the hospital.
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ูˆ ุชุชูˆุงุตู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ู…ุน ุงุฎุชุตุงุตูŠูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰
18:42
So all in all I have a very good Ph.D. student from South Africa.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ู„ ู„ุฏูŠ ุทุงู„ุจุฉ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงุฉ ุฌูŠุฏู ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
18:46
So I'm happy she's here.
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฃู†ุง ุณุนูŠุฏ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง
18:49
NT: Another student in the first year of AIMS was Shehu.
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ู†ูŠูŠู„ ุชูˆุฑูˆูƒ: ุทุงู„ุจ ุขุฎุฑ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ููŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠู‡ูˆ
18:53
And he's shown here with his favorite high school teacher.
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ูˆ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุน ู…ุนู„ู…ุฉู ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„
18:58
And then entering university in northern Nigeria.
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ู†ูŠุฌูŠุฑูŠุง
19:04
And after AIMS, Shehu wanted to do high-energy physics,
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุขูŠู…ุฒ , ุดูŠู‡ูˆ ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฑุณ ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
19:09
and he came to Cambridge.
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏู… ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู…ุจุฑูŠุฏุฌ
19:11
He's about to finish his Ph.D.,
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ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฅู†ู‡ุงุก ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงู‡
19:14
and he was filmed recently with someone you all know.
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุตููˆุฑ ุญุฏูŠุซุง ู…ุน ุดุฎุตู ุชุนุฑููˆู†ู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนุง
19:18
Shehu: And from there we will be able to,
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ุดูŠู‡ูˆ : ูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰
19:20
hopefully, make better predictions and then we compare it
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ู†ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชูˆู‚ุนุงุช ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู…ูŽ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุชู‡ุง
19:23
to the graph and also make some predictions.
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ู„ู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ุนุงุช
19:28
Stephen Hawking: That is nice.
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ุณุชูŠูู† ู‡ูˆูƒู†ุฌ : ู‡ุฐุง ุฌู…ูŠู„
19:31
NT: Here are the current students at AIMS. There are 53 of them
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ู†ูŠูŠู„ ุชูˆุฑูˆูƒ : ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ . ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 53 ู…ู†ู‡ู…
19:34
from 20 different countries, including 20 women.
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ู…ู† 20 ุจู„ุฏุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุง , ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… 20 ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก.
19:38
So now I'm going to get to my TED business.
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ู„ุฐุง ุณุฃุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุตู„ุจ ุนู…ู„ ุชูŠุฏ.
19:41
Well, we had a party. This is Africa --
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ุญุณู†ุง , ูƒู†ุง ููŠ ุญูู„ , ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
19:44
we have good parties in Africa. And last month, they threw a surprise party for me.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูู„ุงุช ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง . ูˆ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ , ุฃู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุญูู„ุงู‹ ู…ูุงุฌุฆู‹
19:48
Here's somebody you've seen already.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุดุฎุตูŒ ุณุจู‚ ูˆ ุฑุฃูŠุชู…ูˆู‡
19:50
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
20:14
I want to point out a few other exceptional people in this picture.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุดูŠุฑ ู„ุนุฏุฉ ุงุดุฎุงุต ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ
20:18
So, we were having a party,
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ูƒู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญูู„
20:19
as you can see they're completely eclipsing me at this point.
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุทู…ุณูˆู† ุตูˆุฑุชูŠ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
20:23
This is Ezra. She's from Darfur.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅุณุฑุงุก . ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฑููˆุฑ
20:26
She's a physicist, and somehow stays smiling,
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ , ูˆ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุจุชุณู…ุฉูŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู…
20:30
in spite of everything going on back home.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ููŠ ู…ูˆุทู†ู‡ุง
20:32
But she wants to continue in physics, and she's doing extremely well.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชูƒู…ู„ ู…ุดูˆุงุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ ุฌุฏุง
20:36
This is Lydia. Lydia is the first ever woman
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุฏูŠุง . ู„ูŠุฏูŠุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚
20:40
to graduate in mathematics in the Central African Republic.
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฎุฑุฌุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ููŠ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ
20:43
And she's now at AIMS. (Applause)
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ. (ุชุตููŠู‚)
20:49
So now let me get to our TED wish.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุชู‚ุฏู… ุจุฃู…ู†ูŠุฉ ุชูŠุฏ
20:53
Well, it's not my TED wish; it's our wish, as you've already gathered.
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ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ุฃู…ู†ูŠุฉ ุชูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูŠ , ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู…ู†ูŠุชู†ุง , ุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ุงุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุนุง
20:58
And our wish has two parts:
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ูˆ ุฃู…ู†ูŠุชู†ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุฌุงู†ุจุงู† :
21:01
one is a dream and the other's a plan. OK.
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ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุญู„ู… ูˆ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุฎุทุฉ. ุญุณู†ุง
21:06
Our TED dream is that the next Einstein will be African. (Applause)
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ุญู„ู… ุชูŠุฏ ุฎุงุตูŽุชูู†ุง ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุขูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง. (ุชุตููŠู‚)
21:25
In striving for the heights of creative genius,
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ู…ุน ุณุนูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุญุซูŠุซ ู„ุณู…ูˆ ุนุจู‚ุฑูŠู ุฎู„ุงู‚
21:26
we want to give thousands of people the motivation,
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ู…ู†ุญ ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฏุงูุน
21:31
the encouragement and the courage
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชุดุฌูŠุน ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฌุงุนุฉ
21:33
to obtain the high-level skills they need to help Africa.
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ู„ูŠูƒุชุณุจูˆุง ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู„ุฒู…ู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณุงุนุฏูˆุง ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
21:38
Among them will be not only brilliant scientists --
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ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุนุจุงู‚ุฑุฉ
21:41
I'm sure of that from what we've seen at AIMS --
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู…ุง ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุขูŠู…ุฒ
21:44
they'll also be the African Gates, Brins and Pages of the future.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุบุงูŠุชุณ ุฃูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ุจุฑุงูŠู†ุฒ ูˆ ุจุงูŠุฌุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
21:50
Well, I said we also have a plan. And our plan is quite simple.
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ุญุณู†ุง , ุฃู†ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฎุทุฉ . ูˆ ุฎุทุชู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ
21:54
AIMS is now a proven model.
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ุขูŠู…ุฒ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูŠ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู…ุซุจูŽุช
21:56
And what we need to do is to replicate it.
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ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฅุณุชู†ุณุงุฎ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ
22:00
We want to roll out 15 AIMS centers in the next five years, all over Africa.
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ู†ุดูŠ 15 ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุขูŠู…ุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‚ุจู„ุฉ , ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
22:04
Each will have a pan-African student body,
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุทู„ุงุจูŠ ู…ู† ูƒุงูุฉ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
22:09
but specialize in a different area of science.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูŠุชุฎุตุต ููŠ ู†ูˆุงุญ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉู ู…ู† ู…ู†ุงุญ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…
22:11
We want to use science to overcome the national and cultural barriers,
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู„ู†ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุจู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูุงุช ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ
22:16
as it does at AIMS.
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุขูŠู…ุฒ ุงู„ุขู†
22:17
And we want to add elements to the curriculum.
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ูˆ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู„ู„ู…ู†ู‡ุงุฌ
22:19
We want to add entrepreneurship and policy skills.
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ู†ุถูŠู ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฅู‚ุฏุงู… ูˆ ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุงุช
22:24
The expanded AIMS will be a coherent pan-African institution,
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ุขูŠู…ุฒ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุฏ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุชู…ุงุณูƒ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠูŠู†
22:27
and its graduates will form a powerful network,
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ูˆ ุฎุฑูŠุฌูˆู‡ุง ุณูŠุดูƒู„ูˆู† ุดุจูƒุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ
22:31
working together for peace and progress across the continent.
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ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ุนุง ู„ู„ุณู„ุงู… ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑู‡
22:37
Over the last year,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฑู…
22:39
we've been visiting sites in Africa,
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ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฒูˆุฑ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุดุชู‰ ููŠ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
22:41
looking at potential sites for new AIMS centers.
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ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ุญุชู…ู„ุฉ ู„ู…ุฑุงูƒุฒ ุขูŠู…ุฒ
22:44
And here are the ones we've selected.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุง ูˆู‚ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑู†ุง
22:46
And each of these centers has a strong local team,
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ูˆ ูƒู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ููŠู‡ ูุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุญู„ูŠ ู‚ูˆูŠ
22:50
each is in a beautiful place, an interesting place,
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ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุฌู…ูŠู„ , ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…
22:52
which international lecturers will be happy to visit.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณูŠูุณุนูŽุฏู ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠูˆู† ุจุฒูŠุงุฑุชู‡ุง
22:55
And our partners across Africa are extremely enthusiastic about this.
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ูˆ ุดุฑูƒุงุคู†ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ูŠู…ู„ุคู‡ู… ุงู„ุญู…ุงุณ ู„ู‡ุฐุง
23:00
Everyone wants an AIMS center in their country.
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ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุขูŠู…ุฒ ููŠ ุจู„ุฏู‡
23:04
And last November,
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ูˆ ููŠ ู†ูˆูู…ุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ
23:06
the conference of all the African ministers of science and technology,
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ููŠ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ูˆุฒุฑุงุก ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ู„ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูˆ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
23:10
held in Mombasa, called for a comprehensive plan to roll out AIMS.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู‚ุฏ ููŠ ู…ู…ุจุงุณุง , ุฏุนุง ู„ุฎุทุฉ ุดุงู…ู„ุฉ ู„ู†ุดุฑ ุขูŠู…ุฒ
23:15
So we have political support right across the continent.
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ู„ุฐู† ูู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฏุนู… ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ
23:18
It won't be easy.
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ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู…ุฑุง ุณู‡ู„ุง
23:21
At every site there will be huge challenges.
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู‚ุจุงุช ุฌู…ุฉ
23:23
Local scientists must play leading roles
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกู ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู† ุฃู† ูŠู„ุนุจูˆุง ุฏูˆุฑุง ู‚ุงุฆุฏุง
23:26
and governments must be persuaded to buy in.
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ูˆ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุณุนูŠ ู„ุงู‚ู†ุงุน ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ
23:30
Conditions are very difficult,
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ุงู„ุดุฑูˆุท ุตุนุจุฉ
23:32
but we cannot afford to compromise on those principles which made AIMS work.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู†ุฌุญุช ุขูŠู…ุฒ
23:39
And we summarize them this way:
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ูˆ ู„ู†ู„ุฎุตู‡ู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ:
23:41
the institutes have got to be relevant, innovative,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฐุงุช ุตู„ุฉ , ุฎู„ุงู‚ุฉ
23:44
cost-effective and high quality. Why?
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ูุงุนู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ูุฉ ูˆ ุฐุงุช ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ . ู„ู… ุŸ
23:46
Because we want Africa to be rich.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุซุฑุงุก ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
23:49
Easy to remember the basic rules we need.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุฃู† ู†ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ
23:56
So, just in ending, let me say the only people who can fix Africa
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ู„ุฐุง ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุชุงู… ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
23:59
are talented young Africans.
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ู‡ู… ู…ูˆู‡ูˆุจูˆุง ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ูŠุงูุนูŠู†.
24:02
By unlocking and nurturing their creative potential,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุญ ุงู„ุฃุจูˆุงุจ ูˆ ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู†ุฉ
24:05
we can create a step change in Africa's future.
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุฎู„ู‚ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
24:09
Over time, they will contribute to African development
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ูˆ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุณูŠุณู‡ู…ูˆู† ููŠ ุชุทูˆุฑ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
24:13
and to science in ways we can only imagine.
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ูˆ ู„ู„ุนู„ู… ุจุทุฑู‚ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ู†ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุง.
24:16
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
24:18
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7