Defining cyberwarfare...in hopes of preventing it - Daniel Garrie

117,314 views ใƒป 2013-08-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alex Delizonas
00:06
Wars are a tragic part of our history
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ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
00:09
and will almost certainly be a tragic part of our future.
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ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:13
Since the establishment of the United Nations,
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ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
00:16
wars of aggression have been outlawed
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ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ืจืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง
00:17
and multilateral conventions refer to armed conflict
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ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืŸ
00:20
instead of war.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:22
But the wars of the future
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
00:24
won't be like the wars of our past.
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ืœื ื™ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
00:26
Alongside traditional warfare,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
00:28
our future will include cyberwarfare,
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
00:30
remotely fighting our enemies
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ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
00:32
through the use of a new class of weapons,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื,
00:34
including computer viruses
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
00:36
and programs to alter the enemy's ability to operate.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
00:39
And not only is cyberwarfare not covered
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื•ื—ืžืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื”
00:42
by existing legal frameworks,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
00:44
but the question of what exactly constitutes cyberwarfare
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ืืœื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ
00:47
is still highly debated.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืกื›ื.
00:49
So, how can we deal with cyberwarfare
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ
00:51
if we can't even agree on what it means?
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”?
00:54
One way forward is to envision situations
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
00:56
where new international laws may be needed.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ.
00:59
Imagine a new kind of assassin,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื ืงืฉ ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:01
one that could perpetrate a crime
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ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉืข
01:03
without firing a single shot
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช
01:04
or even being in the same country.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:07
For example, an individual working for the government
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
01:09
uses a wireless device to send a signal
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืช
01:12
to another foreign leader's pacemaker.
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ืœืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื–ืจ ืื—ืจ.
01:14
This device directs the pacemaker to malfunction,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืœื”ืชืงืœืงืœ,
01:17
ultimately resulting in the foreign leader's death.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื–ืจ.
01:20
Would this cyber assassination
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ื”ืื ืจืฆื— ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:21
constitute an act of war?
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ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืžื”?
01:23
As a second example,
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:25
imagine an allied group of nations
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
01:27
cooperatively infiltrating the computer systems
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ืฉื™ื—ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:29
of an enemy nation's nuclear warship.
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ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
01:32
This attack results in a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
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ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืกื”
01:35
almost melting down,
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ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
01:36
which was stopped just short
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ืฉื ืขืฆืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘
01:38
of killing thousands of soldiers and civilians.
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ืœืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
01:41
As a defensive measure,
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ื›ืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ื ืชื™,
01:42
the enemy country responds
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ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื”
01:43
by unleashing a defensive cyberattack
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืชืงืคืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื ื ืชื™ืช
01:46
that results in the allied nations' power grids going down.
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ืฉืชื•ืฆืืชื” ื ืคื™ืœืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื•ืช.
01:49
Hospitals can no longer treat patients,
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ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
01:52
entire regions without heat or clean water,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืœื ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืื• ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื,
01:54
all ultimately causing tens of thousands civilian deaths.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืœืคื™ ื—ืœืœื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
01:59
The origin of the power failure
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
02:01
was the counterattack,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“,
02:02
but the fragile infrastructure,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”,
02:03
feeble cybersecurity,
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ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฉื”,
02:05
and the antiquated state of the power grid
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
02:07
all contributed to the deaths of the civilians.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืชืจืžื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
02:10
Could the country fight back?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ื—ื–ืจื”?
02:11
Who would they fight?
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ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื?
02:13
And would their retaliation be considered an act of war?
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ื•ื”ืื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”?
02:16
Do they constitute war crimes against humanity?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช?
02:19
Who is to be held responsible?
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ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™?
02:21
The computer programmers who wrote the code?
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“?
02:24
The military project manager
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ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฆื‘ื
02:26
who oversaw the creation of the code?
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ืฉืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“?
02:28
The commander who hit the button,
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ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ,
02:30
setting off the event?
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืข?
02:32
The hardware engineer who created the computers,
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ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:34
knowing that they were intended to enable an attack?
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืชืงืคื”?
02:37
Because war has been with us for so long,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
02:40
we have laws to deal with figuring out
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”
02:42
who should be held accountable
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉืžื”
02:43
for their actions in combat.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืจื‘.
02:46
These legal frameworks aim to contain
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ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ
02:48
and prevent atrocities from being more atrocious.
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ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช.
02:51
Commandeering civilian planes
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ื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื
02:53
and using them as weapons,
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื ืฉืง,
02:54
dropping atomic bombs,
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ื”ืคืœืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
02:56
the use of gas chambers or poisonous gas in conflict,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ื™ื ืื• ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
03:00
all of these actions, if committed,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื•,
03:02
constitute acts of war and war crimes
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”
03:04
under customary international law
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ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
03:07
and the Hague conventions.
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ื•ืืžื ืช ื”ืื’.
03:08
Again, the current legal framework stays silent
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื ืฉืืจ ืฉืงื˜
03:11
on hypothetical questions and countless others
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ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื•ืจ
03:14
because there are no easy answers,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช,
03:16
and there are only two ways
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:17
to make progress on these questions:
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ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•:
03:19
peace or new laws.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:21
So, what hypothetical but plausible scenarios
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ืื–, ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
03:24
can you imagine falling under
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืœื• ืชื—ืช
03:25
the burgeoning definition of cyberwarfare,
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ืขื•ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
03:28
and how might you design
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื
03:29
an international legal framework
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ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
03:31
to deter these activities?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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