Gravity vs. Pressure: The battle that formed the universe - Fabio Pacucci

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

Welcome one and all!

Svi vi, dobro došli!

It’s time to grab your seat for the biggest battle

Vreme je da zauzmete mesta za najveću bitku

in the soon-to-be-formed universe.

u univerzumu u nastajanju.

That’s right— the Big Bang is about to go down!

Tako je - Veliki prasak samo što nije počeo!

In one corner is the force that brings all matter together.

U jednom uglu je sila koja drži svu materiju na okupu.

It acts on any particle with mass, and its range is infinite—

Deluje na sve čestice sa masom i njen opseg je beskonačan -

give it up for gravity!

pozdravite gravitaciju!

In the other corner, our contender can push matter away

U drugom uglu, naš izazivač odguruje materiju

with spectacular strength.

spektakularnom snagom.

When the going gets tough, this fighter just gets tougher.

Kada postane jako teško, naš borac postaje još jači.

That’s right, it’s pressure!

Tako je, on je pritisak!

Over the next several hundred thousand years,

U narednih nekoliko stotina hiljada godina,

these two contenders will be wrestling for the fate of the universe.

ova dva izazivača će se rvati za sudbinu univerzuma.

That’s right folks, the ripple effects of this historic match

Tako je, narode, udarni talasi ovog istorijskog meča

will shape the structure of the universe as we know it today.

oblikovaće strukturu univerzuma kakvog znamo danas.

But what are these powers fighting over?

Međutim, oko čega se ove sile bore?

We’ll find out when the Big Bang hits right... now!

Saznaćemo kada Veliki prasak otpočne upravo... sad!

Let’s zoom in for the play-by-play.

Zumirajmo rundu po rundu.

This epic event has brought three components into our infant universe.

Epski događaj je uveo tri komponente u naš univerzum u povoju.

Dark matter, which only interacts with gravity.

Tamnu materiju, koja jedino interaguje sa gravitacijom.

Baryonic matter, which makes up all matter you’ve ever seen,

Barionsku materiju, koja sačinjava svu materiju koju ste ikad videli,

is affected by both gravity and pressure.

i na koju utiče kako gravitacija tako i pritisak.

And radiation composed of innumerable particles of light,

I radijaciju koja se sastoji od bezbroj čestica svetlosti,

also known as photons.

poznatih i kao fotoni.

In the moments just after the Big Bang,

U trenucima neposredno nakon Velikog praska

all three components are in equilibrium,

sve tri komponente su bile u ravnoteži,

meaning no one location is denser than another.

a to znači da nijedno mesto nije bilo gušće od drugog.

But as the universe starts expanding, differences in density start to emerge.

Kako univerzum pak počinje da se širi, razlike u gustini iskrsavaju.

Gravity immediately gets to work pulling matter together.

Gravitacija se istog trena baca na posao zbijajući materiju.

Dark matter begins to collect at the center

Tamna materija počinje da se skuplja u središtu

of these increasingly dense regions,

ovih sve gušćih oblasti,

forming the foundations of future galaxies.

formirajući osnove budućih galaksija.

Meanwhile, pressure begins gathering its strength.

U međuvremenu, pritisak počinje da sakuplja snagu.

In this hot, high-energy environment,

U ovoj vreloj, visokoenergetskoj sredini,

protons and electrons can’t come together to form atoms,

protoni i elektroni ne mogu da se spoje i stvore atome,

so these loose particles zip around, freely interacting with ambient photons.

te ove slobodne čestice jure uokolo, slobodno interagujući sa okolnim fotonima.

The result is almost a fluid of baryonic matter and radiation.

Rezultat gotovo da je tečnost od barionske materije i radijacije.

But the closer these baryonic particles get, the hotter the fluid becomes,

Kako pak ove barionske čestice postaju bliže, tečnost postaje vrelija,

pushing photons to ping around with incredible force.

terajući fotone da skakuću okolo neverovatno silovito.

This is the power of pressure, specifically radiation pressure,

Ovo je snaga pritiska, to jest svetlosnog pritiska,

battling to push things apart.

koji se bori da stvari drži razdvojene.

With each of gravity’s vicious tugs squeezing photons and matter together,

Sa svakim žestokim stezanjem gravitacije koja zbija fotone i materiju zajedno,

pressure exerts a forceful shove back.

pritisak izvodi silovit potisak.

And as the two giants struggle, they heave this fluid back and forth—

I kako se dva džina bore, guraju ovu tečnost napred i nazad -

creating massive waves called baryonic acoustic oscillations.

stvarajući masivne talase koji se nazivaju barionskim akustičnim oscilacijama.

Moving at almost two thirds the speed of light

Krećući se skoro dve trećine brzine svetlosti,

these BAOs ripple across space,

ovi BAO-i se talasaju svemirom,

impacting the universe on the biggest scale imaginable.

utičući na univerzum u najvećoj mogućoj razmeri.

These rolling waves determine the distribution of matter throughout space,

Ovi kotrljajući talasi određuju preraspodelu materije kroz svemir,

meaning that today— almost 14 billion years after this fight began—

što znači da danas - skoro 14 milijardi godina nakon početka ove borbe -

we're more likely to find galaxies at their peaks

najveće su nam šanse da nađemo galaksije na bregovima talasa,

and empty space in their troughs.

a prazan prostor u dolama talasa.

And that’s not all.

I to nije sve.

We can still see these ripples in the background radiation of the universe,

I dalje možemo da vidimo ovo talasanje kao pozadinu radijacije u univerzumu,

a permanent reminder of this epic brawl.

trajni podsetnik na ovu epsku bitku.

But after being locked in a stalemate for roughly 370,000 years,

Međutim, nakon učaurenosti u pat poziciji oko 370 000 godina,

the tide of our battle finally begins to turn.

struje naše bitke konačno počinju da se menjaju.

After all this time, the heat from the Big Bang has dissipated significantly,

Posle sveg ovog vremena, toplota nastala u Velikom prasku se značajno raspršila,

cooling the universe down to a temperature

rashlađujući univerzum do temperature

at which loose electrons start to pair up with protons.

u kojoj ovi slobodni elektroni počinju da se sparuju sa protonima.

Known as the “era of recombination,”

Poznata kao „era rekombinacije”,

this stops electrons from recklessly pinging around.

sprečava elektrone da bezobzirno skakuću okolo.

This allows light to stream freely for the first time,

I omogućuje svetlosti da slobodno poteče prvi put,

illuminating the universe.

osvetljujući univerzum.

These photons now only exert a tiny force on the neutral atoms they interact with,

Ovi fotoni sad ispoljavaju sićušnu silu na neutralne atome sa kojima interaguju,

gradually reducing the power of pressure.

vremenom umanjujući snagu pritiska.

And with that, it’s time to crown our champion!

I samim tim je vreme da krunišemo našeg šampiona!

The undefeated force, the most pervasive power in the universe:

Neporaženu silu, najprodorniju snagu u univerzumu:

it’s gravity!

gravitaciju!

And yet, this rivalry isn’t over.

Pa ipak, ovde se rivalstvo ne završava.

A similar battle continues between these two sworn enemies today,

Danas se slična bitka između ovih zakletih neprijatelja nastavlja

within every single star.

unutar svake zvezde.

As gravity pulls a star’s gas inward,

Kako gravitacija vuče zvezdani gas unutra,

pressure increases and pushes the matter back outward.

pritisak se uvećava i gura materiju nazad ka spolja.

This push and pull keeps the Sun, and all other stars,

Ovo privlačenje i guranje održava Sunce i sve ostale zvezde

stable for billions of years.

stabilnim milijardama godina.

In fact, this clash of the titans is the same reason

Zapravo, upravo je sudar titana razlog

Earth’s atmosphere doesn’t collapse to the ground.

zašto se zemljina atmosfera ne sruši na tlo.

So while their greatest fight might have ended,

Stoga, ikao je njihova najveća bitka možda okončana,

these two warriors are still to be locked in combat—

ova dva ratnika će i dalje da budu u klinču borbe -

even as a new challenger approaches.

čak i dok se novi izazivač približava.