Defining cyberwarfare...in hopes of preventing it - Daniel Garrie

定义网络战... 以阻止它发生 - Daniel Garrie

翻译人员: Danny Wang 校对人员: Bighead Ge

Wars are a tragic part of our history

我们处于历史上悲惨的阶段

and will almost certainly be a tragic part of our future.

而且几乎肯定地会延续到未来。

Since the establishment of the United Nations,

自从联合国创立以来，

wars of aggression have been outlawed

侵略战争被禁止

and multilateral conventions refer to armed conflict

通过多边协商解决武装冲突

instead of war.

取代了战争。

But the wars of the future

不过未来的战争

won't be like the wars of our past.

不同于过去的战争

Alongside traditional warfare,

除传统战争形态外，

our future will include cyberwarfare,

未来战争还包括网络战，

remotely fighting our enemies

在远距离同敌人战斗

through the use of a new class of weapons,

使用新形态的武器，

including computer viruses

包括电脑病毒

and programs to alter the enemy's ability to operate.

以及电脑程序以打乱敌人的操作能力。

And not only is cyberwarfare not covered

网络战非但没有被

by existing legal frameworks,

现行法律框架所涵盖，

but the question of what exactly constitutes cyberwarfare

而且关于构成网络战的具体行为如何定义

is still highly debated.

仍然有争议。

So, how can we deal with cyberwarfare

那么，我们如何处理网络战

if we can't even agree on what it means?

如果我们甚至不知道什么是网络战呢？

One way forward is to envision situations

那我们先想像一下

where new international laws may be needed.

需要建立的新国际法。

Imagine a new kind of assassin,

设想一种新的暗杀行为，

one that could perpetrate a crime

犯罪可以被实施

without firing a single shot

但不用开枪

or even being in the same country.

甚至发生于同一国度之中。

For example, an individual working for the government

比如，一个为政府工作的个人

uses a wireless device to send a signal

使用无线设备发送信号

to another foreign leader's pacemaker.

给另一国领袖的心脏起搏器。

This device directs the pacemaker to malfunction,

该设备会导致心脏起搏器功能紊乱，

ultimately resulting in the foreign leader's death.

极端情况下会导致该国领袖的死亡。

Would this cyber assassination

这种网络暗杀行为

constitute an act of war?

是否构成战争？

As a second example,

再举一个例子，

imagine an allied group of nations

想像一下联盟国家

cooperatively infiltrating the computer systems

互相协作以入侵敌国的

of an enemy nation's nuclear warship.

核武器电脑系统。

This attack results in a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

该入侵导致核动力航空母舰

almost melting down,

几乎核融化，

which was stopped just short

这险些导致

of killing thousands of soldiers and civilians.

成千上万的士兵和平民死亡。

As a defensive measure,

作为防卫措施，

the enemy country responds

敌国反击

by unleashing a defensive cyberattack

并发动网络战

that results in the allied nations' power grids going down.

导致同盟国的电网中断。

Hospitals can no longer treat patients,

医院将无法治疗病患，

entire regions without heat or clean water,

大部区域失去供暖和饮用水供应，

all ultimately causing tens of thousands civilian deaths.

最终会导致成千上万的平民死亡。

The origin of the power failure

切断电力供应的最初意图

was the counterattack,

是反击措施，

but the fragile infrastructure,

但是脆弱的基础设施，

feeble cybersecurity,

软弱的网络安保，

and the antiquated state of the power grid

和陈旧的国家电网

all contributed to the deaths of the civilians.

叠加在一起导致平民的无辜死亡。

Could the country fight back?

那么国家可以反击吗？

Who would they fight?

他们又该向谁反击呢？

And would their retaliation be considered an act of war?

他们的报复措施会否被视为战争行为？

Do they constitute war crimes against humanity?

他们是否构成针对人类的战争罪行？

Who is to be held responsible?

谁又该负责呢？

The computer programmers who wrote the code?

编写电脑程序的程序员？

The military project manager

军队中负责监督编码的

who oversaw the creation of the code?

项目经理？

The commander who hit the button,

按下按钮的

setting off the event?

指挥官？

The hardware engineer who created the computers,

明知电脑会被用来发起攻击的

knowing that they were intended to enable an attack?

制造电脑的硬件工程师？

Because war has been with us for so long,

因为战争已经在我们之间存在多年，

we have laws to deal with figuring out

我们创建了法律来定义

who should be held accountable

谁应该为战争行为

for their actions in combat.

承担责任。

These legal frameworks aim to contain

这些法律框架的目的是

and prevent atrocities from being more atrocious.

限制暴行并防止更加残暴行为的发生。

Commandeering civilian planes

征用民用飞机

and using them as weapons,

并把它们用作武器，

dropping atomic bombs,

投放原子弹，

the use of gas chambers or poisonous gas in conflict,

使用毒气室或在冲突中使用化学武器，

all of these actions, if committed,

所有这些行为，一旦确认，

constitute acts of war and war crimes

将被视为战争罪行

under customary international law

依据现有国际法

and the Hague conventions.

和海牙公约。

Again, the current legal framework stays silent

不过，现有法律框架对于

on hypothetical questions and countless others

这些假想情景和类似行为无能为力

because there are no easy answers,

因为对于它们没有简单的解决方法，

and there are only two ways

只有两种方式

to make progress on these questions:

能促进这类问题的解决：

peace or new laws.

追求和平和新的立法。

So, what hypothetical but plausible scenarios

那么，什么样的假象情景和相似的行为

can you imagine falling under

你能够设想到

the burgeoning definition of cyberwarfare,

符合白热化的网络战定义呢？

and how might you design

又要怎样设计

an international legal framework

国际法框架

to deter these activities?

来阻止这些行为呢？