Frederic Kaplan: How I built an information time machine

78,704 views ใƒป 2014-01-09

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ayman Mahmoud ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:12
This is an image of the planet Earth.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
00:15
It looks very much like the Apollo pictures
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุดุจู‡ ุจู„ูˆุญุงุช ุฃุจูˆู„ูˆ
00:18
that are very well known.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุง
00:19
There is something different;
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ู…ุฎุชู„ู
00:21
you can click on it,
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ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู† ุชุถุบุธ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
00:23
and if you click on it,
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ูˆู„ูˆ ุถุบุทุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
00:24
you can zoom in on almost any place on the Earth.
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ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุนู„ูŠ ุงูŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุชุฑูŠุฏู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
00:27
For instance, this is a bird's-eye view
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅูŠู†ุณุชุงู†ูƒุณูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู†ุธุฑ ุจุฏูŠุนุง
00:29
of the EPFL campus.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑู… ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนูŠ ููŠ ู„ูˆุฒุงู†.
00:32
In many cases, you can also see
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ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃูŠุถุง
00:34
how a building looks from a nearby street.
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุจู†ู‰ ู…ู† ุดุงุฑุน ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑ.
00:38
This is pretty amazing.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฏู‡ุดุง.
00:39
But there's something missing in this wonderful tour:
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ:
00:43
It's time.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
00:45
i'm not really sure when this picture was taken.
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ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุงู‹ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุชูŠ ุฃู„ุชู‚ุทุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
00:48
I'm not even sure it was taken
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุงู‹ ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุทุช
00:49
at the same moment as the bird's-eye view.
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ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ูƒู…ู†ุธุฑ ูƒุงุดูุง ู…ู† ุฃุนู„ูŠ
00:55
In my lab, we develop tools
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ููŠ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑูŠุŒ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช
00:57
to travel not only in space
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ู„ู„ุณูุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก
00:59
but also through time.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
01:02
The kind of question we're asking is
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ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุณุฃู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ
01:04
Is it possible to build something
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ู‡ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจู†ุงุก ุดูŠุก
01:05
like Google Maps of the past?
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ู…ุซู„ "ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุฌูˆุฌู„" ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŸ
01:07
Can I add a slider on top of Google Maps
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุดุฑูŠุท ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฃุณ "ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุฌูˆุฌู„"
01:11
and just change the year,
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ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉุŒ
01:12
seeing how it was 100 years before,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุฉ ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู†ุฐ 100 ุณู†ุฉ
01:14
1,000 years before?
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ู…ู†ุฐ 1000 ุณู†ุฉ ุŸ
01:16
Is that possible?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู†ุŸ
01:18
Can I reconstruct social networks of the past?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŸ
01:20
Can I make a Facebook of the Middle Ages?
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ู‡ู„ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠ ุตู†ุน ููŠุณ ุจูˆูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ุŸ
01:23
So, can I build time machines?
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ุงุฐุงุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŸ
01:27
Maybe we can just say, "No, it's not possible."
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ู„ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ."
01:30
Or, maybe, we can think of it from an information point of view.
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ุฃูˆุŒ ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชูŠุฉ.
01:33
This is what I call the information mushroom.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ูุทุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
01:37
Vertically, you have the time.
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ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุงู‹ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
01:38
and horizontally, the amount of digital information available.
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ูˆุฃูู‚ูŠุงุŒ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ.
01:41
Obviously, in the last 10 years, we have much information.
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญุŒ ุฃู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุนุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
01:44
And obviously the more we go in the past, the less information we have.
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฐู‡ุจู†ุง ู„ู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ ู‚ู„ู‘ุช ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
01:48
If we want to build something like Google Maps of the past,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุจู†ุงุก ุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„ "ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุฌูˆุฌู„" ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ
01:50
or Facebook of the past,
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ุฃูˆ ููŠุณ ุจูˆูƒ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ
01:52
we need to enlarge this space,
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ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูˆุณูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉุŒ
01:53
we need to make that like a rectangle.
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ูƒู…ุณุชุทูŠู„.
01:55
How do we do that?
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ูƒูŠู ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:57
One way is digitization.
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ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ.
01:59
There's a lot of material available --
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ-
02:01
newspaper, printed books, thousands of printed books.
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ุตุญูŠูุฉุŒ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉุŒ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉ.
02:07
I can digitize all these.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง
02:09
I can extract information from these.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡.
02:11
Of course, the more you go in the past, the less information you will have.
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ูˆุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฐู‡ุจุช ู„ู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ ู‚ู„ู‘ุช ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู„ุฏูŠูƒ
02:15
So, it might not be enough.
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒุงููŠุงู‹.
02:18
So, I can do what historians do.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูุนู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุคุฑุฎูˆู†.
02:20
I can extrapolate.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุก.
02:22
This is what we call, in computer science, simulation.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุŒ ููŠ ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุจ "ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉ".
02:26
If I take a log book,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุช ุณุฌู„ ุฏูุชุฑูŠุŒ
02:28
I can consider, it's not just a log book
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูŠ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุณุฌู„
02:30
of a Venetian captain going to a particular journey.
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ู„ูƒุงุจุชู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ ุฐุงู‡ุจ ู„ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ.
02:33
I can consider it is actually a log book
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุณุฌู„
02:35
which is representative of many journeys of that period.
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ู…ู…ุซู„ุง ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุงุช ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ.
02:37
I'm extrapolating.
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุจุงู„ุบ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุก.
02:40
If I have a painting of a facade,
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ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏู‰ ู„ูˆุญุฉ ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉุŒ
02:42
I can consider it's not just that particular building,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงุนุชุจุฑู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุจู†ุงุกุง ุฎุงุตุงุŒ
02:44
but probably it also shares the same grammar
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุดุงุฑูƒ ู†ูุณ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ
02:48
of buildings where we lost any information.
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ุงู„ุงุจู†ูŠุฉ ุญูŠุซ ูู‚ุฏู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
02:52
So if we want to construct a time machine,
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ูุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุจู†ุงุก ุขู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ
02:55
we need two things.
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ูู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุฑูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
02:57
We need very large archives,
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุถุฎู… ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
02:59
and we need excellent specialists.
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ูˆ ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุชุฎุตุตูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏูŠู†
03:02
The Venice Time Machine,
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ุขู„ุฉ ุฒู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
03:03
the project I'm going to talk to you about,
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ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู†ู‡
03:05
is a joint project between the EPFL
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ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ุจูŠู† ู„ูˆุฒุงู†
03:08
and the University of Venice Ca'Foscari.
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ูˆุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ.
03:11
There's something very peculiar about Venice,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุบุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
03:13
that its administration has been
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ุฃู† ุฅุฏุงุฑุชู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง
03:16
very, very bureaucratic.
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ุจูŠุฑูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
03:18
They've been keeping track of everything,
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ูู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุญูุธ ู…ุณุงุฑ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ
03:20
almost like Google today.
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ุซู„ ุฌูˆุฌู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
03:23
At the Archivio di Stato,
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ููŠ ู…ุญููˆุธุงุช ุฏูŠ ุณุงุชูˆุŒ
03:25
you have 80 kilometers of archives
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 80 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญููˆุธุงุช
03:27
documenting every aspect
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ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ูƒู„ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ
03:29
of the life of Venice over more than 1,000 years.
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ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู„ู ุณู†ุฉ.
03:31
You have every boat that goes out,
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ู„ูƒู„ ู‚ุงุฑุจ ูŠุฎุฑุฌุŒ
03:33
every boat that comes in.
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ูˆูƒู„ ู‚ุงุฑุจ ูŠุฏุฎู„
03:34
You have every change that was made in the city.
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุชู… ุฅุฌุฑุงุคู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ.
03:37
This is all there.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
03:40
We are setting up a 10-year digitization program
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุจุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุช
03:44
which has the objective of transforming
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู‡ุฏู ุงู„ูŠ ุชุญูˆูŠู„
03:46
this immense archive
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„
03:47
into a giant information system.
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ุงู„ูŠ ู†ุธุงู… ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
03:49
The type of objective we want to reach
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ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡
03:51
is 450 books a day that can be digitized.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ 450 ูƒุชุงุจ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุง
03:56
Of course, when you digitize, that's not enough,
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ูˆุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑู‚ู…ู†ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠูƒููŠุŒ
03:58
because these documents,
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ู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ุŒ
04:00
most of them are in Latin, in Tuscan,
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ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ููŠ ุชูˆุณูƒุงู†ุŒ
04:02
in Venetian dialect,
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ููŠ ู„ู‡ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
04:04
so you need to transcribe them,
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ู„ุฐุง ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุณุฎ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ
04:05
to translate them in some cases,
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ู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ู… ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ
04:07
to index them,
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ู„ูˆุถุนู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ุฑุฌุน
04:08
and this is obviously not easy.
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุณู‡ู„ุงู‹.
04:10
In particular, traditional optical character recognition method
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ููŠ ุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ
04:14
that can be used for printed manuscripts,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉุŒ
04:16
they do not work well on the handwritten document.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏุง ููŠ ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ุจุฎุท ุงู„ูŠุฏ.
04:20
So the solution is actually to take inspiration
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ู„ุฐุง ุงู„ุญู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ุงู…
04:22
from another domain: speech recognition.
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ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุขุฎุฑูŠ: ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู….
04:25
This is a domain of something that seems impossible,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ
04:27
which can actually be done,
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ูุนู„ู‡ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
04:29
simply by putting additional constraints.
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ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ูˆุถุน ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ ุฅุถุงููŠุฉ.
04:31
If you have a very good model
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹
04:33
of a language which is used,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุงุŒ
04:35
if you have a very good model of a document,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุŒ
04:37
how well they are structured.
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ูƒูŠู ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ.
04:38
And these are administrative documents.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ.
04:39
They are well structured in many cases.
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ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช.
04:42
If you divide this huge archive into smaller subsets
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุชู‚ุณูŠู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุถุฎู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ
04:45
where a smaller subset actually shares similar features,
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ููŠ ู…ูŠุฒุงุช ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉุŒ
04:48
then there's a chance of success.
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ุซู… ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุฌุงุญ.
04:54
If we reach that stage, then there's something else:
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ุฅุฐุง ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉุŒ ุซู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ:
04:57
we can extract from this document events.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุณุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏ ุฃุญุฏุงุซ
05:00
Actually probably 10 billion events
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฑุจู…ุง 10 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุญุฏุซ
05:03
can be extracted from this archive.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุณุชุฎู„ุตู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู.
05:04
And this giant information system
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚
05:06
can be searched in many ways.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจุญุซู‡ ุจุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑู‚.
05:08
You can ask questions like,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุทุฑุญ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ุŒ
05:09
"Who lived in this palazzo in 1323?"
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" ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุงุดูˆุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุตุฑ ููŠ 1323"ุŸ
05:12
"How much cost a sea bream at the Realto market
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"ูƒู… ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุดุจูˆุท ููŠ ุณูˆู‚ ุฑูŠุงู„ุชูˆ
05:14
in 1434?"
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ููŠ 1434ุŸ "
05:16
"What was the salary
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"ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฑุงุชุจ
05:18
of a glass maker in Murano
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ุตุงู†ุน ุงู„ุฒุฌุงุฌ ููŠ ู…ูˆุฑุงู†ูˆ
05:20
maybe over a decade?"
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู…ู† ุนู‚ุฏ ุŸ "
05:21
You can ask even bigger questions
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุทุฑุญ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
05:22
because it will be semantically coded.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุณูˆู ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุดูุฑุฉ ู„ุบูˆูŠุงู‹.
05:25
And then what you can do is put that in space,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุถุน ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŒ
05:27
because much of this information is spatial.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ.
05:29
And from that, you can do things like
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ูˆู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„
05:31
reconstructing this extraordinary journey
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ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุฅุนู…ุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ
05:33
of that city that managed to have a sustainable development
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ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฏุงู…ุฉ
05:37
over a thousand years,
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ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุฃู„ู ุณู†ุฉุŒ
05:39
managing to have all the time
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ุงุณุชุทุงุนุช ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู† ุชุตู†ุน
05:41
a form of equilibrium with its environment.
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ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ู…ุน ุจูŠุฆุชู‡ุง.
05:43
You can reconstruct that journey,
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ุฃู†ุช ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุฉุŒ
05:45
visualize it in many different ways.
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ูˆุชุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
05:48
But of course, you cannot understand Venice if you just look at the city.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู… ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฅู„ู‚ุงุก ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ.
05:50
You have to put it in a larger European context.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุณูŠุงู‚ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
05:53
So the idea is also to document all the things
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููƒุฑุฉ ู„ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงูŠุถุง
05:56
that worked at the European level.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู…ู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠ.
05:58
We can reconstruct also the journey
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงูŠุถุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุฑุญู„ุฉ
06:00
of the Venetian maritime empire,
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ุงู„ุฅู…ุจุฑุงุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠุฉ ุจู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
06:02
how it progressively controlled the Adriatic Sea,
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ูƒูŠู ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุณูŠุทุฑุช ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุง๏ปทุฏุฑูŠุงุชูŠูƒูŠุŒ
06:05
how it became the most powerful medieval empire
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ูƒูŠู ุฃุตุจุญุช ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุฅู…ุจุฑุงุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰
06:09
of its time,
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ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุงุŒ
06:10
controlling most of the sea routes
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ุงู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠุฉ
06:13
from the east to the south.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ.
06:17
But you can even do other things,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงูŠุถุงุŒ
06:19
because in these maritime routes,
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ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุญุฑูŠุฉุŒ
06:21
there are regular patterns.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุฉ.
06:23
You can go one step beyond
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ
06:26
and actually create a simulation system,
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ูˆุชู†ุดุฆ ู†ุธุงู… ู„ู„ู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉุŒ
06:28
create a Mediterranean simulator
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ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู…ุญุงูƒุงุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท
06:31
which is capable actually of reconstructing
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุฅุนู…ุงุฑ
06:33
even the information we are missing,
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ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูุชู‚ุฏุฉ
06:36
which would enable us to have questions you could ask
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณูˆู ุชู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ู‡ุง
06:39
like if you were using a route planner.
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ู…ุซู„ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุฎุทุท ู…ุณุงุฑ.
06:42
"If I am in Corfu in June 1323
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"ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ูƒูˆุฑููˆ ููŠ ูŠูˆู†ูŠู‡ 1323
06:45
and want to go to Constantinople,
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุงุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุณุทู†ุทูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
06:47
where can I take a boat?"
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ุฃูŠู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุฌุฏ ู‚ุงุฑุจุŸ "
06:49
Probably we can answer this question
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„
06:51
with one or two or three days' precision.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูŠุงู….
06:55
"How much will it cost?"
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"ูƒู… ุณูˆู ูŠูƒู„ูุŸ"
06:57
"What are the chance of encountering pirates?"
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"ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุตู†ุฉุŸ"
07:00
Of course, you understand,
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ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ุฃู†ุช ุชูู‡ู…ุŒ
07:02
the central scientific challenge of a project like this one
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ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠ ู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง
07:05
is qualifying, quantifying and representing
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ุงู„ุชุฃู‡ูŠู„ุŒ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠู…ุซู„
07:09
uncertainty and inconsistency at each step of this process.
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ุนุฏู… ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู† ูˆุนุฏู… ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู‚ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ.
07:12
There are errors everywhere,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฎุทุงุก ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ
07:15
errors in the document, it's the wrong name of the captain,
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ุฃุฎุทุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงุณู… ุงู„ุฎุงุทุฆ ู„ู„ู‚ุจุทุงู†ุŒ
07:17
some of the boats never actually took to sea.
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ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุฑุจ ู„ู… ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุงุจุฏู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ.
07:20
There are errors in translation, interpretative biases,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฎุทุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒุงุช ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑูŠุฉุŒ
07:25
and on top of that, if you add algorithmic processes,
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ูˆุนู„ุงูˆุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุฅุถุงูุฉ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุญุณุงุจูŠุฉุŒ
07:29
you're going to have errors in recognition,
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ุณุชูˆุงุฌู‡ ุฃุฎุทุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู‘ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ู…ุงุทุŒ
07:32
errors in extraction,
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ุฃุฎุทุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌุŒ
07:34
so you have very, very uncertain data.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคูƒุฏุฉ
07:38
So how can we detect and correct these inconsistencies?
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ููƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงูƒุชุดุงู ูˆุชุตุญูŠุญ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุงุชุณุงู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ
07:42
How can we represent that form of uncertainty?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู…ู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู†ุŸ
07:45
It's difficult. One thing you can do
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ุฃู…ุฑ ุตุนุจ. ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡
07:47
is document each step of the process,
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ุงู† ุชูˆุซู‚ ูƒู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉุŒ
07:50
not only coding the historical information
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุชุฑู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ
07:52
but what we call the meta-historical information,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ููˆู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉุŒ
07:55
how is historical knowledge constructed,
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ูƒูŠู ุดูŠุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ
07:58
documenting each step.
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ุชูˆุซูŠู‚ ูƒู„ ุฎุทูˆุฉ.
08:00
That will not guarantee that we actually converge
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู† ุชุถู…ู† ุงู† ู†ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ูุนู„ูŠุง
08:01
toward a single story of Venice,
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ู†ุญูˆ ู‚ุตุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
08:04
but probably we can actually reconstruct
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ูุนู„ุง ุฅุนู…ุงุฑ
08:06
a fully documented potential story of Venice.
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ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ุญุชู…ู„ุฉ ู…ูˆุซู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ุนู† ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ
08:09
Maybe there's not a single map.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
08:10
Maybe there are several maps.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุฏุฉ ุฎุฑุงุฆุท.
08:12
The system should allow for that,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุณู…ุญ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
08:15
because we have to deal with a new form of uncertainty,
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ู„ุฃู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ูŠู‚ูŠู†ุŒ
08:17
which is really new for this type of giant databases.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉ.
08:22
And how should we communicate
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ู†ุตู†ุน ุชูˆุงุตู„
08:24
this new research to a large audience?
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ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุŸ
08:28
Again, Venice is extraordinary for that.
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ.
08:31
With the millions of visitors that come every year,
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ู…ุน ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุฒูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉุŒ
08:33
it's actually one of the best places
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ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู†
08:35
to try to invent the museum of the future.
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ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุงุฎุชุฑุงุน ุงู„ู…ุชุญู ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
08:38
Imagine, horizontally you see the reconstructed map
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ุชุฎูŠู„ุŒ ุฃูู‚ูŠุงู‹ ุงู†ุช ุชุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุนูŠุฏ ุจู†ุงุคู‡ุง
08:41
of a given year,
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ููŠ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ
08:42
and vertically, you see the document
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ูˆุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุงู†ุช ุชุฑู‰ ุงู„ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ
08:45
that served the reconstruction,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎุฏู…ุช ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฅุนู…ุงุฑุŒ
08:47
paintings, for instance.
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ู„ูˆุญุงุชุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„.
08:50
Imagine an immersive system that permits
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ุชุฎูŠู„ ู†ุธุงู… ุบู…ุฑ ูŠุณู…ุญ
08:53
to go and dive and reconstruct the Venice of a given year,
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ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุบูˆุต ูˆุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ
08:56
some experience you could share within a group.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ููŠู‡ุง ุถู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ.
08:59
On the contrary, imagine actually that you start
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ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถุŒ ุชุฎูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู†ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุจุฏุก
09:01
from a document, a Venetian manuscript,
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ู…ู† ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุŒ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ ู„ู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
09:04
and you show, actually, what you can construct out of it,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃุนุงุฏุฉ ุฅุนู…ุงุฑู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ
09:07
how it is decoded,
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ููƒ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉุŒ
09:08
how the context of that document can be recreated.
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุนุงุฏ ุณูŠุงู‚ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ.
09:11
This is an image from an exhibit
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑุถ
09:13
which is currently conducted in Geneva
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ุญุงู„ูŠุง ููŠ ุฌู†ูŠู
09:15
with that type of system.
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู….
09:17
So to conclude, we can say that
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุชุงู…ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†
09:19
research in the humanities is about to undergo
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ุงู„ุจุญูˆุซ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุงู„ุฎุถูˆุน
09:23
an evolution which is maybe similar
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ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡
09:24
to what happened to life sciences 30 years ago.
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ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ 30 ุนุงู…ุงู‹.
09:29
It's really a question of scale.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญุฌู….
09:34
We see projects which are
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุงู„ุชูŠ
09:37
much beyond any single research team can do,
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ุชููˆู‚ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูุฑูŠู‚ ุจุญุซ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง
09:41
and this is really new for the humanities,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
09:43
which very often take the habit of working
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„
09:47
in small groups or only with a couple of researchers.
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ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ูู‚ุท ู…ุน ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูŠู†.
09:51
When you visit the Archivio di Stato,
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ุนู†ุฏ ู‚ูŠุงู…ูƒ ุจุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ู…ุญููˆุธุงุช ุฏูŠ ุณุงุชูˆุŒ
09:53
you feel this is beyond what any single team can do,
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ุชุดุนุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠููˆู‚ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูุฑูŠู‚ ุนู…ู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ
09:56
and that should be a joint and common effort.
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ูˆูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌู‡ุฏุง ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุงู‹
10:00
So what we must do for this paradigm shift
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ
10:03
is actually foster a new generation
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ู‡ูˆ ูุนู„ุง ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุฌูŠู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
10:05
of "digital humanists"
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ู…ู† "ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ"
10:06
that are going to be ready for this shift.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„.
10:08
I thank you very much.
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ุฃุดูƒุฑูƒู… ุฌุฒูŠู„ ุงู„ุดูƒุฑ.
10:10
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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