What is McCarthyism? And how did it happen? - Ellen Schrecker

3,841,554 views ・ 2017-03-14

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
Imagine that one day, you're summoned before a government panel.
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Zamislite da vas jednog dana pozovu pred vladinu komisiju.
00:10
Even though you haven't committed any crime,
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Iako niste počinili bilo kakav zločin,
00:13
or been formally charged with one,
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niti ste formalno gonjeni za nešto,
00:15
you are repeatedly questioned about your political views,
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iznova vas ispituju o političkim stavovima,
00:19
accused of disloyalty,
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optužuju za nelojalnost
00:21
and asked to incriminate your friends and associates.
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i zahtevaju da okrivite prijatelje i saradnike.
00:25
If you don't cooperate, you risk jail or losing your job.
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Ako ne budete sarađivali, rizikujete odlazak u zatvor ili gubitak posla.
00:30
This is exactly what happened in the United States in the 1950s
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Baš ovo se desilo u Sjedinjenim Državama tokom 1950-ih
00:35
as part of a campaign to expose suspected communists.
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kao deo kampanje razotkrivanja navodnih komunista.
00:40
Named after its most notorious practitioner,
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Nazvana po njenom najzloglasnijem izvršiocu,
00:42
the phenomenon known as McCarthyism destroyed thousands of lives and careers.
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pojava poznata kao makartizam je uništila hiljade života i karijera.
00:49
For over a decade, American political leaders trampled democratic freedoms
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Više od deceniju, američke političke vođe su gazile demokratske slobode
00:54
in the name of protecting them.
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u ime njihove zaštite.
00:57
During the 1930s and 1940s,
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Tokom 1930-ih i 1940-ih,
00:59
there had been an active but small communist party in the United States.
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u Sjedinjenim Državama je postojala aktivna, ali mala komunistička partija.
01:04
Its record was mixed.
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Njen značaj je mešovit.
01:06
While it played crucial roles in wider progressive struggles
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Dok je igrala ključne uloge u većim progresivnim borbama
01:09
for labor and civil rights,
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za prava radnika i građana,
01:11
it also supported the Soviet Union.
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takođe je podržavala Sovjetski Savez.
01:14
From the start, the American Communist Party faced attacks
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Od početka se Američka komunistička partija suočavala s napadima
01:18
from conservatives and business leaders,
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od strane konzervativaca i poslovnih vođa,
01:20
as well as from liberals who criticized its ties to the oppressive Soviet regime.
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kao i liberala koji su kritikovali njene veze s ugnjetačkim sovjetskim režimom.
01:26
During World War II, when the USA and USSR were allied against Hitler,
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Tokom Drugog svetskog rata, kad su SAD i SSSR bili saveznici protiv Hitlera,
01:30
some American communists actually spied for the Russians.
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neki američki komunisti su zapravo špijunirali za Ruse.
01:35
When the Cold War escalated and this espionage became known,
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Kada je izbio Hladni rat i špijunaža obznanjena,
01:38
domestic communism came to be seen as a threat to national security.
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počelo se gledati na domaći komunizam kao na opasnost po nacionalnu bezbednost.
01:43
But the attempt to eliminate that threat
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Međutim, pokušaj da se ukloni pretnja
01:45
soon turned into the longest lasting and most widespread episode
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uskoro se pretvorio u najdužu i najrasprostranjeniju epizodu
01:49
of political repression in American history.
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političkog ugnjetavanja u američkoj istoriji.
01:52
Spurred on by a network of bureaucrats,
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Podstaknuta mrežom birokrata,
01:54
politicians,
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političara,
01:55
journalists,
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novinara
01:56
and businessmen,
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i poslovođa,
01:58
the campaign wildly exaggerated the danger of communist subversion.
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kampanja je krajnje preuveličavala opasnost od komunističke subverzije.
02:03
The people behind it harassed anyone
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Ljudi iza nje su maltretirali svakoga
02:05
suspected of holding left-of-center political views
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ko je bio osumnjičen da ima političke stavove levo od centra
02:08
or associating with those who did.
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ili je povezan s nekim ko je imao iste.
02:11
If you hung modern art on your walls,
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Ako ste okačili modernu umetnost na svoje zidove,
02:14
had a multiracial social circle,
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imali multikulturalni društveni krug
02:16
or signed petitions against nuclear weapons,
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ili ste potpisali peticiju protiv nuklearnog oružja,
02:19
you might just have been a communist.
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baš ste vi mogli da budete komunista.
02:21
Starting in the late 1940s,
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Počevši od kasnih 1940-ih,
02:23
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover
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direktor FBI-a Dž. Edgar Huver
02:26
used the resources of his agency to hunt down such supposed communists
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je koristio resurse svoje agencije da lovi osumnjičene za komunizam
02:30
and eliminate them from any position of influence
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i da ih ukloni sa bilo kakve uticajne pozicije
02:33
within American society.
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unutar američkog društva.
02:36
And the narrow criteria that Hoover and his allies used
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A uski kriterijum koji su Huver i njegovi saveznici koristili
02:39
to screen federal employees
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kako bi proveravali federalne uposlenike
02:41
spread to the rest of the country.
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se proširio na ostatak zajednice.
02:44
Soon, Hollywood studios,
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Uskoro, holivudski studiji,
02:45
universities,
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univerziteti,
02:46
car manufacturers,
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proizvođači automobila
02:48
and thousands of other public and private employers
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i hiljade drugih javnih i privatnih poslodavaca
02:51
were imposing the same political tests on the men and women who worked for them.
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su nametali iste političke testove
muškarcima i ženama koji su radili za njih.
02:57
Meanwhile, Congress conducted its own witchhunt
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U međuvremenu, kongres je sprovodio sopstveni lov na veštice
03:00
subpoenaing hundreds of people to testify before investigative bodies
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pozivajući na sud stotine ljudi da svedoče pred istražnim telima,
03:04
like the House Un-American Activities Committee.
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poput Kuće komiteta neameričkih aktivnosti.
03:08
If they refused to cooperate, they could be jailed for contempt,
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Ako bi odbili da sarađuju, mogli su da odu u zatvor zbog nepoštovanja
03:12
or more commonly, fired and blacklisted.
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ili što je bilo uobičajenije, da ih otpuste i stave na crnu listu.
03:16
Ambitious politicians, like Richard Nixon
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Ambiciozni političari, poput Ričarda Niksona
03:18
and Joseph McCarthy,
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i Džozefa Makartija
03:20
used such hearings as a partisan weapon
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su koristili slična saslušanja kao partijsko oružje,
03:23
accusing democrats of being soft on communism
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optužujući demokrate da su popustljivi prema komunistima
03:26
and deliberately losing China to the Communist Bloc.
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i da su namerno predali Kinu Komunističkom bloku.
03:30
McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin
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Makarti, republikanski senator iz Viskonsina
03:33
became notorious by flaunting ever-changing lists of alleged communists
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je postao ozloglašen jer se razmetao novim spiskovima navodnih komunista
03:38
within the State Department.
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unutar Stejt departmenta.
03:41
Egged on by other politicians,
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Podstaknut od strane drugih političara,
03:43
he continued to make outrageous accusations
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nastavio je da pravi skandalozne optužbe,
03:45
while distorting or fabricating evidence.
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izvrćući ili podmećući dokaze.
03:49
Many citizens reviled McCarthy while others praised him.
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Mnogi građani su ružili Makartija dok su ga drugi hvalili.
03:53
And when the Korean War broke out, McCarthy seemed vindicated.
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A kad je izbio Korejski rat, činilo se da je Makarti oslobođen sumnji.
03:57
Once he became chair
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Čim je postao predsedavajući
03:59
of the Senate's permanent subcommittee on investigations in 1953,
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u senatovom trajnom potkomitetu za istrage 1953. godine,
04:04
McCarthy recklessness increased.
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Makartijeva nesmotrenost se povećala.
04:06
It was his investigation of the army that finally turned public opinion against him
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Njegovo istraživanje vojske je konačno okrenulo javnost protiv njega
04:12
and diminished his power.
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i umanjilo mu je moć.
04:15
McCarthy's colleagues in the Senate censured him
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Makartijeve kolege iz senata su ga cenzurisali
04:17
and he died less than three years later, probably from alcoholism.
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i umro je manje od tri godine kasnije, verovatno zbog alkoholizma.
04:22
McCarthyism ended as well.
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Te je i makartizam okončan.
04:24
It had ruined hundreds, if not thousands, of lives
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Uništio je stotine, ako ne hiljade, života
04:27
and drastically narrowed the American political spectrum.
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i drastično je suzio američki politički spektar.
04:32
Its damage to democratic institutions would be long lasting.
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Šteta koju je naneo demokratskim institucijama je bila dugoročna.
04:35
In all likelihood, there were both Democrats and Republicans
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Sve su prilike da je i među demokratama i republikancima bilo onih
04:39
who knew that the anti-communist purges were deeply unjust
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koji su znali da su antikomunističke čistke bile krajnje nepravedne,
04:43
but feared that directly opposing them would hurt their careers.
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ali su strahovali da će direktnim otporom ugroziti svoje karijere.
04:48
Even the Supreme Court failed to stop the witchhunt,
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Čak ni Vrhovni sud nije uspeo da zaustavi lov na veštice,
04:51
condoning serious violations of constitutional rights
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opraštajući ozbiljna kršenja ustavnih prava
04:54
in the name of national security.
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u ime nacionalne bezbednosti.
04:57
Was domestic communism an actual threat to the American government?
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Da li je domaći komunizam bio stvarna pretnja amerčkoj vladi?
05:01
Perhaps, though a small one.
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Možda, ali mala.
05:03
But the reaction to it was so extreme that it caused far more damage
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Međutim, reakcija na nju je bila tolika da je nanela više štete
05:08
than the threat itself.
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od same pretnje.
05:10
And if new demagogues appeared in uncertain times
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A ako bi se pojavili novi demagozi u neizvesnim vremenima
05:13
to attack unpopular minorities in the name of patriotism,
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koji bi napadali nepopularne manjine u ime patriotizma,
05:17
could it all happen again?
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da li bi se ovo moglo ponovo desiti?
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