What caused the Rwandan Genocide? - Susanne Buckley-Zistel

1,258,943 views ・ 2023-06-27

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Sophia Ye 校对人员: Yip Yan Yeung
00:08
For 100 days in 1994, the African country of Rwanda
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在 1994 年的 100 天里, 非洲国家卢旺达
00:13
suffered a horrific campaign of mass murder.
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遭受了一场可怕的大屠杀。
00:17
Neighbor turned against neighbor as violence engulfed the region,
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邻居之间相互对立,暴力席卷该地区,
00:21
resulting in the deaths of over one-tenth of the country’s population.
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导致该国超过十分之一的人口丧生。
00:26
The seeds of this conflict were planted a century earlier,
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这场冲突的种子在一个世纪前种下,
00:29
first when German, and later Belgian, colonizers arrived in the country.
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最早是德国人,后来是比利时殖民者 来到这个国家。
00:35
At the time, Rwanda was ruled by a monarchy of Tutsi,
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当时,卢旺达由图西人的君主统治,
00:39
one of the three ethnic groups comprising the population.
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图西人是卢旺达人口中的 三个民族群体之一。
00:42
Tutsi and the even smaller Twa communities were minority groups,
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图西人和较小的图瓦人社区是少数族群,
00:47
while Hutu composed the majority.
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而胡图人是大多数。
00:49
Many Hutus and Tutsi civilians were on good terms,
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许多胡图人和图西平民之间的关系良好,
00:53
but colonial powers encouraged political division.
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但殖民列强煽动了政治分裂。
00:57
Belgians enforced record keeping around ethnic identity,
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比利时人在种族身份的记录上 进行强制性管理,
01:01
and created a public narrative that cast Tutsi as elite rulers
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并编造了一套公众言论, 将图西人描绘为精英统治者,
01:06
and Hutu as ordinary farmers.
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将胡图人描绘为普通农民。
01:08
Over time, this propaganda led to intense political hostility.
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随着时间的推移, 这种宣传导致了激烈的政治敌对。
01:12
And while colonial powers had largely withdrawn by 1959,
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尽管殖民列强在 1959 年之后 基本上已经撤退,
01:16
lingering anger motivated a Hutu revolt,
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但余留的愤怒激发了胡图人的起义,
01:19
forcing many Tutsi leaders to flee the country.
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迫使许多图西领导人逃离国家。
01:23
Over the following decade,
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在接下来的十年里,
01:24
Rwanda transitioned to an independent republic with a Hutu government.
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卢旺达转型成了一个 由胡图政府统治的独立共和国。
01:29
This new administration argued that as the majority group,
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这个新政府认为,作为多数族群,
01:32
Hutu deserved exclusive access to political power.
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胡图人应该独享政治权力。
01:36
They excluded the Tutsi minority by appointing offices based on population
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他们通过按照人口分配职位来 排除图西少数族群,
01:40
and prohibited the return of Tutsi families that had fled years earlier.
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并禁止逃离多年的图西家族回国。
01:45
Hutu extremists also circulated propaganda
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胡图极端分子还散布了 指责图西人造成国家经济、
01:48
blaming Tutsi for the country’s economic, social, and political problems.
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社会和政治问题的宣传。
01:54
Discontent with their life in exile,
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一小部分不满流亡生活的图西叛乱分子
01:56
a small group of Tutsi insurgents invaded Rwanda in 1990,
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于 1990 年入侵了卢旺达,
02:01
beginning a violent civil war.
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引发了一场暴力的内战。
02:03
The conflict lasted three years before it was resolved with a formal peace accord.
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冲突持续了三年, 直到达成正式和平协议才得以解决。
02:08
But the war’s aftermath was rife with insecurity.
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但战后的局势充满了不安全因素。
02:11
While some civilians in both groups remained amicable,
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尽管双方的一些平民保持友好,
02:14
the treaty intensified political polarization.
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但协议加剧了政治对立。
02:17
And in 1994, when a plane carrying the Hutu Rwandan president was shot down,
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1994 年,当载有胡图卢旺达 总统的飞机被击落时,
02:23
the conflict broke out anew.
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冲突再次爆发。
02:25
This time, Hutu officials had prepared a deadly response
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这一次,胡图官员已经准备好 采取致命的行动
02:29
to ensure they stayed in power.
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以确保他们掌握着权力。
02:31
Working off a list of targets,
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政府资助的胡图民兵 根本不按照什么目标行动,
02:32
government-funded Hutu militias flooded the streets,
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而是涌入街头,
02:36
perpetrating acts of physical and sexual violence
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对图西的政治敌人和平民实施肢体
02:39
against Tutsi political enemies and civilians.
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和性暴力行为。
02:42
Over the chaotic following months,
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在接下来混乱的几个月里,
02:44
over 1 million Hutu civilians joined their ranks due to coercion,
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出于受到胁迫、自我保护或个人动机,
02:48
self-preservation, or the pursuit of personal agendas.
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超过 100 万胡图平民加入了 他们的行列。
02:52
Tutsi victims sought refuge at churches and schools
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图西的受害者向教堂和学校寻求庇护,
02:56
where they hoped international organizations would protect them,
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希望国际组织能保护他们,
02:59
but no outside party came to their aid.
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但没有外部团体来帮助他们。
03:01
UN soldiers who’d overseen the Peace Accord
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监督和平协议的联合国士兵
03:04
were instructed to abandon Tutsi civilians,
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被指示放弃保护图西平民,
03:06
and UN leadership refused to acknowledge the genocide taking place.
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联合国领导层拒绝承认 种族灭绝正在发生。
03:11
The violence didn’t end until mid-July,
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暴力直到 7 月中旬才结束,
03:13
when the Tutsi army— who instigated the previous civil war—
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当时在上一场内战中发动冲突的 图西军队夺取了国家的控制权。
03:16
seized control of the country.
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03:19
By the time the fighting was over,
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战斗结束时,
03:21
roughly 800,000 Rwandans had been killed,
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大约有 80 万卢旺达人丧生,
03:24
and only a small fraction of the Tutsi population was left alive.
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只剩下一小部分图西人口幸存。
03:28
In the months that followed,
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随之而来的几个月里,
03:30
there was no easy strategy for bringing the killers to justice.
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将杀人犯绳之以法没有简单的策略。
03:33
The UN established a special tribunal in Tanzania to try the key perpetrators.
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联合国在坦桑尼亚建立了一个特别法庭来 审判主要肇事者。
03:39
But Hutu civilians from every level of society had committed atrocities
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但来自社会各个层面的胡图平民对邻居、
03:44
against their neighbors, friends, and even family members.
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朋友甚至家人都犯下了暴行。
03:47
There were roughly 120,000 Rwandans awaiting trial,
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大约有 12 万名卢旺达人等待审判,
03:51
and inmates were dying from overcrowding and poor hygiene.
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囚犯因拥挤和卫生条件差而死亡。
03:55
The new Rwandan government estimated it would take 100 years to prosecute
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新的卢旺达政府估计 需要 100 年时间才能
03:59
every accused civilian in national court.
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在国家法庭上起诉每一个被告平民。
04:02
So officials determined the best path forward involved
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因此,官员们决定前进的最佳途径是
04:05
looking to the country’s past.
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参考该国的以往做法。
04:08
Rwanda has a traditional process
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卢旺达有一种解决人际冲突的传统程序,
04:09
for resolving interpersonal conflicts called gacaca.
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称为加卡卡(gacaca)。
04:13
Roughly translating to “justice on the grass,”
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加卡卡大致翻译为“草地上的正义”,
04:16
gacaca had long been used to address offenses within villages.
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长期以来一直用于解决村庄内的冲突。
04:20
Local witnesses would offer testimony
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当地目击者将提供证词,
04:22
and could then speak for or against the accused.
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然后可以对被告发表支持或反对的意见。
04:26
Then, appointed lay judges would determine an appropriate penalty
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然后,被指派的普通法官将在社区 能力范围内判处适当的处罚。
04:30
within the community’s means.
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04:32
In the hope of trying perpetrators more quickly,
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为了更快地审判犯罪者,
04:35
the government adapted gacaca for their formal courts.
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政府将加卡卡应用于他们的正式法庭。
04:38
These hybrid trials had no professional attorneys or judges,
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这些混合审判没有专业律师或法官,
04:42
and no evidence outside the spoken word
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除了口述的话语和详细记载 被告犯罪的案卷之外,
04:44
and a case file detailing the crimes of the accused.
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没有其他证据。
04:48
All charges were then divided into four categories:
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然后,所有指控被分为四类:
04:51
masterminding the genocide and committing acts of sexual violence,
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策划种族大屠杀和实施性暴力行为、
04:55
participating in the killings, physical assault,
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参与杀戮、
04:57
or destroying Tutsi property.
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肢体袭击或破坏图西人财产。
04:59
Those found guilty of the first two categories
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对于前两类罪名成立的人,
05:02
were entered into the traditional court system,
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将进入传统的法庭系统,
05:05
but the other crimes were assigned set penalties
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但其他罪行将被判处固定的刑罚,
05:08
which could be reduced if the accused pled guilty.
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如果被告认罪,刑罚可减轻。
05:11
Beginning in 2002, thousands of gacaca courts convened every week.
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从 2002 年开始,成千上万的 加卡卡法庭每周开庭。
05:16
The process proved faster than conventional courts,
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这个过程比传统法庭更快速,
05:19
but Rwandan opinion on the trials was mixed.
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但卢旺达人对审判的意见不一。
05:22
Some didn’t want to accuse their neighbors in a community setting,
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有些人不想在社区环境中 指责他们的邻居,
05:26
and many potential witnesses were intimidated to prevent their testimony.
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许多潜在的证人因恐吓而不敢作证。
05:30
Additionally, while the trial showed that not all Hutu participated in the killings,
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此外,尽管审判显示并非所有 胡图人参与了屠杀,
05:35
the courts only reviewed cases with Tutsi victims,
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但法庭只审查了涉及图西受害者的案件,
05:38
ignoring the Hutu casualties incurred during the genocide
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忽视了种族灭绝和前期内战 期间的胡图伤亡。
05:41
and the preceding civil war.
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05:43
When the trials concluded in 2012,
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当审判于 2012 年结束时,
05:46
the courts had convicted 1.7 million individuals.
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法庭已判处 170 万人有罪。
05:50
For some families, these verdicts helped restore the dignity
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对一些家庭来说,这些判决恢复了
05:53
of those lost in the violence.
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那些在暴力中失去的人的尊严。
05:55
For others, the trials were a decade-long reminder
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对其他人来说, 审判是一个长达十年的
05:59
of a past they were desperate to leave behind.
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过去的残酷提醒,他们迫切希望离开。
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