Why your phone battery gets worse over time - George Zaidan

Translator: Mustafo Azizxonov Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

A drop of gasoline, a match, and a battery, all store energy—

Bir tomchi benzin, bir gugurt, va batareya, hammasi energiyani saqlaydi -

but, after each expends its energy, only the battery is recyclable.

lekin, hammasi ishlatilganidan so`ng faqat batareya qayta ishlana oladi.

That's because, chemically speaking,

Chunki, kimyoviy jihatdan aytganda,

a dead battery is actually not that different from a fresh one.

o`lik batareya yangisidan farq qilmaydi

Most of the batteries we use today take advantage

Biz bugun foydalanadigan aksar batareyalar

of the fact that some metals like to release electrons

metallari elektron chiqaradi

and others like to accept them.

va boshqalari qabul qiladi

For example, in a typical alkaline double-A battery,

Masalan, oddiy alkaline double-A batareyalarida,

zinc metal reacts with hydroxide ions,

rux gidroksid ionlar bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi,

changing into zinc oxide and releasing electrons at the negative terminal.

rux oksidiga ayladi va elektronlarni manfiy terminalga chiqaradi.

The electrons travel through, say, a light bulb,

Elektronlar, ayataylik, lampochkada aylanib yuradi

and then return to the battery at the positive terminal,

va batareyaning musbat terminaliga qaytib boradi,

where they’re accepted by manganese dioxide.

u yerda ular maranets dioksidi tomonidan qabul qilinadi.

Different batteries use different combinations of metals,

Turli batareyalar turli metallar kombinatsiyasini

and sometimes non-metals like graphite,

va ba`zan metallmas grafitni ham ishlatadi,

but the basic idea is to use a pair of chemical reactions

lekin, asosiy maqsad bu kimyoviy juftlikni

to generate a stream of electrons.

eletron oqimini yuzaga keltirish.

Almost all batteries, even single-use batteries,

Deyarli hamma batareyalar, hatto bir martalik batareyalar,

are theoretically rechargeable.

nazariy jihatdaqn qayta zaryadlanadi.

That's because the metals and other chemicals are still right there.

Sababi, metallar va boshqalar kimyoviy moddalar hali ham o’sha yerda.

That’s very different than in, say, gasoline,

Bu juda farq qiladi, aytaylik, benzin,

where the liquid hydrocarbon molecules are converted to gases.

suyuq uglevodorod molekulalari gazlarga aylanadigan joyda.

You can't convert exhaust back into gasoline,

Siz chiqitni qayta benzinga aylantira olmaysiz,

but, with some work you can convert, say, zinc oxide back to zinc.

lekin, qisman aylantirishingiz mumkin, aytaylik, rux oksidi ruxga qaytariladi.

So then what's the difference between these and these?

Xo’sh, bular orasida nima farq bor?

The short answer is that trying to recharge a single-use battery

Qisqa javob - bir martalik batareyani qayta zaryadlashga urinish

doesn’t just force these reactions to run in reverse.

teskari reaktsiyaga majburlamaydi.

It also results in a bunch of side reactions that produce

Bu yana yon reaktsiyaga, foydasiz ifloslantiruvchi moddalar,

useless contaminants,

sabab bo`ladi,

reducing a battery’s capacity;

batareya sig`imini kamaytirish;

and it could even damage the internal structure of the battery,

va hatto batareyaning ichki tuzilishiga zarar yetkazishi mumkin,

leading to a loss of electrical contact and failure.

elektr aloqasining yo’qolishiga olib keladi va muvaffaqiyatsizlik.

Rechargeable batteries are engineered to avoid these issues.

Qayta ishlanadigan batareyalar bunday muammolardan saqlanish uchun chiqarilgan.

Look at this lithium-ion battery.

Ushbu lityum-ion batareyaga qarang.

Both sides have an atomic-level structure that you can imagine as lots of docks.

Ikkala tomon atomlarga ega ko’plab ko`prik sifatida tasavvur qilishingiz mumkin.

So when the battery is powering something,

Batareya biror narsani quvvatlantirsa,

the lithium “ships” give up their electrons to power the circuit,

litiy “kemalar” elektronlarini quvvat aylanasi uchun chiqaradi,

and then sail over to the other side of the battery,

va keyin batareyaning boshqa tomonlariga suzib boradi.

dock in an orderly, organized way,

ko`priklar tartibli usulda,

and meet up with their now-lower-energy electrons.

va ularning hozirgi past energiyali elektronlari bilan uchrashadilar.

When the battery is being charged, the opposite happens.

Batareya quvvatlantirilayotganda teskarisi sodir bo`ladi.

Over the course of hundreds, sometimes thousands, of charge cycles,

Yuzlab yillar davomida, ba’zan minglab, zaryad davrlari,

some of the lithium ion ships sort of veer off course

litiy-ionli kemalarning ba’zilari qandaydir yo’ldan chetga chiqish

and engage in side reactions,

va nojo’ya reaktsiyalarda qatnashish,

producing stuff that increases the internal resistance of the battery,

batareyaning ichki qarshiligi ko`payadigan narsalar ishlab chiqarish

which in turn makes it lose efficiency and power

bu esa o’z navbatida muqarrar ravishda o’lguncha

until it inevitably dies.

samaradorligi va quvvatni yo`qotadi.

Even when that happens, you can bring dead batteries back to life—

Bu sodir bo’lganda ham, siz o’lik batare- yalarni hayotga qaytarishingiz mumkin -

whether they’re rechargeable or not— by recycling them.

ular qayta zaryadlanadimi yoki yo’qmi - ularni qayta ishlash orqali.

The heart of most battery recycling is a process called smelting,

Ko`plab b.larning qayta ishlanish protsessining yuragi eritish deb ataladi,

which is basically just melting the metallic parts.

bu asosan faqat metall qismlar eriydi.

This drives off impurities,

Bu iflosliklarni olib tashlaydi,

returning metals back to their initial, orderly state.

metallarni o’z boshlang’ich holiga qaytarish, tartibli holat.

Unfortunately, in many countries you can’t just toss household batteries

Afsuski, ko`pgina davlatlarda siz uy xo`jaligidagi b.larni qayta ishlashingiz

in with your regular recycling.

bilan tashlay olmaysiz.

You have to take them to a battery collection point or recycling center.

Siz ularni batareya to`plammasi yoki q.i.m olib borishingiz kerak.

Same goes for more complicated rechargeable batteries:

Xuddi shu qayta zaryadlanuvchi batareyalarda boradi:

you need to bring them to a collection point

ularni yig’ish nuqtasiga olib kelasiz

or send them back to the company you bought them from.

yoki ularni sotib olgan kompaniyangizga jo`natasiz.

It’s a pain, but absolutely worth the time and effort,

Bu og’riq, lekin mutlaqo vaqt va kuch sarflashga arziydi,

because recycling batteries is critical.

chunki batareyalarni qayta ishlash juda muhim.

Not only does it prevent potentially toxic battery metals

Bu nafaqat potentsial zaharli batareya metallarini

from leaking into the environment,

atrof-muhitga ketishidan oldini oladi

it conserves scarce— and vital— resources.

u kam va hayotiy resurslarni tejaydi.

Earth has about 22 million tons of lithium—

Yerda 22 million tonnaga yaqin litiy bor-

enough for about 2.5 billion EVs.

2.5 milliard EA ga yetadi.

That sounds like plenty, but it’s only 25% higher than the number of EVs

Bu juda ko’p tuyuladi, lekin bu faqat EA sonidan 25% ko’p

experts believe it’ll take to reach net zero emissions by 2050,

mutaxassislar 2050-yilga kelib nol emmisiyaga erishishimizga ishonishadi,

and that doesn’t even account for laptops, phones, and anything else

va bu hatto noutbuklar, telefonlar, va b.n. ni hisobga olishmagan.

that uses a lithium-ion battery.

litiy-ion batareyani ishlatadiganlari.

Currently, though, most lithium-ion batteries are not manufactured

Hozirda, garchi, ko`plab litiy-ion b. lari ishlab chiqarilmaydi

with recycling in mind.

qayta ishlashni hisobga olgan holda.

The designs are intricate and non-standard,

Dizaynlar chalkash va nostandart,

and the components are held together by almost indestructible glues.

va komponentlar ajratib bo`lmas yelimlar bilan mustahkamlangan.

So today, less than 5% of lithium-ion batteries are recycled.

Xo`sh bugun, 5% dan kam litiy-ion batareyalari qayta ishlanadi

Regulations that clearly define who is responsible for a spent battery

Aniq qoidalar sarflangan batareya uchun kim javobgar

and what should happen to it can boost recycling dramatically.

va u bilan qayta ishlashni keskin oshirishi mumkin bolishini aniqlaydi.

For example, lead-acid batteries are generally subject to stringent regulations

Masalan, qo`rg`oshin-kislotali batareyalar odatda qat’iy qoidalarga bo’ysunadi

and are recycled at much higher rates than lithium-ion batteries.

va litiy-ion batareyalaridan ko`p miqdorda qayta ishlanadi.

Over the next century, we’ll need to recycle huge numbers of EV batteries,

Keyingi asrda, biz juda ko`p miqdordagi EV batareyarini qayta ishlashimiz kerak,

so scientists are working on making the battery recycling process cheaper

olimlar batareyalarni qayta ishlashni arzon va yanada ekologik

and more environmentally friendly.

toza qilish ustida ishlashmoqda

Smelting uses a lot of energy and, depending on the type of battery,

Eritish juda ko’p energiyani batareya turiga qarabsarflaydi,

can release harmful by-products.

zararli mahsulotlarni chiqarishi mumkin.

In addition to regulations, industrial processes, and our own individual choices,

Qoidalarga qo’shimcha ravishda, sanoat jarayonlar va shaxsiy tanlovlarimiz,

battery tech will also continue to evolve.

batareya texnologiyasi ham rivojlanishda davom etadi.

There are proof-of-concept batteries being developed that can convert

Kontseptsiyani isbotlovchi batareyalar

physical force, ambient sound, and even pee into electricity.

jismoniy kuch, atrofdagi tovush, va hatto elektrga aylanishi rivojlantirilmoqda.

But if your top priority is to make your number one source of power, number one,

Lekin, agar sizning ustuvor vazifangiz birinchi raqamli quvvat manbaini yasash

sorry to say, but urine for a long wait.

bo`lsa uzur, juda ko`p vaqt kerak.