The basics of the Higgs boson - Dave Barney and Steve Goldfarb

Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby

Prevoditelj: Katarina Mikjel Recezent: Sanda L

So two guys walk into a bar.

I, dva tipa uđu u bar.

Really?

No, seriously.

Stvarno?

Ne, ozbiljno.

Two guys walk into a bar,

Dva tipa uđu u bar,

an ice cream bar:

zapravo, u sladoledarnicu:

Dave, a physicist working on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN,

fizičar Dave, koji radi na Velikom hadronskom sudaraču u CERN-u,

the European laboratory for particle physics,

Europskom laboratoriju za fiziku čestica,

and Steve, a blues singer.

i pjevač bluesa, Steve.

"Dave, how's it going?"

„Dave, što ima?”

"Steve, good to see you!"

„Steve, baš mi je drago što te vidim!”

"Two scoops of chocolate almond for me."

„Dvije kuglice čokolade s bademima, molim.”

"Vanilla shake."

„Frape od vanilije.”

"Hey, I just saw something about the LHC on TV.

„Hej, baš sam vidio nešto o sudaraču na televiziji.

You guys found bozo in your detector?"

Vaši su detektori pronašli nekog Bozu?”

"Well, not exactly.

„Pa, ne baš.

We found a boson,

Pronašli smo bozon,

probably the Higgs boson."

vjerojatno Higgsov bozon.”

"What's that?"

„Što je to?”

"It's a particle."

„To je čestica.”

"Don't you find particles all the time?"

„Zar ne pronalazite stalno čestice?”

"Yes, but this one means

„Da, ali ova znači

that the Higgs field might really exist."

da Higgsovo polje možda zaista postoji.”

"Field? What field?"

„Polje? Kakvo polje?”

"The Higgs field.

„Higgsovo polje.

It's named after Peter Higgs,

Dobilo je ime po Peteru Higgsu,

although many others contributed to the idea.

iako su mnogi doprinijeli toj ideji.

It isn't a field, like where you grow corn,

Nije to polje kao što je ono za uzgajanje kukuruza,

but a hypothetical, invisible kind of force field

već hipotetsko nevidljivo polje sile

that pervades the whole universe."

koje prožima cijeli svemir.”

"Hmmmm, okay.

„A, tako...

If it pervades the whole universe,

Ako prožima cijeli svemir,

how come I've never seen it?

kako to da ga nikad nisam vidio?

That's a bit strange."

To je pomalo čudno.”

"Well, actually, it's not that strange.

„Pa nije baš tako čudno.

Think of the air around us.

Pomisli na zrak oko nas.

We can't see it or smell it.

Ne vidimo ga i nema mirisa.

Well, perhaps in some places we can.

Dobro, možda ponekad ima.

But we can detect its presence with sophisticated equipment,

No, možemo otkriti njegovu prisutnost pomoću sofisticirane opreme,

like our own bodies.

npr. vlastitog tijela.

So the fact that we can't see something

Dakle, to što nešto ne možemo vidjeti,

just makes it a bit harder to determine

samo znači da je malo teže odrediti

whether its really there or not."

postoji li to ili ne.”

"Alright, go on."

„U redu, nastavi.”

"So, we believe this Higgs field is all around us,

„Dakle, vjerujemo da je Higgsovo polje svuda oko nas,

everywhere in the universe.

posvuda u svemiru.

And what it does is rather special -

A njegovo je djelovanje zaista posebno –

it gives mass to elementary particles."

ono daje masu elementarnim česticama.”

"What's an elementary particle?"

„Što je elementarna čestica?”

"An elementary particle is what we call

„Elementarne čestice su

particles that have no structure,

čestice koje nemaju strukturu

they can't be divided,

i ne mogu se dijeliti.

they're the basic building blocks of the universe."

To su osnovne građevne jedinice svemira.”

"I thought those were atoms."

„Mislio sam da su to atomi.”

"Well, atoms are actually made of smaller components,

„Pa, atomi se zapravo sastoje od manjih dijelova:

protons, neutrons, and electrons.

protona, neutrona i elektrona.

While electrons are fundamental particles,

Elektroni su osnovne čestice,

neutrons and protons are not.

ali neutroni i protoni nisu.

They are made up of other fundamental particles called quarks."

Oni se sastoje od drugih osnovnih čestica, koje se zovu kvarkovi.”

"Sounds like Russian dolls.

„Kao da pričaš o matrjoškama.

Does it ever end?"

Ima li tome kraja?”

"Actually, we don't really know.

„To zapravo ne znamo,

But our current understanding

no, naše trenutačno shvaćanje

is called the Standard Model.

naziva se „standardnim modelom”.

In it, there are two types of fundamental particles:

Prema njemu, postoje dvije vrste osnovnih čestica:

the fermions, that make up matter,

fermioni, koji tvore materiju,

and the bosons, that carry forces.

i bozoni, koji prenose sile.

We often order these particles

Često razvrstavamo te čestice

according to their properties, such as mass.

prema njihovim svojstvima, kao što je masa.

We can measure the masses of the particles,

Možemo izmjeriti masu čestica,

but we never really knew where this mass came from

ali nikad zapravo nismo znali odakle ta masa potječe,

or why they have the masses they do."

ili zašto je njihova masa tolika kolika jest.

"So how does this Higgs field thing explain mass?"

„I, kako to Higgsovo polje objašnjava masu?”

"Well, when a particle passes through the Higgs field,

„Pa, kad čestica prolazi kroz Higgsovo polje,

it interacts and gets mass.

u interakciji s poljem dobiva masu.

The more it interacts, the more mass it has."

Što je interakcija veća, veća je i masa.”

"OK, I kind of get that, but is it really that important?

„Recimo da shvaćam, ali je li to stvarno tako važno?

I mean, what if there were no Higgs field?"

Hoću reći, što bi bilo da nema Higgsova polja?”

"If there were no Higgs field,

„Da nema Higgsova polja,

the world wouldn't exist at all.

ne bi bilo ni svijeta.

There would be no stars, no planets, no air, no anything,

Ne bi bilo zvijezda, planeta, zraka, ničega,

not even that spoon or the ice cream you're eating."

čak ni te žlice ili sladoleda koji jedeš.”

"Oh, that would be bad.

„Uh, to ne bi bilo dobro.

Okay, but where does this Higgs boson fit into things?"

U redu, ali kako se u to uklapa taj Higgsov bozon?”

"Alright, now, you see the cherry in my shake?"

„Dobro, vidiš li trešnju u mojem frapeu?”

"Can I have it?"

„Mogu li je dobiti?”

"No, not yet. We have to use it as an analogy first."

„Ne, još ne. Prvo ćemo je iskoristiti za usporedbu.”

"Oh, right, the cherry's the Higgs boson."

„Aha, znam, trešnja je Higgsov bozon.”

"No, not quite.

„Ne baš.

The cherry is a particle moving through the Higgs field, the shake.

Trešnja je čestica koja se kreće kroz Higgsovo polje, frape.

The shake gives the cherry its mass."

Frape daje trešnji masu.”

"I get it. Okay, so the molecules of the shake are the Higgs bosons!"

„Shvaćam. Dakle, molekule frapea su Higgsovi bozoni!”

"Well, you're getting closer.

„Pa, sve si bliže.

It takes an excitation of the Higgs field

Potrebna je ekscitacija Higgsova polja

to produce the Higgs boson.

da bi se proizveo Higgsov bozon.

So, for example, if I were to add energy

Tako, na primjer, ako dodam energiju,

by, say, dropping this cherry in the shake,"

recimo, ubacivanjem ove trešnje u frape...”

"Ah, then the drops that spill on the bar

„Onda bi kapi prolivene po šanku

are the Higgs bosons."

bile Higgsovi bozoni.”

"Almost! The splash itself is the Higgs boson."

„Skoro! Samo prskanje je Higgsov bozon.”

"Are you serious?"

„Ti to ozbiljno?”

"Well, that's what quantum mechanics teaches us.

„Pa, tome nas uči kvantna mehanika.

In fact, all particles are excitations of fields."

Zapravo, sve su čestice ekscitacije polja.”

"Okay, right. Well, I kind of see why you like particle physics,

„U redu. Donekle razumijem zašto ti se sviđa fizika čestica,

it's quite cool,

prilično je fora.

strange, but cool."

Čudna, ali fora.”

"Yeah, you could call it a bit strange,

„Da, moglo bi se reći da je pomalo čudna,

it's not like everyday life.

nije svakodnevna.

The Higgs boson is an excitation of the Higgs field.

Higgsov bozon ekscitacija je Higgsova polja.

By finding the Higgs boson,

Zahvaljujući pronalasku Higgsova bozona,

we know that the Higgs field exists."

znamo da Higgsovo polje postoji.”

"Right. So now you found it,

„Dobro. Sad kad ste ga pronašli,

we know this Higgs field exists.

znamo da to Higgsovo polje postoji.

You must be done.

Znači, to je to?

Is there anything left of particle physics?"

Je li to cijela fizika čestica?

"Actually, we've just begun.

„Zapravo, to je tek početak.

It's a bit like, you know, when Columbus thought

Znaš, to je pomalo kao kad je Kolumbo mislio

he had found a new route to India.

da je pronašao novi put do Indije.

He'd, indeed, found something new,

Doista je pronašao nešto novo,

but not quite what he was expecting.

ali ne baš ono što je očekivao.

So, first, we need to make sure that the boson we found

Tako da prvo moramo potvrditi da je pronađeni bozon

is actually the Higgs boson.

zaista Higssov bozon.

It seems to fit, but we need to measure

Čini se da jest, ali moramo izmjeriti

its properties to be sure."

njegova svojstva da bismo bili sigurni.”

"How'd you do that?"

„Kako ćete to učiniti?”

"Take a lot more data.

„Prikupit ćemo još mnogo podataka.

This new boson lives for only a very short time

Ovaj novi bozon živi samo vrlo kratko,

before it breaks down or decays

prije nego se razbije ili raspadne

into lighter, more stable particles.

na lakše, stabilnije čestice.

By measuring these particles,

Mjerenjem tih čestica

you learn about the properties of the boson."

učimo o svojstvima bozona.”

"And what exactly are you looking for?"

„A što točno tražite?”

"Well, the Standard Model predicts how often

„Pa, standardni model predviđa koliko često

and in what ways the Higgs boson would decay

i na koji bi se način Higgsov bozon raspadao

to the various, lighter particles.

na razne lakše čestice.

So we want to see if the particle we have found

Dakle, želimo provjeriti je li čestica koju smo pronašli,

is the one predicted by the Standard Model

ona koju predviđa standardni model,

or if it fits into other possible theoretical models."

ili se uklapa u druge teorijske modele.”

"And if it fits a different model?"

„A ako se uklapa u neki drugi model?”

"That would be even more exciting!

„To bi bilo još uzbudljivije!

In fact, that's how science advances.

U stvari, tako znanost napreduje.

We replace old models with new ones

Stare modele zamjenjujemo novima

if they better explain our observations."

ako oni bolje objašnjavaju naša zapažanja.

"Right, so it seems like finding this Higgs boson

„Dobro, dakle, čini se da pronalazak tog Higgsova bozona

gives a direction for exploration,

usmjerava istraživanje,

a bit like that Columbus guy heading west."

pomalo kao kad se taj Kolumbo uputio prema zapadu.”

"Exactly! And this is really just the beginning."

„Upravo tako! I to je doista tek početak.”