Will the real Fernando please stand up? - Ilan Stavans

295,319 views ・ 2024-02-29

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Strahinja Tomic
00:07
On November 30th, 1935, dozens of writers passed away.
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30. novembra 1935. godine, desetine pisaca je umrlo.
00:12
They came from different backgrounds, espoused divergent beliefs,
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Poticali su iz različitih sredina, baštinili oprečna ubeđenja
00:16
and wrote in a variety of styles.
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i pisali raznim stilovima.
00:18
Yet all of their work was stashed in a single trunk
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Ipak, sva njihova dela su bila uskladištena u jedan sanduk
00:20
in an apartment in Lisbon, Portugal.
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u lisabonskom stanu u Portugalu.
00:22
So, what mysterious string tied all these writers together?
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Dakle, koja tajanstvena nit vezuje sve ove pisce?
00:27
Well, the trunk belonged to one enigmatic author, Fernando Pessoa,
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Pa, sanduk je pripadao enigmatičnom piscu, Fernandu Pesoi,
00:32
who was, in fact, all of them.
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koji je zapravo bio svi oni.
00:36
Some authors use pseudonyms and pen names
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Neki pisci koriste pseudonime i alter ega
00:38
to protect their identities or bolster their artistic personas.
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da zaštite svoje identitete ili učvrste svoje umetničke ličnosti.
00:42
But Pessoa used what he called “heteronyms” to write not as himself
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Pesoa je pak koristio nešto što je nazivao „heteronimima”, da ne bi pisao u svoje ime
00:47
but as other people he invented,
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već u ime drugih ljudi koje je izmislio,
00:49
giving way to generative, artistic experimentation.
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krčeći put stvaralačkom, umetničkom eksperimentisanju.
00:52
He fleshed out their imagined lives, devised their distinct quirks,
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Razrađivao je njihove izmišljene živote, smišljao im osobenosti
00:56
and cultivated their unique literary voices.
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i negovao njihove jedinstvene književne glasove.
00:59
Sometimes Pessoa's heteronyms interacted with each other,
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Ponekad bi Pesoini heteronimi međusobno interagovali,
01:03
even criticizing one another's work.
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čak bi i kritikovali dela jedni drugima.
01:06
Pessoa described himself as a “nomadic wanderer through [his own] consciousness,”
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Pesoa je sebe opisivao kao „nomadskog skitnicu kroz sopstvenu svest”,
01:11
“a kind of medium,” “divided” among his heteronyms.
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„nekakvog medijuma”, „podeljenog” na svoje heteronime.
01:15
“But,” he wrote, “I’m less real than the others,
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„Međutim”, pisao je, „manje sam stvaran od njih,
01:18
less substantial, less personal, and easily influenced by them all.”
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manje supstancijalan, manje ličan i podložniji uticaju svih njih.”
01:25
Born in Lisbon in 1888, Pessoa began writing as different people
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Rođen u Lisabonu 1888. godine, Pesoa je počeo da piše kao različita lica
01:30
when he was around six years old,
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kada mu je bilo oko šest godina,
01:31
authoring letters as an imaginary Frenchman, Chevalier de Pas.
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potpisujući pisma kao izmišljeni Francuz Ševalije de Pas.
01:35
When Pessoa’s stepfather moved their family to South Africa,
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Kada je Pesoin očuh preselio porodicu u Južnu Afriku,
01:39
Pessoa picked up new languages.
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Pesoa je savladao nove jezike.
01:41
He adopted several English-language heteronyms in high school
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U srednjoj školi je usvojio nekoliko heteronima na engleskom
01:44
and published booklets of poems featured by the British press.
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i objavio je zbirke pesama koje su se pojavile u britanskoj štampi.
01:48
In 1905, Pessoa returned to Lisbon for good.
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1905. godine, Pesoa se vratio u Lisabon za stalno.
01:52
He gained a reputation for his formal dress, affinity for the occult,
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Stekao je reputaciju po elegantnoj odeći, sklonosti ka okultnom,
01:56
and for being cordial and charming while always keeping people at arm’s length.
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kao i srdačnosti i šarmu, dok se uvek držao na distanci.
02:01
Pessoa established art and literary journals and a publishing house.
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Pesoa je osnivao umetničke i književne časopise, kao i izdavačku kuću.
02:05
But while these public ventures failed to take off
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Međutim, dok njegovi javni poduhvati nisu uspevali da zažive,
02:08
and Pessoa amassed debt and relocated frequently,
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a Pesoa je gomilao dugove i često se preseljavao,
02:11
his greatest experiments were unfolding in private.
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njegovi najvažniji eksperimenti su se odvijali u privatnosti.
02:14
Scrawling in various languages on envelopes, book jackets and loose papers,
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Piskarajući na raznim jezicima po kovertama, omotima knjiga i papirima,
02:19
Pessoa crafted a dreamy love letter as Maria José,
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Pesoa je sastavljao sanjivo ljubavno pismo kao Marija Žoze,
02:22
a teenager with a spinal disorder who was infatuated with a metalworker;
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tinejdžerka sa oboljenjem kičme koja je zaljubljena u metalca;
02:27
he scribbled detective stories as Horace James Faber;
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škrabao je detektivske priče kao Horas Džejms Fejber;
02:29
and analyzed astrological charts as Raphael Baldaya.
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i analizirao je astrološke dijagrame kao Rafael Baldaja.
02:34
He used three heteronyms most frequently.
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Tri heteronima je najčešće koristio.
02:37
Alberto Caeiro was a shepherd-poet who used simple diction
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Alberto Kaeiro je bio pesnik pastir koji je koristio prostu dikciju
02:41
to describe the world as he saw it.
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da opiše svet kako ga on vidi.
02:43
Ricardo Reis, a doctor, favored the epic style of Classical poets.
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Rikardo Reiš, doktor, bio je ljubitelj epskog stila klasičnih pesnika.
02:48
And Álvaro de Campos, a bisexual naval engineer and nomad,
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I Alvaro de Kampoš, biseksualni mornarički inženjer i nomad,
02:52
wrote poetry extolling the wonder and hardship of daily life.
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pisao je poeziju koja je veličala čuda i muke svakodnevice.
02:57
Using de Campos, Pessoa said he could channel all the emotions
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Kroz de Kampoša, tvrdio je Pesoa, mogao je da kanališe sve emocije
03:00
he denied himself.
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koje je sebi uskraćivao.
03:02
And at one point, de Campos claimed it was Pessoa who didn’t truly exist.
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A u jednoj tački, de Kampoš je tvrdio da zapravo Pesoa stvarno ne postoji.
03:07
During his lifetime,
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Tokom svog života,
03:08
Pessoa published poems, letters, essays, and literary criticism—
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Pesoa je objavljivao pesme, pisma, eseje i književnu kritiku -
03:13
some as heteronyms, others under his own name.
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neke pod heteronimima, druge pod svojim imenom.
03:17
He also produced a handful of books, just one in Portuguese—
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Takođe je napisao pregršt knjiga, svega jednu na portugalskom -
03:21
a poetry collection about Portugal’s mythic history called “Message.”
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pesničku zbirku o mitskoj istoriji Portugala naslovljenu „Poruka”.
03:25
He gained local recognition,
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Stekao je lokalno priznanje,
03:27
but the full scope of his creative endeavours only revealed itself
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ali će se pune razmere njegovih kreativnih poduhvata pokazati
tek posle Pesoine smrti, godinu nakon objvaljivanja knjige.
03:31
when Pessoa died a year after the book’s release.
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03:33
From among almost 30,000 pages of unpublished work stashed in his trunk,
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Između gotovo 30.000 stranica neobjavljenih dela pohranjenih u sanduku,
03:38
critics eventually assembled “The Book of Disquiet” in 1982,
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kritičari su naposletku, 1982. sastavili „Knjigu nespokoja”,
03:43
which Pessoa spent two decades developing.
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koju je Pesoa razvijao dve decenije.
03:46
It declares itself, in typically cryptic fashion,
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Počinje proglasom u karakterističnom kriptičnom obliku,
03:49
“the autobiography of someone who never existed.”
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kao „autobiografija nekoga ko nikad nije postojao”.
03:52
Pessoa wrote it as the fictional diary of his so-called semi-heteronym,
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Pesoa ju je pisao kao fiktivni dnevnik njegovog takozvanog polu-heteronima,
03:56
Bernardo Soares,
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Bernarda Soareša,
03:57
whose personality he described as a “mere mutilation” of his own.
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čiju je ličnost opisao kao „puko kasapljenje” sopstvene.
04:02
Often frustrated by life’s demands,
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Često frustriran životnim zahtevima,
04:04
the book’s narrator explores how delving inwards through literature
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pripovedač knjige istražuje kako mu zaranjanje u sebe kroz književnost
04:07
helps him escape reality’s confines.
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pomaže da pobegne od ograničenja stvarnosti.
04:10
He continuously challenges conceptions of the self as a singular, reliable unit—
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On stalno preispituje pretpostavku o sebi kao pojedinačnom, pouzdanom entitetu -
04:16
instead grappling with identity as indefinite,
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umesto toga posmatra identitet kao neodređen,
04:19
each person a shifting sum of their parts.
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gde je svaka osoba promenljivi zbir svojih delova.
04:22
“My soul is a hidden orchestra,” the first entry reads.
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„Duša mi je skriveni orkestar”, piše u prvom zapisu.
04:26
“I do not know what instruments, what violins and harps,
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„Ne znam koji instrumenti, koje violine i harfe,
04:29
drums and tambours sound and clash inside me.
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bubnjevi i doboši odzvanjaju i sudaraju se u meni.
04:32
I know myself only as a symphony.”
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Sebe poznajem jedino kao simfoniju.”
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