Neil Turok: 2008 TED Prize wish: An African Einstein

64,846 views ใƒป 2008-03-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ariel Rosenfelder ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
It was an incredible surprise to me
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืชืขื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
00:16
to find out that there was actually an organization that cared about both parts of my life.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:22
Because, basically,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
00:23
I work as a theoretical physicist.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™.
00:25
I develop and test models of the Big Bang,
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ืื ื™ ืžืคืชื— ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:28
using observational data.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
00:31
And I've been moonlighting for the last five years
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ื•ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
00:34
helping with a project in Africa.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:37
And, I get a lot of flak for this at Cambridge.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
00:41
People wonder, you know, "How do you have time to do this?" And so on.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, "ืื™ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?" ื•ื›ื•'.
00:45
And so it was simply astonishing to me
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
00:48
to find an organization that actually appreciated both those sides.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
00:52
So I thought I'd start off by just telling you a little bit about myself
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™
00:55
and why I lead this schizophrenic life.
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
00:59
Well, I was born in South Africa and my parents were imprisoned
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื›ืœื
01:04
for resisting the racist regime.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™.
01:06
When they were released, we left and we went as refugees to Kenya and Tanzania.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•, ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ื•ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื›ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื ื™ื” ื•ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”.
01:13
Both were very young countries then,
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ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื– ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
01:15
and full of hope for the future.
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ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“.
01:18
We had an amazing childhood. We didn't have any money,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
01:20
but we were outdoors most of the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:23
We had fantastic friends and we saw the wonders of the world,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:28
like Kilimanjaro, Serengeti and the Olduvai Gorge.
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ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ืžื ื’'ืจื•, ืกืจื ื’ื˜ื™, ื•ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ืื™.
01:34
Well, then we moved to London for high school.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื– ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:36
And after that -- there's nothing much to say about that.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” - ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:41
It was rather dull. But I came back to Africa
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
01:45
at the age of 17, as a volunteer teacher
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17, ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืžืชื ื“ื‘
01:49
to Lesotho, which is a tiny country,
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ืœืœืกื•ื˜ื•, ืฉื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื”,
01:52
surrounded at that time by apartheid South Africa.
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ืฉื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
01:57
Well, 80 percent of the men in Lesotho
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืกื•ื˜ื•
02:00
worked in the mines over the border,
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
02:04
in brutal conditions.
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื.
02:07
Nevertheless, I -- as I'm sure -- as a rather irritating young, white man
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ - ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— - ื›ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ
02:13
coming into their village, I was welcomed with incredible hospitality and warmth.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ืœื›ืคืจ, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื.
02:19
But the kids were the best part.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:21
The kids were amazing: extremely eager and often very bright.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
02:26
And I'm just going to tell you one story,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
02:28
which got through to me.
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ืฉื ื’ืข ื‘ื™.
02:31
I used to try to take the kids outside as often as possible,
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ื ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ,
02:33
to try to connect the academic stuff with the real world.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:38
And they weren't used to that.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”.
02:41
But I took them outside one day and I said,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
02:43
"I want you to estimate the height of the building."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืืžื“ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ".
02:46
And I expected them to put a ruler next to the wall,
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ,
02:49
size it up with a finger, and make an estimate of the height.
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ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข, ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”.
02:54
But there was one little boy, very small for his age.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœื•.
02:58
He was the son of one of the poorest families in the village.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
03:01
And he wasn't doing that. He was scribbling with chalk on the pavement.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื˜ ืขื ื’ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”.
03:06
And so, I said -- I was annoyed -- I said, "What are you doing?
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ - ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื ืชื™ - ืืžืจืชื™ "ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
03:09
I want you to estimate the height of the building."
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืืžื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ".
03:11
He said, "OK. I measured the height of a brick.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืžื“ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
03:14
I counted the number of bricks and now I'm multiplying."
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ืกืคืจืชื™ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื›ืคื™ืœ".
03:19
Well -- (Laughter) -- I hadn't thought of that one.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:24
And many experiences like this happened to me.
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ื•ืงืจื• ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
03:28
Another one is that I met a miner. He was home on his three-month leave from the mines.
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ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช.
03:36
Sitting next to him one day, he said, "There's only one thing that I really loved at school.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
03:42
And you know what it was? Shakespeare." And he recited some to me.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”? ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ". ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืœื™ ืงืฆืช.
03:49
And these and many similar experiences convinced me
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ื•ื–ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื™
03:53
that there are just tons of bright kids in Africa
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:57
-- inventive kids, intellectual kids --
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื,
04:01
and starved of opportunity.
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ื•ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื“ื ื•ืช.
04:02
And if Africa is going to get fixed, it's by them, not by us.
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ื•ืื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืชืชื•ืงืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื•.
04:08
Well, after -- (Applause) -- that's the truth.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™... ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช.
04:14
Well, after Lesotho, I traveled across Africa
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ืœืกื•ื˜ื•, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:17
before returning to England
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”
04:20
-- so gray and depressing, in comparison.
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- ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืคื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื›ืืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”.
04:23
And I went to Cambridge. And there, I fell for theoretical physics.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื•ืฉื, ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
04:30
Well, I'm not going to explain this equation,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:32
but theoretical physics is really an amazing subject.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืช, ื ื•ืฉื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:36
We can write down all the laws of physics we know in one line.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช.
04:42
And, admittedly, it's in a very shorthand notation.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืฆืจ.
04:47
And it contains 18 free parameters,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ 18 ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื,
04:51
OK, which we have to fit to the data.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข.
04:54
So it's not the final story,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
04:56
but it's an incredibly powerful summary of everything we know
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
05:01
about nature at the most basic level.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
05:05
And apart from a few very important loose ends, which you've heard about here --
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ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืžืขืชื ื›ืืŸ -
05:09
like dark energy and dark matter --
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ื›ืžื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ -
05:12
this equation describes,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืืจืช -
05:14
seems to describe everything about the universe and what's in it.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
05:19
But there's one big puzzle remaining,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืช ื—ื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
05:21
and this was most succinctly put to me by my primary school math teacher in
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
05:26
Tanzania, who's a wonderful Scottish lady
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ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช
05:29
who I still stay in touch with.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื”.
05:32
And she's now in her 80s.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”.
05:34
And when I try to explain my work to her, she waved away all the details, and she said,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจืช:
05:39
"Neil, there's only one question that really matters.
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ื ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:44
What banged?" (Laughter)
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ืžื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ?"
05:48
"Everyone talks about the Big Bang. What banged?"
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"ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ?"
05:53
And she's right. It's a question we've all been avoiding.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช. ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชื—ืžืงื ื• ืžืžื ื”.
05:58
The standard explanation is that the universe somehow sprang into existence,
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืงืคืฅ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
06:03
full of a strange kind of energy
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ืžืœื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ืจ
06:05
-- inflationary energy -- which blew it up.
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- ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” - ืฉืคื•ืฆืฆื” ืื•ืชื•.
06:10
But the puzzle of why the universe emerged in that peculiar state
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฆืฅ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:14
is completely unsolved.
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ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
06:18
Now, I worked on that theory for a while, with Stephen Hawking and others.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:22
But then I began to explore another alternative.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช.
06:25
The alternative is that the Big Bang wasn't the beginning.
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
06:28
Perhaps the universe existed before the bang,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ,
06:31
and the bang was just a violent event in a pre-existing universe.
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ื•ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
06:36
Well, this possibility is actually suggested
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื”
06:39
by the latest theories, the unified theories,
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
06:42
which try to explain all those 18 free parameters
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ืฉืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื 18 ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื
06:45
in a single framework, which will hopefully predict all of them.
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ื‘ืฉืœื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื™ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
06:52
And I'll just share a cartoon of this idea here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืฆื™ื’ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:55
It's all I can convey. According to these theories,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
06:58
there are extra dimensions of space, not just the three we're familiar with,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
07:01
but at every point in the room there are more dimensions.
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ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
07:05
And in particular, there's one rather strange one,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™,
07:07
in the most elegant unified theories we have.
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
07:10
The strange one looks likes this:
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš:
07:12
that we live in a three-dimensional world.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
07:15
We live in one of these worlds, and I can only show it as a sheet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ืฃ,
07:19
but it's really three-dimensional.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
07:22
And a tiny distance away, there's another sheet,
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื–ืขื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื“ืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
07:26
also three-dimensional, and they're separated by a gap.
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ื’ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—.
07:28
The gap is very tiny, and I've blown it up so you can see it.
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ื™ืคื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื•.
07:31
But it's really a tiny fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื.
07:36
I won't go into the details of why we think the universe is like this,
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ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ื”
07:39
but it comes out of the math and trying to explain the physics that we know.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
07:43
Well, I got interested in this because it seemed to me that it was an obvious question.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”.
07:47
Which is, what happens if these two, three-dimensional worlds
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:50
should actually collide?
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ืžืžืฉ ื™ืชื ื’ืฉื•?
07:54
And if they collide, it would look a lot like the Big Bang.
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:57
But it's slightly different than in the conventional picture.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช.
08:00
The conventional picture of the Big Bang is a point.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
08:02
Everything comes out of a point;
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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื ืงื•ื“ื”.
08:04
you have infinite density. And all the equations break down.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช.
08:08
No hope of describing that.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:10
In this picture, you'll notice,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืืชื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
08:12
the bang is extended. It's not a point.
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ื”ืžืคืฅ ืžืชืจื—ื‘. ื–ื” ืœื ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
08:14
The density of matter is finite, and we have a chance
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ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
08:17
of a consistent set of equations that can describe the whole process.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
08:22
So, to cut a long story short, we've explored this alternative.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:25
We've shown that it can fit
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ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื
08:27
all of the data that we have about the formation of galaxies,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
08:31
the fluctuations in the microwave background.
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ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืข ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•.
08:34
Furthermore, there's an experimental way
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช
08:36
to tell this theory, apart from the inflationary explanation that I told you before.
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื.
08:43
It involves gravitational waves.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
08:46
And in this scenario, not only was the Big Bang not the beginning,
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ื•ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
08:49
as you can see from the picture,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:52
it can happen over and over again.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
08:54
It may be that we live in an endless universe,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจ,
08:57
both in space and in time.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื–ืžืŸ.
09:01
And there've been bangs in the past, and there will be bangs in the future.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
09:04
And maybe we live in an endless universe.
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจ.
09:08
Well, making and testing models of the universe
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
09:13
is, for me, the best way I have of enjoying and appreciating the universe.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
09:20
We need to make the best mathematical models we can,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•,
09:22
the most consistent ones.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื.
09:24
And then we scrutinize them, logically and with data.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘, ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข.
09:28
And we try to convince ourselves --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• -
09:31
we really try to convince ourselves they're wrong.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
09:33
That's progress: when we prove things wrong.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš: ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:36
And gradually, we hopefully move closer and closer to understanding the world.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:42
As I pursued my career, something was always gnawing away inside me.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉืงื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ื™ืจืกื ืื•ืชื™.
09:47
What about Africa?
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ืžื” ืขื ืืคืจื™ืงื”?
09:50
What about those kids I'd left behind?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจ?
09:55
Instead of developing, as we'd all hoped in the '60s,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
09:58
things had gotten worse.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืจืง ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ.
10:00
Africa was gripped by poverty, disease and war.
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืฉื‘ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื ื™, ื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”.
10:04
This is very graphically shown by the Worldmapper website and project.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ Worldmapper.
10:10
And so the idea is to represent each country
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
10:13
on a map, but scale the area according to some quantity.
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ืขืœ ืžืคื”, ืืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
10:19
So here's just the standard area map of the world.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช.
10:21
By the way, Africa is very large.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“.
10:23
And the next map now shows Africa's GDP in 1960,
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ื•ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ - 1960,
10:28
around the time of independence for many African states.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
10:33
Now, this is 1990, and then 2002. And here's a projection for 2015.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• 1990 ื•ืื– 2002. ื•ื”ื ื” ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœ - 2015.
10:44
Big changes are happening in the world,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:45
but they're not helping Africa.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:48
What about Africa's population? The population isn't out of proportion to its area,
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ืžื” ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”? ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืคื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”,
10:52
but Africa leads the world in deaths from often preventable causes:
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข:
10:57
malnutrition, simple infections and birth complications.
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ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ ืœื™ื“ื”.
11:04
Then there's HIV/AIDS. And then there are deaths from war.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ HIV/AIDS. ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
11:09
OK, currently there are 45,000 people a month dying in the Congo,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื™ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื 45,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
11:14
as a consequence of the war
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
11:16
there over coltan and diamonds and other things.
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ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ, ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'...
11:20
It's still going on.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš.
11:24
What about Africa's capacity to do something about these problems?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
11:27
Well, here's the number of physicians in Africa.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:32
Here's the number of people in higher education.
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ื”ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
11:37
And here -- most shocking to me --
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ื•ื”ื ื” - ืžื” ืฉืื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข -
11:39
the number of scientific research papers coming out of Africa.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:43
It just doesn't exist scientifically.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื.
11:48
And this was very eloquently argued at TED Africa:
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื‘ - TED ืืคืจื™ืงื”:
11:51
that all of the aid that's been given
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
11:53
has completely failed to put Africa onto its own two feet.
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ืœื ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืื•ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื”.
12:01
Well, the transition to democracy in South Africa in 1994
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘- 1994
12:04
was literally a dream come true for many of us.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
12:08
My parents were both elected to the first parliament,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
12:11
alongside Nelson and Winnie Mandela. They were the only other couple.
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ืœืฆื“ ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื”. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™.
12:16
And in 2001, I took a research leave to visit them.
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ื•ื‘- 2001, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื.
12:20
And while I was busy working -- I was working on these colliding worlds, in the day.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื.
12:27
But I learned that there was a desperate shortage of skills,
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:30
especially mathematical skills, in industry, in government, in education.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
12:38
The ability to make and test models has become essential,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช,
12:42
not only to every single area of science today,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื•ื,
12:45
but also to modern society itself.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
12:49
And if you don't have math, you're not going to enter the modern age.
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ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืชื” ืœื ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
12:55
So I had an idea. And the idea was very simple.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
12:58
The idea was to set up an African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, or AIMS.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ AIMS.
13:04
And let's recruit students from the whole of Africa,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
13:08
bring them together with lecturers from all over the world,
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ื•ื ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžืจืฆื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:12
and we'll try to give them a fantastic education.
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ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
13:17
Well, as a Cambridge professor, I had many contacts.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืงืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’', ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืฉืจื™ื.
13:20
And to my astonishment, they backed me 100 percent.
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ื•ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื™, ื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ - 100%.
13:23
They said, "Go and do it,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืœืš ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
13:25
and we'll come and lecture."
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ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช".
13:29
And I knew it would be amazing fun to bring brilliant students
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืื“ื™ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื
13:33
from these countries -- where they don't have any opportunities -- together
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ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื“
13:37
with the best lecturers in the world --
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ืขื ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:39
who I knew would come, because of the interest in Africa --
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ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:42
and put them together and just let the sparks fly.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืขื•ืฃ.
13:49
So we bought a derelict hotel near Cape Town.
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ืื– ืงื ื™ื ื• ืžืœื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ.
13:53
It's an 80-room Art Deco hotel from the 1920s.
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ื–ื” ืžืœื•ืŸ ืืจื˜ ื“ืงื• ืขื 80 ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื” - 20.
13:56
The area was kind of seedy, so we got an 80-room hotel for 100,000 dollars.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื ื—, ื›ื›ื” ืฉืงื ื™ื ื• ืžืœื•ืŸ ืขื 80 ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ - 100,000$.
14:02
It's a beautiful building. We decided we would refurbish it
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื”. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืฉืคืฅ ืื•ืชื•
14:06
and then put out the word:
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ื•ืื– ื”ืคืฆื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”:
14:08
we're going to start the best math institute in Africa
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
14:12
in this hotel.
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ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
14:13
Well, the new South Africa is a very exciting country.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืชืงืช.
14:16
And those of you who haven't been there, you should go.
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ื•ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื›ื ืœืœื›ืช.
14:19
It's very, very interesting what's happening.
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ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
14:22
And we recruited wonderful staff,
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ื•ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ,
14:25
highly motivated staff.
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
14:27
The other thing that's happened, which was good for us, is the Internet.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืงืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
14:31
Even though the Internet is very expensive all over Africa,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
14:34
there are Internet cafes everywhere.
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืงืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
14:36
And bright young Africans are desperate to join the global community,
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ื•ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช,
14:41
to be successful -- and they're very ambitious.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— - ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื™ื.
14:44
They want to be the next Einstein.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื.
14:50
And so when word came out that AIMS was opening,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช AIMS ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
14:53
it spread very quickly via e-mail and our website.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืื™-ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:57
And we got lots of applicants.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
14:59
Well, we designed AIMS as a 24-hour learning environment,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื™ื›ื ื ื• ืืช AIMS ื›ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
15:02
and it was fantastic to start a university from the beginning.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœื”.
15:06
You have to rethink, what is the university for?
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”?
15:10
And that's really exciting.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
15:12
So we designed it to have interactive teaching.
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ืื– ืชื›ื ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
15:15
No droning on at the chalkboard.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืœื•ื— ื•ื’ื™ืจ.
15:19
We emphasize problem-solving, working in groups,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ-ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
15:23
every student discovering and maximizing their own potential
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ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžื’ืœื” ื•ืžืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ื•,
15:27
and not chasing grades.
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ื•ืœื ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.
15:30
Everyone lives together in this hotel -- lecturers and students --
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ื›ื•ืœื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ, ืžืจืฆื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
15:32
and it's not surprising at all to find an impromptu tutorial at 1 a.m.
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ื•ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
15:38
The students don't usually leave the computer lab till 2 or 3 a.m.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ 2:00 ืื• 3:00 ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
15:42
And then they're up again at eight in the morning.
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ื•ื”ื ืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ - 8:00 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
15:44
Lectures, problem-solving and so on. It's an extraordinary place.
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ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช, ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
15:51
We especially emphasize areas of great relevance to Africa's development,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
15:56
because, in those areas, scientists working in Africa will have a competitive advantage.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™.
16:02
They'll publish, be invited to conferences.
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ื”ื ื™ืคืจืกืžื•, ื™ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืœื›ื ืกื™ื.
16:04
They'll do well. They'll have successful careers.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•; ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
16:10
And AIMS has done extremely well.
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ื•-AIMS ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
16:12
Here is a list of last year's graduates, graduated in June,
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ื”ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™,
16:16
and what they're currently doing -- 48 of them.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข, 48 ืžื”ื.
16:19
And where they are is indicated over here.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
16:23
And where they've gone. So these are all postgraduate students.
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ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื•. ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
16:27
And they've all gone on to master's and Ph.D. degrees in excellent places.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
16:34
Five students can be educated at AIMS
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ - AIMS
16:36
for the cost of educating one in the U.S. or Europe.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
16:40
But more important, the pan-African student body
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”
16:43
is a continual source of strength, pride and commitment to Africa.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—, ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
16:49
We illustrate AIMS' progress by coloring in the countries of Africa.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ AIMS ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
16:54
So here you can see behind this list.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
16:56
When a county is colored yellow, we've received an application;
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืฆื‘ืขืช ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘: ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืคื ื™ื™ื”;
17:00
orange, we've accepted an application; and green,
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ื›ืชื•ื: ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืคื ื™ื™ื”; ื•ื™ืจื•ืง:
17:05
a student has graduated.
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืกื™ื™ื.
17:07
So here is where we were after the first graduation in 2004.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ืงืก ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ - 2004.
17:11
And we set ourselves a goal of turning the continent green.
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืœื™ืจื•ืงื”.
17:15
So there's 2005, -6, -7, -8.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” 2005, 6, 7, 8.
17:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:29
We're well on the way to achieving our initial goal.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
17:33
We had some of the students filmed at home before they came to AIMS.
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื›ืžื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืœื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื• ืœ - AIMS.
17:37
And I'll just show you one.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื—ืช.
17:40
Tendai Mugwagwa: My name is Tendai Mugwagwa.
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ืฉืžื™ ื˜ื ื“ืื™ ืžื•ื’ื•ื•ืื’ื•ื•ื”.
17:44
I have a Bachelor of Science with an education degree.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
17:47
I will be attending AIMS.
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ืื ื™ ืืœืžื“ ื‘ - AIMS.
17:49
My understanding of the course is that it covers quite a lot.
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืžื›ืกื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
17:53
You know, from physics to medicine,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ืจืคื•ืื”,
17:57
in particular, epidemiology and also mathematical modeling.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืืคื™ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื’ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™.
18:03
Neil Turok: So Tendai came to AIMS and did very well.
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ืื– ื˜ื ื“ืื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœ - AIMS ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“.
18:08
And I'll let her take it from there.
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ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื›ืืŸ.
18:16
TM: My name is Tendai Mugwagwa
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ืฉืžื™ ื˜ื ื“ืื™ ืžื•ื’ื•ื•ืื’ื•ื•ื”
18:18
and I was a student at AIMS in 2003 and 2004.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ - AIMS ื‘ - 2003 ื•- 2004.
18:22
After leaving AIMS, I went on to do a master's in applied mathematics
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช AIMS, ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช
18:27
at the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
18:30
After that, I came to the Netherlands
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“
18:32
where I'm now doing a Ph.D. in theoretical immunology.
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ืฉื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
18:35
Professor: Tendai is working very independently.
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ื˜ื ื“ืื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฆืžืื™.
18:38
She communicates well with the immunologists at the hospital.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
18:42
So all in all I have a very good Ph.D. student from South Africa.
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ืื– ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
18:46
So I'm happy she's here.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
18:49
NT: Another student in the first year of AIMS was Shehu.
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ืขื•ื“ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ AIMS ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•.
18:53
And he's shown here with his favorite high school teacher.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืคื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:58
And then entering university in northern Nigeria.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
19:04
And after AIMS, Shehu wanted to do high-energy physics,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ AIMS, ืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
19:09
and he came to Cambridge.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
19:11
He's about to finish his Ph.D.,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•.
19:14
and he was filmed recently with someone you all know.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
19:18
Shehu: And from there we will be able to,
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ื•ืžืฉื ื ื•ื›ืœ
19:20
hopefully, make better predictions and then we compare it
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื– ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”
19:23
to the graph and also make some predictions.
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ืœื’ืจืฃ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช.
19:28
Stephen Hawking: That is nice.
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ื ื—ืžื“.
19:31
NT: Here are the current students at AIMS. There are 53 of them
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ - AIMS. ื™ืฉ 53
19:34
from 20 different countries, including 20 women.
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ืž- 20 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ 20 ื ืฉื™ื.
19:38
So now I'm going to get to my TED business.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ TED ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™.
19:41
Well, we had a party. This is Africa --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื• ืืคืจื™ืงื” -
19:44
we have good parties in Africa. And last month, they threw a surprise party for me.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืชืขื”.
19:48
Here's somebody you've seen already.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ืœื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
19:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:14
I want to point out a few other exceptional people in this picture.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
20:18
So, we were having a party,
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ืื– ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื”,
20:19
as you can see they're completely eclipsing me at this point.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
20:23
This is Ezra. She's from Darfur.
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ื–ื• ืขื–ืจื. ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืืจืคื•ืจ.
20:26
She's a physicist, and somehow stays smiling,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช. ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช,
20:30
in spite of everything going on back home.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
20:32
But she wants to continue in physics, and she's doing extremely well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“.
20:36
This is Lydia. Lydia is the first ever woman
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ื–ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื”. ืœื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื
20:40
to graduate in mathematics in the Central African Republic.
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ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
20:43
And she's now at AIMS. (Applause)
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘- AIMS.
20:49
So now let me get to our TED wish.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืžืฉืืœืช TED ืฉืœื ื•.
20:53
Well, it's not my TED wish; it's our wish, as you've already gathered.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ืœื ืžืฉืืœืช TED ืฉืœื™. ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื.
20:58
And our wish has two parts:
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ื•ืœืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ 2 ื—ืœืงื™ื:
21:01
one is a dream and the other's a plan. OK.
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ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
21:06
Our TED dream is that the next Einstein will be African. (Applause)
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ื—ืœื•ื TED ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™.
21:25
In striving for the heights of creative genius,
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ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช,
21:26
we want to give thousands of people the motivation,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
21:31
the encouragement and the courage
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ืœืชืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืžืฅ
21:33
to obtain the high-level skills they need to help Africa.
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
21:38
Among them will be not only brilliant scientists --
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื -
21:41
I'm sure of that from what we've seen at AIMS --
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ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘- AIMS -
21:44
they'll also be the African Gates, Brins and Pages of the future.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืกื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
21:50
Well, I said we also have a plan. And our plan is quite simple.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™ ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
21:54
AIMS is now a proven model.
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AIMS ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ื›ื—.
21:56
And what we need to do is to replicate it.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืื•ืชื•.
22:00
We want to roll out 15 AIMS centers in the next five years, all over Africa.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— 15 ืžืจื›ื–ื™ AIMS ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
22:04
Each will have a pan-African student body,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœ-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
22:09
but specialize in a different area of science.
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ืืš ื™ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
22:11
We want to use science to overcome the national and cultural barriers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืข ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
22:16
as it does at AIMS.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘- AIMS.
22:17
And we want to add elements to the curriculum.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
22:19
We want to add entrepreneurship and policy skills.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
22:24
The expanded AIMS will be a coherent pan-African institution,
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AIMS ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ื›ืœืœ-ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง,
22:27
and its graduates will form a powerful network,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื• ืจืฉืช ื—ื–ืงื”,
22:31
working together for peace and progress across the continent.
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ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
22:37
Over the last year,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
22:39
we've been visiting sites in Africa,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
22:41
looking at potential sites for new AIMS centers.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ AIMS ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
22:44
And here are the ones we've selected.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื•.
22:46
And each of these centers has a strong local team,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื—ื–ืง,
22:50
each is in a beautiful place, an interesting place,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
22:52
which international lecturers will be happy to visit.
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ืฉืžืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ.
22:55
And our partners across Africa are extremely enthusiastic about this.
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
23:00
Everyone wants an AIMS center in their country.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจื›ื– AIMS ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
23:04
And last November,
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ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
23:06
the conference of all the African ministers of science and technology,
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ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
23:10
held in Mombasa, called for a comprehensive plan to roll out AIMS.
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ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืกื”, ืงืจืื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืจื™ืกื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืœ- AIMS.
23:15
So we have political support right across the continent.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
23:18
It won't be easy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
23:21
At every site there will be huge challenges.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
23:23
Local scientists must play leading roles
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”
23:26
and governments must be persuaded to buy in.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข.
23:30
Conditions are very difficult,
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
23:32
but we cannot afford to compromise on those principles which made AIMS work.
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ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœ-AIMS ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
23:39
And we summarize them this way:
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
23:41
the institutes have got to be relevant, innovative,
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ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
23:44
cost-effective and high quality. Why?
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ืชื•ืขืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืœืžื”?
23:46
Because we want Africa to be rich.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”.
23:49
Easy to remember the basic rules we need.
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ืงืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
23:56
So, just in ending, let me say the only people who can fix Africa
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ืื–, ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืชื ื• ืจืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”
23:59
are talented young Africans.
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ื”ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื.
24:02
By unlocking and nurturing their creative potential,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
24:05
we can create a step change in Africa's future.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืคื™ืฆืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
24:09
Over time, they will contribute to African development
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
24:13
and to science in ways we can only imagine.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
24:16
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
24:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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