What caused the Rwandan Genocide? - Susanne Buckley-Zistel

1,258,943 views ใƒป 2023-06-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
For 100 days in 1994, the African country of Rwanda
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
00:13
suffered a horrific campaign of mass murder.
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ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
00:17
Neighbor turned against neighbor as violence engulfed the region,
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ืฉื›ืŸ ืคื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืคืคื” ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
00:21
resulting in the deaths of over one-tenth of the countryโ€™s population.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:26
The seeds of this conflict were planted a century earlier,
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ื–ืจืขื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ื˜ืขื• ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
00:29
first when German, and later Belgian, colonizers arrived in the country.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:35
At the time, Rwanda was ruled by a monarchy of Tutsi,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™,
00:39
one of the three ethnic groups comprising the population.
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ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
00:42
Tutsi and the even smaller Twa communities were minority groups,
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ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜,
00:47
while Hutu composed the majority.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘.
00:49
Many Hutus and Tutsi civilians were on good terms,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื•ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:53
but colonial powers encouraged political division.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
00:57
Belgians enforced record keeping around ethnic identity,
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ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ื ืื›ืคื• ืืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืืชื ื™ืช,
01:01
and created a public narrative that cast Tutsi as elite rulers
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืœื”ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขื™ืœื™ืช
01:06
and Hutu as ordinary farmers.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื›ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
01:08
Over time, this propaganda led to intense political hostility.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื–ื”.
01:12
And while colonial powers had largely withdrawn by 1959,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื ืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื“ 1959,
01:16
lingering anger motivated a Hutu revolt,
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ื›ืขืก ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืžืจื“ ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื•,
01:19
forcing many Tutsi leaders to flee the country.
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ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืืจืฅ.
01:23
Over the following decade,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
01:24
Rwanda transitioned to an independent republic with a Hutu government.
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ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืขื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื˜ื•.
01:29
This new administration argued that as the majority group,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืจื•ื‘,
01:32
Hutu deserved exclusive access to political power.
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ืœื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
01:36
They excluded the Tutsi minority by appointing offices based on population
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
01:40
and prohibited the return of Tutsi families that had fled years earlier.
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ื•ืืกืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ืฉื‘ืจื—ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
01:45
Hutu extremists also circulated propaganda
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ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื’ื ืชืขืžื•ืœื”
01:48
blaming Tutsi for the countryโ€™s economic, social, and political problems.
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ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
01:54
Discontent with their life in exile,
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ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช,
01:56
a small group of Tutsi insurgents invaded Rwanda in 1990,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ืคืœืฉื” ืœืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื‘-1990,
02:01
beginning a violent civil war.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื”.
02:03
The conflict lasted three years before it was resolved with a formal peace accord.
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืชืจ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื•ื ืจืฉืžื™.
02:08
But the warโ€™s aftermath was rife with insecurity.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
02:11
While some civilians in both groups remained amicable,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
02:14
the treaty intensified political polarization.
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ื”ืืžื ื” ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
02:17
And in 1994, when a plane carrying the Hutu Rwandan president was shot down,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ืคืœ,
02:23
the conflict broke out anew.
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืคืจืฅ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:25
This time, Hutu officials had prepared a deadly response
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ื”ืคืขื, ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช
02:29
to ensure they stayed in power.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:31
Working off a list of targets,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื,
02:32
government-funded Hutu militias flooded the streets,
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ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:36
perpetrating acts of physical and sexual violence
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช
02:39
against Tutsi political enemies and civilians.
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ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
02:42
Over the chaotic following months,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:44
over 1 million Hutu civilians joined their ranks due to coercion,
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืงื‘ ื›ืคื™ื™ื”
02:48
self-preservation, or the pursuit of personal agendas.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™, ืื• ืžืจื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื’โ€™ื ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:52
Tutsi victims sought refuge at churches and schools
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ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
02:56
where they hoped international organizations would protect them,
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ืฉื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:59
but no outside party came to their aid.
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ืืš ืืฃ ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื ื ื—ืœืฅ ืœืขื–ืจืชื.
03:01
UN soldiers whoโ€™d overseen the Peace Accord
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืื•โ€œื ืฉืคื™ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื
03:04
were instructed to abandon Tutsi civilians,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™,
03:06
and UN leadership refused to acknowledge the genocide taking place.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืื•โ€œื ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
03:11
The violence didnโ€™t end until mid-July,
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ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื•ืœื™,
03:13
when the Tutsi armyโ€” who instigated the previous civil warโ€”
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™- ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช -
03:16
seized control of the country.
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ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:19
By the time the fighting was over,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ ื ื’ืžืจ,
03:21
roughly 800,000 Rwandans had been killed,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 800,000 ืจื•ืื ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•,
03:24
and only a small fraction of the Tutsi population was left alive.
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ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:28
In the months that followed,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
03:30
there was no easy strategy for bringing the killers to justice.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืงืœื” ืœื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ.
03:33
The UN established a special tribunal in Tanzania to try the key perpetrators.
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ื”ืื•โ€œื ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
03:39
But Hutu civilians from every level of society had committed atrocities
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช
03:44
against their neighbors, friends, and even family members.
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ื ื’ื“ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
03:47
There were roughly 120,000 Rwandans awaiting trial,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 120,000 ืจื•ืื ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜,
03:51
and inmates were dying from overcrowding and poor hygiene.
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ื•ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื• ืžืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”.
03:55
The new Rwandan government estimated it would take 100 years to prosecute
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ื™ืงื— 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ
03:59
every accused civilian in national court.
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ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ื ืืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:02
So officials determined the best path forward involved
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ืื– ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:05
looking to the countryโ€™s past.
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ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:08
Rwanda has a traditional process
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ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™
04:09
for resolving interpersonal conflicts called gacaca.
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ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืืฆโ€˜ืืฆโ€™ื”.
04:13
Roughly translating to โ€œjustice on the grass,โ€
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ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื’ืก ืœโ€œืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉืโ€œ,
04:16
gacaca had long been used to address offenses within villages.
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ื’ืืฆโ€˜ืืฆโ€™ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืคืจื™ื.
04:20
Local witnesses would offer testimony
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ืขื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืขื™ื“ื•
04:22
and could then speak for or against the accused.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ืื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืืฉื.
04:26
Then, appointed lay judges would determine an appropriate penalty
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื
04:30
within the communityโ€™s means.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
04:32
In the hope of trying perpetrators more quickly,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ,
04:35
the government adapted gacaca for their formal courts.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ื’ืืฆโ€˜ืืฆโ€™ื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:38
These hybrid trials had no professional attorneys or judges,
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ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืœื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
04:42
and no evidence outside the spoken word
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ื•ืœืœื ืจืื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช
04:44
and a case file detailing the crimes of the accused.
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ื•ืชื™ืง ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฉื.
04:48
All charges were then divided into four categories:
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช:
04:51
masterminding the genocide and committing acts of sexual violence,
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ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช
04:55
participating in the killings, physical assault,
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช, ืชืงื™ืคื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
04:57
or destroying Tutsi property.
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ืื• ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™.
04:59
Those found guilty of the first two categories
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ืืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืืฉืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
05:02
were entered into the traditional court system,
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ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
05:05
but the other crimes were assigned set penalties
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื
05:08
which could be reduced if the accused pled guilty.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื ื”ื ืืฉื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืฉืžื”.
05:11
Beginning in 2002, thousands of gacaca courts convened every week.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2002, ืืœืคื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ืืฆโ€˜ืืฆโ€™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
05:16
The process proved faster than conventional courts,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื›ื— ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื,
05:19
but Rwandan opinion on the trials was mixed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช.
05:22
Some didnโ€™t want to accuse their neighbors in a community setting,
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ื—ืœืงื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช,
05:26
and many potential witnesses were intimidated to prevent their testimony.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืขื“ื•ืชื.
05:30
Additionally, while the trial showed that not all Hutu participated in the killings,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช,
05:35
the courts only reviewed cases with Tutsi victims,
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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื“ืงื• ืจืง ืžืงืจื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™,
05:38
ignoring the Hutu casualties incurred during the genocide
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื˜ื• ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื
05:41
and the preceding civil war.
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
05:43
When the trials concluded in 2012,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-2012,
05:46
the courts had convicted 1.7 million individuals.
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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืฉื™ืขื• 1.7 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:50
For some families, these verdicts helped restore the dignity
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“
05:53
of those lost in the violence.
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ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
05:55
For others, the trials were a decade-long reminder
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ
05:59
of a past they were desperate to leave behind.
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ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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