The basics of the Higgs boson - Dave Barney and Steve Goldfarb

淺談希格斯玻色子 - Dave Barney 與 Steve Goldfarb

2,324,712 views

2013-05-03 ・ TED-Ed


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The basics of the Higgs boson - Dave Barney and Steve Goldfarb

淺談希格斯玻色子 - Dave Barney 與 Steve Goldfarb

2,324,712 views ・ 2013-05-03

TED-Ed


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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譯者: Jephian Lin 審譯者: Geoff Chen
00:13
So two guys walk into a bar.
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兩個人走進酒吧。 (譯註:這是美國常用的笑話開頭。)
00:15
Really?
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00:15
No, seriously.
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真的嗎?
不,不是你想得那樣。
00:16
Two guys walk into a bar,
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兩個人走進酒吧,
00:18
an ice cream bar:
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應該說冰淇淋吧:
00:19
Dave, a physicist working on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN,
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Dave 是一位在 CERN 大型強子對撞機(LHC) 工作的物理學家,
00:23
the European laboratory for particle physics,
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CERN 是歐洲的粒子物理實驗室。
00:26
and Steve, a blues singer.
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而 Steve 是一位藍調歌手。
00:28
"Dave, how's it going?"
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「Dave,最近如何?」
00:30
"Steve, good to see you!"
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「Steve,見到你真好!」
00:32
"Two scoops of chocolate almond for me."
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「我要兩球巧克力杏仁冰淇淋。」
00:34
"Vanilla shake."
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「我要香草奶昔。」
00:35
"Hey, I just saw something about the LHC on TV.
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「嘿!我剛在電視上看到一些關於 LHC 的報導。
00:38
You guys found bozo in your detector?"
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你們用你們的儀器發現了笨蛋(bozo)?」
00:40
"Well, not exactly.
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「這個嘛,不完全。
00:42
We found a boson,
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我們發現了玻色子(boson),
00:43
probably the Higgs boson."
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可能是希格斯玻色子(Higgs boson)。」
00:45
"What's that?"
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「那是什麼?」
00:46
"It's a particle."
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「那是一種粒子。」
00:47
"Don't you find particles all the time?"
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「你們不是總是在發現粒子嗎?」
00:49
"Yes, but this one means
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「是沒錯,不過這一次
00:51
that the Higgs field might really exist."
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可以證明希格斯場(Higgs field) 可能真的存在。」
00:53
"Field? What field?"
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「場?什麼場?」
00:55
"The Higgs field.
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「希格斯場。
00:57
It's named after Peter Higgs,
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它是以彼得.希格斯(Peter Higgs)命名,
00:58
although many others contributed to the idea.
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不過很多人對這想法也很有貢獻。
01:01
It isn't a field, like where you grow corn,
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它不是像我們種玉米的那種『場』,
01:03
but a hypothetical, invisible kind of force field
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而是一個可不見、假設中的『場』,
01:07
that pervades the whole universe."
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它遍佈在整個宇宙。」
01:09
"Hmmmm, okay.
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「嗯……好吧。
01:11
If it pervades the whole universe,
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如果它遍佈在整個宇宙中,
01:13
how come I've never seen it?
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那我們怎麼沒看過?
01:15
That's a bit strange."
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這樣有點怪。」
01:17
"Well, actually, it's not that strange.
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「嗯,事實上它也不是那麼奇怪。
01:19
Think of the air around us.
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想想看我們周圍的空氣。
01:21
We can't see it or smell it.
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我們沒辦法看到或聞到它。
01:23
Well, perhaps in some places we can.
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呃,可能有些時候可以。
01:25
But we can detect its presence with sophisticated equipment,
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但是我們可以用一些先進設備 來偵測它的存在,
01:29
like our own bodies.
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比如說我們的身體。
01:31
So the fact that we can't see something
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所以我們沒辦法看見 某樣東西的這件事實,
01:34
just makes it a bit harder to determine
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只是讓我們比較難去
01:36
whether its really there or not."
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分辨這樣東西的存在與否。」
01:38
"Alright, go on."
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「好吧,你繼續。」
01:40
"So, we believe this Higgs field is all around us,
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「所以我們相信希格斯場 就在我們周遭,
01:43
everywhere in the universe.
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在宇宙的各個角落。
01:45
And what it does is rather special -
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而讓它非常特別的是
01:47
it gives mass to elementary particles."
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──它賦予基本粒子質量。」
01:50
"What's an elementary particle?"
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「什麼是基本粒子?」
01:52
"An elementary particle is what we call
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「基本粒子就是我們所說的
01:54
particles that have no structure,
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沒有額外結構的粒子,
01:57
they can't be divided,
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它們沒辦法再分割,
01:58
they're the basic building blocks of the universe."
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它們是這宇宙的基本構成要素。」
02:01
"I thought those were atoms."
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「我以為那些就是原子。」
02:03
"Well, atoms are actually made of smaller components,
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「這個,原子事實上是由更小的東西所組成,
02:07
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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質子、中子、還有電子。
02:09
While electrons are fundamental particles,
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其中電子是基本粒子,
02:12
neutrons and protons are not.
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而中子和質子不是。
02:14
They are made up of other fundamental particles called quarks."
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它們是由另一種叫夸克(quark) 的基本粒子所組成。」
02:18
"Sounds like Russian dolls.
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「聽起來好像俄羅斯娃娃。
02:19
Does it ever end?"
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這會有結果嗎?」
02:21
"Actually, we don't really know.
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「老實說,我們不知道。
02:23
But our current understanding
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但我們目前的理解
02:25
is called the Standard Model.
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是叫做「標準模型」。
02:27
In it, there are two types of fundamental particles:
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在這之中,有兩類的基本粒子:
02:30
the fermions, that make up matter,
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費米子(fermion), 它構成質量;
02:33
and the bosons, that carry forces.
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還有玻色子, 它承載力量。
02:36
We often order these particles
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我們常常會把粒子
02:38
according to their properties, such as mass.
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依照它們的性質作排列,比如說質量。
02:41
We can measure the masses of the particles,
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我們可以測量粒子的質量,
02:44
but we never really knew where this mass came from
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但我們一直沒辦法了解 質量是從哪來、
02:48
or why they have the masses they do."
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或是為什麼它們擁有各自的質量。」
02:50
"So how does this Higgs field thing explain mass?"
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「那,這個希格斯場 要怎麼解釋質量呢?」
02:54
"Well, when a particle passes through the Higgs field,
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「嗯,當一個粒子通過希格斯場的時候,
02:57
it interacts and gets mass.
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它們會交互作用,然後獲得質量。
03:00
The more it interacts, the more mass it has."
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它們交互作用得愈多, 它就擁有愈多的質量。」
03:03
"OK, I kind of get that, but is it really that important?
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「好吧,我大概了解, 不過它真的那麼重要嗎?
03:05
I mean, what if there were no Higgs field?"
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我的意思是,如果這世上沒希格斯場呢?」
03:07
"If there were no Higgs field,
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「如果沒有希格斯場,
03:09
the world wouldn't exist at all.
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這世界根本不會存在。
03:11
There would be no stars, no planets, no air, no anything,
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不會有恆星、不會有行星、 沒有空氣,什麼都沒有。
03:14
not even that spoon or the ice cream you're eating."
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甚至不會有你眼前的 湯匙和冰淇淋。」
03:17
"Oh, that would be bad.
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「噢,這樣就不太好。
03:18
Okay, but where does this Higgs boson fit into things?"
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好吧,但是希格斯玻色子是如何 和其它東西作用呢?」
03:22
"Alright, now, you see the cherry in my shake?"
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「好,你有看到我這奶昔上的櫻桃吧?」
03:24
"Can I have it?"
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「我可以吃嗎?」
03:25
"No, not yet. We have to use it as an analogy first."
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「不行,還不行。我們要先拿它當作 一個比方。」
03:29
"Oh, right, the cherry's the Higgs boson."
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「噢,對!這櫻桃就是希格斯玻色子。」
03:31
"No, not quite.
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「不,不完全。
03:33
The cherry is a particle moving through the Higgs field, the shake.
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櫻桃是在希格斯場移動的粒子, 而奶昔就是這個場。
03:38
The shake gives the cherry its mass."
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是奶昔給了櫻桃質量。」
03:41
"I get it. Okay, so the molecules of the shake are the Higgs bosons!"
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「我知道了。好吧,所以奶昔的分子 就是希格斯玻色子!」
03:45
"Well, you're getting closer.
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「嗯,你更接近了。
03:47
It takes an excitation of the Higgs field
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要讓希格斯產生希格斯玻色子
03:50
to produce the Higgs boson.
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必須加點額外的刺激。
03:53
So, for example, if I were to add energy
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比如說,如果我要增加一些能量,
03:55
by, say, dropping this cherry in the shake,"
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像是,放一顆櫻桃在這奶昔裡……」
03:58
"Ah, then the drops that spill on the bar
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「噢,那麼濺到桌面的那些
03:59
are the Higgs bosons."
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就是希格斯玻色子。」
04:01
"Almost! The splash itself is the Higgs boson."
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「幾乎對了!這濺出來的部份 本身是希格斯玻色子。」
04:07
"Are you serious?"
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「你是認真的嗎?」
04:09
"Well, that's what quantum mechanics teaches us.
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「嗯,這是量子力學教我們的。
04:12
In fact, all particles are excitations of fields."
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事實上,所有粒子都是 某些場的激發狀態。」
04:17
"Okay, right. Well, I kind of see why you like particle physics,
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「好。那,我好像開始了解 為什麼你喜歡粒子物理了,
04:21
it's quite cool,
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它真的蠻酷的,
04:23
strange, but cool."
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怪怪的,但是很酷。」
04:25
"Yeah, you could call it a bit strange,
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「是啦,你也可以說它有點怪,
04:27
it's not like everyday life.
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它不像日常生活中所見的那樣。
04:29
The Higgs boson is an excitation of the Higgs field.
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希格斯玻色子是希格斯場的一種激發。
04:34
By finding the Higgs boson,
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藉由發現希格斯玻色子,
04:36
we know that the Higgs field exists."
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我們就可以知道希格斯場存在。」
04:40
"Right. So now you found it,
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「對。所以你找到了,
04:41
we know this Higgs field exists.
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你知道希格斯場存在。
04:44
You must be done.
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你們應該完成了。
04:45
Is there anything left of particle physics?"
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那粒子物理裡還有什麼沒發現嗎?」
04:47
"Actually, we've just begun.
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「事實上,我們這只是剛開始。
04:50
It's a bit like, you know, when Columbus thought
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它就像是,當哥倫布認為
04:53
he had found a new route to India.
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他找到去印度的新航線一樣。
04:56
He'd, indeed, found something new,
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他確實發現了新東西,
04:59
but not quite what he was expecting.
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不過和他所想的並不完全一樣。
05:01
So, first, we need to make sure that the boson we found
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所以首先,我們必須先確認 我們找到的玻色子
05:05
is actually the Higgs boson.
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確實就是希格斯玻色子。
05:08
It seems to fit, but we need to measure
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它看起來蠻像的,但是我們必須觀測
05:10
its properties to be sure."
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它的一些性質磁能確認。」
05:12
"How'd you do that?"
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「你們要怎麼做呢?」
05:13
"Take a lot more data.
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「取得大量的資料。
05:15
This new boson lives for only a very short time
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這個新的玻色子只會存活 非常短的一段時間,
05:18
before it breaks down or decays
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然後它就分裂、或是衰變
05:20
into lighter, more stable particles.
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變成更輕、更穩定的粒子。
05:23
By measuring these particles,
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藉由觀測這些粒子,
05:24
you learn about the properties of the boson."
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我們就可以知道這玻色子的一些性質。」
05:27
"And what exactly are you looking for?"
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「那你們究竟在找什麼呢?」
05:29
"Well, the Standard Model predicts how often
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「嗯,標準模型預測了希格斯玻色子
05:32
and in what ways the Higgs boson would decay
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衰變的頻率、以及它會用什麼方式
05:35
to the various, lighter particles.
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衰變成其它不同的更輕的粒子。
05:38
So we want to see if the particle we have found
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所以我們想要看看我們找到的粒子
05:40
is the one predicted by the Standard Model
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是不是像標準模型預測的那樣,
05:43
or if it fits into other possible theoretical models."
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還是說它比較符合其它的理論模型。」
05:46
"And if it fits a different model?"
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「那如果它符合其它模型呢?」
05:48
"That would be even more exciting!
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「這樣就更有趣了!
05:51
In fact, that's how science advances.
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事實上,這就是科學會進步的原因。
05:54
We replace old models with new ones
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如果新的理論能更好地 解釋我們的觀察,
05:57
if they better explain our observations."
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那我們就用新的來取代舊的。」
06:00
"Right, so it seems like finding this Higgs boson
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「對,所以看起來找到希格斯玻色子
06:03
gives a direction for exploration,
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指出了探索的方向,
06:05
a bit like that Columbus guy heading west."
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有點像是哥倫布決定往西走一樣。」
06:08
"Exactly! And this is really just the beginning."
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「完全正確!這真的只是開頭而已。」
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