Will the real Fernando please stand up? - Ilan Stavans

297,956 views ใƒป 2024-02-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
On November 30th, 1935, dozens of writers passed away.
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ื‘- 30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1935 ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื.
00:12
They came from different backgrounds, espoused divergent beliefs,
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ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
00:16
and wrote in a variety of styles.
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:18
Yet all of their work was stashed in a single trunk
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื—ื‘ืื• ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
00:20
in an apartment in Lisbon, Portugal.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
00:22
So, what mysterious string tied all these writers together?
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ืื–, ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืงืฉืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“?
00:27
Well, the trunk belonged to one enigmatic author, Fernando Pessoa,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ ืื—ื“, ืคืจื ื ื“ื• ืคืกื•ืื”,
00:32
who was, in fact, all of them.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ืœื.
00:36
Some authors use pseudonyms and pen names
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื˜
00:38
to protect their identities or bolster their artistic personas.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช.
00:42
But Pessoa used what he called โ€œheteronymsโ€ to write not as himself
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืกื•ืื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” "ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ื" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•
00:47
but as other people he invented,
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ืืœื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื,
00:49
giving way to generative, artistic experimentation.
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ื•ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
00:52
He fleshed out their imagined lives, devised their distinct quirks,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:56
and cultivated their unique literary voices.
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื— ืืช ืงื•ืœื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
00:59
Sometimes Pessoa's heteronyms interacted with each other,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืื” ืชื™ืงืฉืจื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
01:03
even criticizing one another's work.
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ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื–ื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
01:06
Pessoa described himself as a โ€œnomadic wanderer through [his own] consciousness,โ€
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ืคืกื•ืื” ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›โ€œื ื•ื•ื“ ื ื•ื“ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” [ืฉืœื•]โ€œ,
01:11
โ€œa kind of medium,โ€ โ€œdividedโ€ among his heteronyms.
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โ€œืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื•ืโ€œ, โ€œืžื—ื•ืœืงโ€ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:15
โ€œBut,โ€ he wrote, โ€œIโ€™m less real than the others,
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โ€œืื‘ืœโ€œ, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘, โ€œืื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:18
less substantial, less personal, and easily influenced by them all.โ€
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื.โ€
01:25
Born in Lisbon in 1888, Pessoa began writing as different people
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ื™ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1888, ืคืกื•ืื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:30
when he was around six years old,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ,
01:31
authoring letters as an imaginary Frenchman, Chevalier de Pas.
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ืœื™ื™ื” ื“ื” ืคืืก.
01:35
When Pessoaโ€™s stepfather moved their family to South Africa,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
01:39
Pessoa picked up new languages.
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ืคืกื•ืื” ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:41
He adopted several English-language heteronyms in high school
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ื›ืžื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:44
and published booklets of poems featured by the British press.
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ื•ืคืจืกื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:48
In 1905, Pessoa returned to Lisbon for good.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ื—ื–ืจ ืคืกื•ืื” ืœืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืชืžื™ื“.
01:52
He gained a reputation for his formal dress, affinity for the occult,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ืกืชืจ
01:56
and for being cordial and charming while always keeping people at armโ€™s length.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืงืกื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื–ืจื•ืข.
02:01
Pessoa established art and literary journals and a publishing house.
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ืคืกื•ืื” ื™ื™ืกื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ.
02:05
But while these public ventures failed to take off
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ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื
02:08
and Pessoa amassed debt and relocated frequently,
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ื•ืคืกื•ืื” ืฆื‘ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:11
his greatest experiments were unfolding in private.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™.
02:14
Scrawling in various languages on envelopes, book jackets and loose papers,
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ืžืฉืจื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช, ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
02:19
Pessoa crafted a dreamy love letter as Maria Josรฉ,
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ืคืกื•ืื” ื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื”ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœืžื ื™ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืกื”,
02:22
a teenager with a spinal disorder who was infatuated with a metalworker;
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ื ืขืจื” ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชื›ืช;
02:27
he scribbled detective stories as Horace James Faber;
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื˜ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจืืก ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืื‘ืจ;
02:29
and analyzed astrological charts as Raphael Baldaya.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื— ืžืคื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืคืืœ ื‘ืœื“ื™ื”.
02:34
He used three heteronyms most frequently.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:37
Alberto Caeiro was a shepherd-poet who used simple diction
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ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ืงื™ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
02:41
to describe the world as he saw it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื•.
02:43
Ricardo Reis, a doctor, favored the epic style of Classical poets.
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ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ืจื™ื™ืก, ืจื•ืคื, ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื.
02:48
And รlvaro de Campos, a bisexual naval engineer and nomad,
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ื•ืืœื‘ืจื• ื“ื” ืงืžืคื•ืก, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื™ืžื™ ื•ื ื•ื•ื“ ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื™,
02:52
wrote poetry extolling the wonder and hardship of daily life.
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ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื”ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
02:57
Using de Campos, Pessoa said he could channel all the emotions
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื” ืงืžืคื•ืก ืืžืจ ืคืกื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืขืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
03:00
he denied himself.
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ืฉืžื ืข ืžืขืฆืžื•.
03:02
And at one point, de Campos claimed it was Pessoa who didnโ€™t truly exist.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื“ื” ืงืžืคื•ืก ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืคืกื•ืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ื.
03:07
During his lifetime,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•
03:08
Pessoa published poems, letters, essays, and literary criticismโ€”
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ืคืจืกื ืคืกื•ืื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช -
03:13
some as heteronyms, others under his own name.
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ื—ืœืงื ื›ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœื•.
03:17
He also produced a handful of books, just one in Portugueseโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ืžืฅ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืจืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช -
03:21
a poetry collection about Portugalโ€™s mythic history called โ€œMessage.โ€
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ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื โ€œืžืกืจโ€œ.
03:25
He gained local recognition,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
03:27
but the full scope of his creative endeavours only revealed itself
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ืืš ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื’ืœื”
03:31
when Pessoa died a year after the bookโ€™s release.
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ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืกื•ืื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:33
From among almost 30,000 pages of unpublished work stashed in his trunk,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 30,000 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืฉื”ื•ืกืชืจื• ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:38
critics eventually assembled โ€œThe Book of Disquietโ€ in 1982,
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช โ€œืกืคืจ ื”ืื™-ืฉืงื˜โ€ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982,
03:43
which Pessoa spent two decades developing.
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ืฉืคืกื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื•.
03:46
It declares itself, in typically cryptic fashion,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
03:49
โ€œthe autobiography of someone who never existed.โ€
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โ€œื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืโ€œ.
03:52
Pessoa wrote it as the fictional diary of his so-called semi-heteronym,
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ืคืกื•ืื” ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœื•,
03:56
Bernardo Soares,
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ื‘ืจื ืจื“ื• ืกื•ืืจืก,
03:57
whose personality he described as a โ€œmere mutilationโ€ of his own.
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ืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืชื™ืืจ ื›โ€œื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื โ€œืžืฉืœื•.
04:02
Often frustrated by lifeโ€™s demands,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:04
the bookโ€™s narrator explores how delving inwards through literature
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช
04:07
helps him escape realityโ€™s confines.
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
04:10
He continuously challenges conceptions of the self as a singular, reliable unitโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืชื’ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืืžื™ื ื” -
04:16
instead grappling with identity as indefinite,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช,
04:19
each person a shifting sum of their parts.
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืกื›ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื•.
04:22
โ€œMy soul is a hidden orchestra,โ€ the first entry reads.
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โ€œื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ืกืชืจืชโ€œ, ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื”.
04:26
โ€œI do not know what instruments, what violins and harps,
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โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื, ืื™ืœื• ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ื,
04:29
drums and tambours sound and clash inside me.
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ืชื•ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ืžื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™.
04:32
I know myself only as a symphony.โ€
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืจืง ื›ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”".
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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